1. Presented by Nataly Castro

2. It is the systematic investigation of
relationships among two or more
variables, without necessarily determining cause
and effect.

3.  Relational studies
ex: Exists a relationship between the time
that students spend on Internet chatting
the night before an exam and the
scores that they get.
 Prediction studies
ex: the next grades of the students are
going to be similar to the last exam
(according to the first example)

4. Identify the
variables
Question
Data
Calculs
Results

5. Surveys.
Score on various test or rating
scales
Demographic information

7. Question
• Do student grades relate to whether
they are “morning people”?
Method
The researchers correlated two kinds of
variables
• Grades in early and late classes
• Scores on a scale of “morningness” (13-
item inventory)

9. Result
 There was a modest, significant, correlation
between morningness and grades at 8:00
a.m., r= 0,1
 Students who were not morning people did
less well at 8:00 and performed better in
later classes.
CONCLUSION?

10. The pattern did not hold for classes
starting at 9:00 or later. So even
“evening people” can do well in
early classes.
The study is correlational, so we do
not know if being a morning person
is the cause of better grades in the
morning

11. Correlational Studies involve
relationships among
variables. It is not possible
to make determinations of
causation with a
correlational study.

12.  Clarke, R. J. (2005) Research Methodologies
 Smith, C. S., Reilly, C., & Midkiff, K. (1989).
Evaluation of three circadian rhythm
questionnaires with suggestions for an improved
measure of morningness. Journal of Applied
Psychology, 74, 728-738