2. Highlights
• Quick Overview of Domain Names
• Recent Round of Expansion
• Application Process
• Applications Filed
• Disputes
• Political Wranglings
• Strategic Considerations
• Trademark Clearinghouse
• Timeline
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3. What is a Domain Name?
• Unique memorable, 170.149.168.130
NYTimes.com
address for an
electronic resource
on the Internet
• Stands in for an IP
Address
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4. What is a TLD?
• NYTimes.com
• NPR.org
• UMN.edu
• SourceFourge.net
• CBC.ca
• Wedge.coop
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5. Current TLDs
• .com, .edu, .gov, .int, .mil, .net, .org
– originals, created in 1980s
• .uk, .ca, .il, .de, .au, .it, etc.
– ccTLDs; first ones created in 1985, now over 250
• .biz, .info, .name, .pro, .aero, .coop, .museum
– 2000-2001
• .asia, .cat, .jobs, .mobi, .tel and .travel
– 2003
• .xxx
– 2011
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6. Current TLDs – By Type
• Open Generic TLDs
– .com, .net, .org, .info, .name, .mobi, .tel – open to
anyone
• Restricted gTLDs
– .aero, .coop, .edu, .gov, .int, .mil, .biz, .asia, .cat,
.jobs, .museum, .pro, .travel, .xxx – restricted
• Country Code TLDs
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7. Cast of Characters
• Registry • Registrar
– DB of DNs registered – Retail sales of DNs in
in a TLD registry
– Operated by separate – E.g., GoDaddy,
entities Network Solutions,
• Verisign = .com, .net TuCows
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8. Cast of Characters cont’d
• ICANN
– Internet Corporation of Assigned Names and Numbers
– Responsible for all of the Internet's unique identifiers –
I.P. addresses and domain names
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9. To Expand or Not To Expand?
2000 - 2011
• Expansion round in 2000 (7 gTLDs added)
• Mid-decade (7 more gTLDs added)
• Several years of debate
– Objections from brand owners
– Economic studies
• June 20, 2011 ICANN approved current
expansion
– Accept unlimited number of applications
– Add no more than 1,000 new gTLDs to root zone in
given year
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10. Expand!
• Application period began January 12, 2012
• No requirement to disclose intention to apply
• Hundreds of pages of application materials (business
plan, financial, technical)
• Multiple vendor agreements
• $185,000 filing fee per application
• Multiple issues and delays
– Security breaches – file names, user names
– Reveal day – June 13, 2012
– Disclosure of contacts’ personal information
– Digital archery
– Customer service portal security bugs
– Head of gTLD program resigned 10
11. 1,930 Applications!
• 1846 “standard”
• 84 community-based
• 66 geographic names
• 116 internationalized domain names (IDNs) in non-Latin scripts
• 60 countries represented
• 751 applications in competition with other apps for identical or
similar gTLDs
• 911 North America; 675 Europe; 303 Asia Pacific; 24 Latin
America; and 17 Africa
• 6 have been withdrawn
• Link to view list: tinyurl.com/7ddhekq
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12. 1,930 Applications!
1409 Unique TLDs
696 .brand applications
• E.g., .Visa, .Fujitsu, .TJMaxx, .XBox, .Mattel, .HBO, .Fox,
.Cialis, .McDonalds, .Datsun
• Surprising absences: Apple (beyond .apple) and Facebook
• 693 are “single user”
• Some competition:
– Different brand owners applied for .guardian, .monster, .goo
and .now
– Competition from generic apps, e.g., .coach, .live and .spot
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13. 1,930 Applications!
Some Big Players
• Donuts.co = 307 applications, all generic. Claims to
have raised US$ 100 million for its gTLD applications
• Google = 101 applications, some for brands, mostly
generic
• Amazon = 57 generic, 19 brand
• Uniregistry = 54
• Demand Media = 26
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14. 1,930 Applications!
Not All Generics To Be “Open”
--No third parties will be able to register at
second-level
• Amazon: 57 closed generics, e.g., .app, .book, .movie, .music,
.game, .free
• Google: 14, e.g., .app, .site, .talk and .page
• Dish: 10, e.g., .direct and .dtv, (seem similar to brands of DirectTV)
• Dominion Enterprises: 9, e.g. apartments, .autos, .cars and .boats
• IG Group Holdings: 6, all in financial category
• Other companies: Allstate, Symantec, Progressive, Fidelity,
Bridgestone, Richemont, Goodyear and Scripps Networks
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18. New gTLD Examples: Retail
.[bazaar] Arabic .discount .store
.[shopping] Chinese .fashion .[store] Chinese
.ads .fashion .[store] Japanese
.bargains .[fashion] Japanese .style
.buy .free .today
.[cell] Chinese .[mall] Chinese .vip
.cheap .[online shopping] Chinese .[vogue fashion] Chinese
.christmas .review
.coupon .reviews
.deal .sale
.dealer .[sale] Japanese
.deals .save
.direct .shop
.shopping
.[shopping] Chinese
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26. Disputes
Actions Against Applied-For TLDs
• Application Comment
• Existing Legal Rights Objection (“ELRO”)
– Handled by World Intellectual Property Office (“WIPO”)
– Object that an applied-for gTLD infringes trademark rights
• Community Objection
• Limited Public Interest Objection
• Post-Delegation Dispute Resolution Procedure (“PDDRP”)
– Trademark owners against a registry whose conduct causes
or materially contributes to trademark abuse
• Litigation?
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27. Disputes cont’d
Actions Against Second Level Domain Registrants
• UDRP – same as before
• Litigation, e.g. Under ACPA – same as before
• Uniform Rapid Suspension (“URS”)
– Supposed to be lighter, quicker complement to UDRP,
but actually has higher burden for complainant, more
defenses for registrant
– Only remedy is temporary suspension of a domain
name for the duration of the registration period
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28. Current Political Issues
• Brand owners seeking greater protection
• Complaints about one-owner generic gTLD
applications filed primarily by Amazon and
Google
• Complaints to and by governments
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29. Strategic Considerations
• Impact on the internet
• Impact on users
• Impact on search engine rankings
• Defensive registrations
• Watch services
• Post-registration disputes
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30. Trademark Clearinghouse: Benefits
• Receive notice when identical second-level DN
registered
• Potential infringer receives notice of claim before
registration
• Does not block infringements
• Validates trademark for use in sunrise period
applications
– Even with validation, need eligibility
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31. Trademark Clearinghouse: Requirements
(Based on ICANN Draft)
• Authorized contact (confirmed 1x per year)
• Trademark registration (or statute, treaty, or
court order)
– Exceptions (Supplemental, no dots)
– Characters (@, &, other) and spaces
– Other languages
• For use in sunrise, also need
– Signed declaration of use
– Sample of use
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32. Trademark Clearinghouse: Requirements
(Based on ICANN Draft) cont’d
• Anticipate $150 filing fee/mark
– Does not include sunrise costs
– May not include multiple exact matches
• Prompt notice of changes (assignment,
abandonment)
• Yearly re-verification/renewal
• Proof of use every 5 years
• Mechanism available to challenge others’
submissions
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33. Trademark Clearinghouse: Timing
• Was slated to open in October and close in
January
• Disagreement with registries over design and
efficiency
• Disagreement with brand owners over duration
and extent of similarity
• Just opened public comment period (closes
November 7)
• Launch date unknown (at least 90 days before
first gTLD launches)
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34. Current Timeline (Likely to Change)
• ICANN has started evaluating gTLD apps
• October: Government early warnings
• October: ICANN meeting in Toronto
• December: Prioritization drawing
• March 13: Deadline to file gTLD disputes
• April 2013: Government advice
• June/July: Finish evaluations of all gTLD apps
• Q3-Q4 2013: First new gTLDs launch
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35. Take-Aways
• Assess whether to file gTLD disputes
• Consider which gTLDs have marketing value
• Plan defensive registration strategy
• Prepare to enter marks into Trademark
Clearinghouse
• Select watch service provider, once available
• Monitor political developments & ICANN policy
• Monitor business realities
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