1. Hospital
Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital in the East of England. The UK has a publicly
funded health care system called the National Health Service
All India Institute of Medical Sciences in Delhi, India
A hospital is a health care institution providing patient treatment by specialized staff and
equipment. Hospitals often, but not always, provide for inpatient care or longer-term patient
stays.
Hospitals are usually funded by the public sector, by health organizations (for profit or
nonprofit), health insurance companies, or charities, including direct charitable donations.
Historically, hospitals were often founded and funded by religious orders or charitable
individuals and leaders. Today, hospitals are largely staffed by professional physicians,
surgeons, and nurses, whereas in the past, this work was usually performed by the founding
religious orders or by volunteers. However, there are various Catholic religious orders, such
as the Alexians and the Bon Secours Sisters, which still focus on hospital ministry today.
There are over 17,000 hospitals in the world.[1]
In accord with the original meaning of the word, hospitals were originally "places of
hospitality", and this meaning is still preserved in the names of some institutions such as the
Royal Hospital Chelsea, established in 1681 as a retirement and nursing home for veteran
soldiers.
Etymology
During the Middle Ages hospitals served different functions to modern institutions, being
almshouses for the poor, hostels for pilgrims, or hospital schools. The word hospital comes
from the Latin hospes, signifying a stranger or foreigner, hence a guest. Another noun derived

2. from this, hospitium came to signify hospitality, that is the relation between guest and
shelterer, hospitality, friendliness, hospitable reception. By metonymy the Latin word then
came to mean a guest-chamber, guest's lodging, an inn.[2] Hospes is thus the root for the
English words host (where the p was dropped for convenience of pronunciation) hospitality,
hospice, hostel and hotel. The latter modern word derives from Latin via the ancient French
romance word hostel, which developed a silent s, which letter was eventually removed from
the word, the loss of which is signified by a circumflex in the modern French word hôtel. The
German word 'Spital' shares similar roots.
Grammar of the word differs slightly depending on the dialect. In the U.S., hospital usually
requires an article; in Britain and elsewhere, the word normally is used without an article
when it is the object of a preposition and when referring to a patient ("in/to the hospital" vs.
"in/to hospital"); in Canada, both uses are found.[citation needed]
Types
Lehigh Valley Hospital in Allentown, Pennsylvania
Some patients go to a hospital just for diagnosis, treatment, or therapy and then leave
('outpatients') without staying overnight; while others are 'admitted' and stay overnight or for
several days or weeks or months ('inpatients'). Hospitals usually are distinguished from other
types of medical facilities by their ability to admit and care for inpatients whilst the others
often are described as clinics.
General
The best-known type of hospital is the general hospital, which is set up to deal with many
kinds of disease and injury, and normally has an emergency department to deal with
immediate and urgent threats to health. Larger cities may have several hospitals of varying
sizes and facilities. Some hospitals, especially in the United States, have their own ambulance
service.
District
A district hospital typically is the major health care facility in its region, with large numbers
of beds for intensive care and long-term care; and specialized facilities for surgery, plastic
surgery, childbirth, bioassay laboratories, and so forth.
Specialized

3. McMaster University Medical Centre, a teaching hospital in Canada
Types of specialized hospitals include trauma centers, rehabilitation hospitals, children's
hospitals, seniors' (geriatric) hospitals, and hospitals for dealing with specific medical needs
such as psychiatric problems (see psychiatric hospital), certain disease categories such as
cardiac, oncology, or orthopedic problems, and so forth.
A hospital may be a single building or a number of buildings on a campus. Many hospitals
with pre-twentieth-century origins began as one building and evolved into campuses. Some
hospitals are affiliated with universities for medical research and the training of medical
personnel such as physicians and nurses, often called teaching hospitals. Worldwide, most
hospitals are run on a nonprofit basis by governments or charities.
Teaching
A teaching hospital combines assistance to patients with teaching to medical students and
nurses and often is linked to a medical school, nursing school or university.
Clinics
Main article: Clinic
A medical facility smaller than a hospital is generally called a clinic, and often is run by a
government agency for health services or a private partnership of physicians (in nations where
private practice is allowed). Clinics generally provide only outpatient services.
Departments

4. Resuscitation room bed after a trauma intervention, showing the highly technical equipment
of modern hospitals
See also: Category:Hospital departments
Hospitals vary widely in the services they offer and therefore, in the departments they have.
They may have acute services such as an emergency department or specialist trauma centre,
burn unit, surgery, or urgent care. These may then be backed up by more specialist units such
as cardiology or coronary care unit, intensive care unit, neurology, cancer center, and
obstetrics and gynecology.
Some hospitals will have outpatient departments and some will have chronic treatment units
such as behavioral health services, dentistry, dermatology, psychiatric ward, rehabilitation
services, and physical therapy.
Common support units include a dispensary or pharmacy, pathology, and radiology, and on
the non-medical side, there often are medical records departments, release of information
departments, Information Management (IM)(aka IT or IS), Clinical Engineering (aka
Biomed), Facilities Management, Plant Ops (aka Maintenance), Dining Services, and Security
departments.
History
Early examples
View of the Askleipion of Kos, the best preserved instance of an Asklepieion.
Hôtel-Dieu de Paris circa 1500. The comparatively well patients (on the right) were separated
from the very ill (on the left).

5. A physician visiting the sick in a hospital, German engraving from 1682
In ancient cultures, religion and medicine were linked. The earliest documented institutions
aiming to provide cures were ancient Egyptian temples. In ancient Greece, temples dedicated
to the healer-god Asclepius, known as Asclepieia (Greek: Ασκληπιεία, sing. Asclepieion
Ασκληπιείον), functioned as centers of medical advice, prognosis, and healing.[3] At these
shrines, patients would enter a dream-like state of induced sleep known as "enkoimesis"
(Greek: ενκοίμησις) not unlike anesthesia, in which they either received guidance from the
deity in a dream or were cured by surgery.[4] Asclepeia provided carefully controlled spaces
conducive to healing and fulfilled several of the requirements of institutions created for
healing.[5] In the Asclepieion of Epidaurus, three large marble boards dated to 350 BC
preserve the names, case histories, complaints, and cures of about 70 patients who came to the
temple with a problem and shed it there. Some of the surgical cures listed, such as the opening
of an abdominal abscess or the removal of traumatic foreign material, are realistic enough to
have taken place, but with the patient in a state of enkoimesis induced with the help of
soporific substances such as opium.[4] The worship of Asclepius was adopted by the Romans.
Under his Roman name Æsculapius, he was provided with a temple (291 BC) on an island in
the Tiber in Rome, where similar rites were performed.[6]
Institutions created specifically to care for the ill also appeared early in India. Fa Xian, a
Chinese Buddhist monk who travelled across India ca. 400 CE, recorded in his travelogue [7]
that
"The heads of the Vaisya [merchant] families in them [all the kingdoms of north India]
establish in the cities houses for dispensing charity and medicine. All the poor and destitute in
the country, orphans, widowers, and childless men, maimed people and cripples, and all who
are diseased, go to those houses, and are provided with every kind of help, and doctors
examine their diseases. They get the food and medicines which their cases require, and are
made to feel at ease; and when they are better, they go away of themselves."
The earliest surviving encyclopedia of medicine in Sanskrit is the Carakasamhita
(Compendium of Caraka). This text, which describes the building of a hospital is dated by

6. Dominik Wujastyk of the University College London from the period between 100 BCE and
CE150.[8] According to Dr.Wujastyk, the description by Fa Xian is one of the earliest
accounts of a civic hospital system anywhere in the world and, coupled with Caraka’s
description of how a clinic should be equipped, suggests that India may have been the first
part of the world to have evolved an organized cosmopolitan system of institutionally-based
medical provision.[8]
King Ashoka is said to have founded at least eighteen hospitals ca. 230 B.C., with physicians
and nursing staff, the expense being borne by the royal treasury.[9] Stanley Finger (2001) in
his book, Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations Into Brain Function, cites an
Ashokan edict translated as: "Everywhere King Piyadasi (Asoka) erected two kinds of
hospitals, hospitals for people and hospitals for animals. Where there were no healing herbs
for people and animals, he ordered that they be bought and planted."[10] However Dominik
Wujastyk disputes this, arguing that the edict indicates that Ashoka built rest houses (for
travellers) instead of hospitals, and that this was misinterpreted due to the reference to
medical herbs.
According to the Mahavamsa, the ancient chronicle of Sinhalese royalty, written in the sixth
century A.D., King Pandukabhaya of Sri Lanka (reigned 437 BC to 367 BC) had lying-in-
homes and hospitals (Sivikasotthi-Sala) built in various parts of the country. This is the
earliest documentary evidence we have of institutions specifically dedicated to the care of the
sick anywhere in the world.[11][12] Mihintale Hospital is the oldest in the world.[13] Ruins of
ancient hospitals in Sri Lanka are still in existence in Mihintale, Anuradhapura, and
Medirigiriya.[14]
The first teaching hospital where students were authorized to practice methodically on
patients under the supervision of physicians as part of their education, was the Academy of
Gundishapur in the Persian Empire. One expert has argued that "to a very large extent, the
credit for the whole hospital system must be given to Persia".[15]
Roman Empire
Further information: Byzantine medicine
The Romans constructed buildings called valetudinaria for the care of sick slaves, gladiators,
and soldiers around 100 B.C., and many were identified by later archeology. While their
existence is considered proven, there is some doubt as to whether they were as widespread as
was once thought, as many were identified only according to the layout of building remains,
and not by means of surviving records or finds of medical tools.[16]
The declaration of Christianity as accepted religion in the Roman Empire drove an expansion
of the provision of care. Following First Council of Nicaea in 325 A.D. construction of a
hospital in every cathedral town was begun. Among the earliest were those built by the
physician Saint Sampson in Constantinople and by Basil, bishop of Caesarea in modern-day
Turkey. Called the "Basilias", the latter resembled a city and included housing for doctors and
nurses and separate buildings for various classes of patients.[17] There was a separate section
for lepers.[18] Some hospitals maintained libraries and training programs, and doctors
compiled their medical and pharmacological studies in manuscripts. Thus in-patient medical
care in the sense of what we today consider a hospital, was an invention driven by Christian
mercy and Byzantine innovation.[19] Byzantine hospital staff included the Chief Physician

7. (archiatroi), professional nurses (hypourgoi) and the orderlies (hyperetai). By the twelfth
century, Constantinople had two well-organized hospitals, staffed by doctors who were both
male and female. Facilities included systematic treatment procedures and specialized wards
for various diseases.[20]
A hospital and medical training center also existed at Jundishapur. The city of Jundishapur
was founded in 271 CE by the Sassanid king Shapur I. It was one of the major cities in
Khuzestan province of the Persian empire in what is today Iran. A large percentage of the
population were Syriacs, most of whom were Christians. Under the rule of Khusraw I, refuge
was granted to Greek Nestorian Christian philosophers including the scholars of the Persian
School of Edessa (Urfa)(also called the Academy of Athens), a Christian theological and
medical university. These scholars made their way to Jundishapur in 529 following the
closing of the academy by Emperor Justinian. They were engaged in medical sciences and
initiated the first translation projects of medical texts.[21] The arrival of these medical
practitioners from Edessa marks the beginning of the hospital and medical center at
Jundishapur.[22] It included a medical school and hospital (bimaristan), a pharmacology
laboratory, a translation house, a library and an observatory.[23] Indian doctors also
contributed to the school at Jundishapur, most notably the medical researcher Mankah. Later
after Islamic invasion, the writings of Mankah and of the Indian doctor Sustura were
translated into Arabic at Baghdad.[24]
Medieval Islamic world
Main article: Medicine in medieval Islam
Further information: Bimaristan
Jundishapur surrendered to Islam in 636 AD. The first physicians under Muslim rule were
Christians or Jews.[25] One source indicates the first prominent Islamic hospital was founded
in Damascus, Syria in around 707 with assistance from Christians.[26] However most agree
that the establishment at Baghdad was the most influential. The public hospital in Baghdad
was opened during the Abbasid Caliphate of Harun al-Rashid in the 8th century.[27] The
bimaristan (medical school) and bayt al-hikmah (house of wisdom) were established by
professors and graduates from Jundishapur.[28] It was headed by the Christian physician
Jibrael ibn Bukhtishu from Jundishapur and later by Islamic physicians.[29] "Bimaristan" is a
compound of “bimar” (sick or ill) and “stan” (place). In the medieval Islamic world, the word
"bimaristan" referred to a hospital establishment where the ill were welcomed, cared for and
treated by qualified staff.
In the ninth and tenth centuries the hospital in Baghdad employed twenty-five staff physicians
and had separate wards for different conditions.[30] The Al-Qairawan hospital and mosque, in
Tunisia, were built under the Aghlabid rule in 830 and was simple, but adequately equipped
with halls organized into waiting rooms, a mosque, and a special bath. The first hospital in
Egypt was opened in 872 and thereafter public hospitals sprang up all over the empire from
Islamic Spain and the Maghrib to Persia. The first Islamic psychiatric hospital was built in
Baghdad in 705. Many other Islamic hospitals also often had their own wards dedicated to
mental health.[31] Thus between the eighth and twelfth centuries CE Muslim hospitals
developed a high standard of care.
Some suggest that physicians and surgeons were appointed who gave lectures to medical
students and issued diplomas (ijazah) to those who were considered qualified to

8. practice.[27][32] However others assert that, in contrast to medieval Europe, medical schools
under Islam did not develop a system of academic evaluation and certification.[33]
Medieval Europe
Hospicio Cabañas was the largest hospital in colonial America, in Guadalajara, Mexico
The church at Les Invalides in France showing the often close connection between historical
hospitals and churches
Cancer Hospital at the University of Florida
Medieval hospitals in Europe followed a similar pattern to the Byzantine. They were religious
communities, with care provided by monks and nuns. (An old French term for hospital is
hôtel-Dieu, "hostel of God.") Some were attached to monasteries; others were independent
and had their own endowments, usually of property, which provided income for their support.

9. Some hospitals were multi-functional while others were founded for specific purposes such as
leper hospitals, or as refuges for the poor, or for pilgrims: not all cared for the sick. The first
Spanish hospital, founded by the Catholic Visigoth bishop Masona in 580AD at Mérida, was
a xenodochium designed as an inn for travellers (mostly pilgrims to the shrine of Eulalia of
Mérida) as well as a hospital for citizens and local farmers. The hospital's endowment
consisted of farms to feed its patients and guests.
The Ospedale Maggiore, traditionally named Ca' Granda (i.e. Big House), in Milan, northern
Italy, was constructed to house one of the first community hospitals, the largest such
undertaking of the fifteenth century. Commissioned by Francesco Sforza in 1456 and
designed by Antonio Filarete it is among the first examples of Renaissance architecture in
Lombardy.
Colonial America
The first hospital founded in the Americas was the Hospital San Nicolás de Bari [Calle
Hostos] in Santo Domingo, Distrito Nacional Dominican Republic. Fray Nicolás de Ovando,
Spanish governor and colonial administrator from 1502–1509, authorized its construction on
December 29, 1503. This hospital apparently incorporated a church. The first phase of its
construction was completed in 1519, and it was rebuilt in 1552.[34] Abandoned in the mid-
eighteenth century, the hospital now lies in ruins near the Cathedral in Santo Domingo.
Conquistador Hernán Cortés founded the two earliest hospitals in North America: the
Immaculate Conception Hospital and the Saint Lazarus Hospital. The oldest was the
Immaculate Conception, now the Hospital de Jesús Nazareno in Mexico City, founded in
1524 to care for the poor.[34]
The first hospital north of Mexico was the Hôtel-Dieu de Québec. It was established in New
France in 1639 by three Augustinians from l'Hôtel-Dieu de Dieppe in France. The project,
begun by the niece of Cardinal de Richelieu was granted a royal charter by King Louis XIII
and staffed by a colonial physician, Robert Giffard de Moncel.
Modern era
In Europe the medieval concept of Christian care evolved during the sixteenth and
seventeenth centuries into a secular one, but it was in the eighteenth century that the modern
hospital began to appear, serving only medical needs and staffed with physicians and
surgeons. The Charité (founded in Berlin in 1710) is an early example.
Guy's Hospital was founded in London in 1724 from a bequest by the wealthy merchant,
Thomas Guy. Other hospitals sprang up in London and other British cities over the century,
many paid for by private subscriptions. In the British American colonies the Pennsylvania
General Hospital was chartered in Philadelphia in 1751, after £2,000 from private
subscription was matched by funds from the Assembly.[35]
When the Vienna General Hospital opened in 1784 (instantly becoming the world's largest
hospital), physicians acquired a new facility that gradually developed into the most important
research center. During the nineteenth century, the Second Viennese Medical School emerged
with the contributions of physicians such as Carl Freiherr von Rokitansky, Josef Škoda,
Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra, and Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis. Basic medical science expanded

10. and specialization advanced. Furthermore, the first dermatology, eye, as well as ear, nose, and
throat clinics in the world were founded in Vienna, being considered as the birth of
specialized medicine.[citation needed]
By the mid-nineteenth century most of Europe and the United States had established a variety
of public and private hospital systems. In continental Europe the new hospitals generally were
built and run from public funds. The National Health Service, the principle provider of health
care in the United Kingdom, was founded in 1948.
In the United States the traditional hospital is a non-profit hospital, usually sponsored by a
religious denomination. One of the earliest of these "almshouses" in what would become the
United States was started by William Penn in Philadelphia in 1713. These hospitals are tax-
exempt due to their charitable purpose, but provide only a minimum of charitable medical
care. They are supplemented by large public hospitals in major cities and research hospitals
often affiliated with a medical school. The largest public hospital system in America is the
New York City Health and Hospitals Corporation, which includes Bellevue Hospital, the
oldest U.S. hospital, affiliated with New York University Medical School. In the late
twentieth century, chains of for-profit hospitals arose in the United States. The decline in the
membership of religious orders has changed the status of Catholic hospitals.[36]
In the 2000s, modern private hospitals began to appear in developing countries such as India.
Criticism
While hospitals, by concentrating equipment, skilled staff and other resources in one place,
clearly provide important help to patients with serious or rare health problems, hospitals also
are criticised for a number of faults, some of which are endemic to the system, others which
develop from what some consider wrong approaches to health care.
One criticism often voiced is the 'industrialised' nature of care, with constantly shifting
treatment staff, which dehumanises the patient and prevents more effective care as doctors
and nurses rarely are intimately familiar with the patient. The high working pressures often
put on the staff can sometimes exacerbate such rushed and impersonal treatment. The
architecture and setup of modern hospitals often is voiced as a contributing factor to the
feelings of faceless treatment many people complain about.[37]
Funding
Clinical Hospital Dubrava Modern Medical Center in Zagreb, Croatia.
In the modern era, hospitals are, broadly, either funded by the government of the country in
which they are situated, or survive financially by competing in the private sector (a number of
hospitals also are still supported by the historical type of charitable or religious associations).

11. In the United Kingdom for example, a relatively comprehensive, "free at the point of
delivery" health care system exists, funded by the state. Hospital care is thus relatively easily
available to all legal residents, although free emergency care is available to anyone, regardless
of nationality or status. As hospitals prioritize their limited resources, there is a tendency for
'waiting lists' for non-crucial treatment in countries with such systems, as opposed to letting
higher-payers get treated first, so sometimes those who can afford it take out private health
care to get treatment more quickly.[38]
As the quality of health care has increasingly become an issue around the On the other hand,
many countries, including the USA, have in the twentieth century followed a largely private-
based, for-profit-approach to providing hospital care, with few state-money supported 'charity'
hospitals remaining today.[39] Where for-profit hospitals in such countries admit uninsured
patients in emergency situations (such as during and after Hurricane Katrina in the USA), they
incur direct financial losses,[39] ensuring that there is a clear disincentive to admit such
patients.world, hospitals have increasingly had to pay serious attention to this matter.
Independent external assessment of quality is one of the most powerful ways to assess this
aspect of health care, and hospital accreditation is one means by which this is achieved. In
many parts of the world such accreditation is sourced from other countries, a phenomenon
known as international healthcare accreditation, by groups such as Accreditation Canada from
Canada, the Joint Commission from the USA, the Trent Accreditation Scheme from Great
Britain, and Haute Authorité de santé (HAS) from France.
Buildings
Architecture
The National Health Service Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital in the UK, showing
the utilitarian architecture of many modern hospitals.
Hospital chapel at Fawcett Memorial Hospital, a for-profit facility operated by HCA.

12. The Horton General Hospital in Banbury, during 2010. It was built in 1872 and slightly
expanded in both 1964 and 1972 and was nearly closed early in 2005.
Modern hospital buildings are designed to minimize the effort of medical personnel and the
possibility of contamination while maximizing the efficiency of the whole system. Travel
time for personnel within the hospital and the transportation of patients between units is
facilitated and minimized. The building also should be built to accommodate heavy
departments such as radiology and operating rooms while space for special wiring, plumbing,
and waste disposal must be allowed for in the design.[40]
However, the reality is that many hospitals, even those considered 'modern', are the product of
continual and often badly managed growth over decades or even centuries, with utilitarian
new sections added on as needs and finances dictate. As a result, Dutch architectural historian
Cor Wagenaar has called many hospitals:
"... built catastrophes, anonymous institutional complexes run by vast bureaucracies,
and totally unfit for the purpose they have been designed for ... They are hardly ever
functional, and instead of making patients feel at home, they produce stress and
anxiety."[41]
Some newer hospitals now try to re-establish design that takes the patient's psychological
needs into account, such as providing more fresh air, better views and more pleasant
colour schemes. These ideas hearken back to the late eighteenth century, when the
concept of providing fresh air and access to the 'healing powers of nature' were first
employed by hospital architects in improving their buildings.[41]
The research of British Medical Association is showing that good hospital design can
reduce patient's recovery time. Exposure to daylight is effective in reducing depression.
Single sex accommodation help ensure that patients are treated in privacy and with
dignity. Exposure to nature and hospital gardens is also important - looking out windows
improvies patient's mood, reduces blood pressure and stress level. Eliminating long
corridors can reduce nurses' fatigue and stress.[42]
Another ongoing major development is the change from a ward-based system (where
patients are accommodated in communal rooms, separated by movable partitions) to one
in which they are accommodated in individual rooms. The ward-based system has been
described as very efficient, especially for the medical staff, but is considered to be more
stressful for patients and detrimental to their privacy. A major constraint on providing all
patients with their own rooms is however found in the higher cost of building and
operating such a hospital; this causes some hospitals to charge for private rooms.[43]