Anatomy

1. Artifact 2
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids– Two types of Nucleic Power Puff Girls
acids (DNA & RNA)
DNA: Made up of deoxyribonucleotides.
(Structural unit that consists of pentose
sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group
and cytosine, thymine, guanine or
adenine.
DNA molecules are formed into a double
helix shape. Base pairs hold the two
chains together. All DNA molecules are
identical and different from other
individuals.
Company Name
RNA: Made up of pentose sugar (ribose),
phosphate group, and adenine, uracil,
Street Address
guanine, or cytosine. Uracil replaces Address 2
City, ST ZIP Code
thymine in RNA. Phone: 325.555.0125
Fax: 325.555.0145
Combined forms: Large molecules can be E-mail address
joined together to form bigger ones. This
Erycha Victoria
gives the molecules a completely different
Sharetha Alexis
function. The base word will tell which
component is dominant while the prefix
is the lesser amount. Anatomy Period 2
(text book page 66)(1)

2. All Organelles
Centrosome
o Area of the cytoplasm near Lysosome The word “organic” describes
the nucleus that that o Membranous organelle any compound that contains c-
coordinates the building and containing various c bond or c-h bond.
breaking of microtubules in enzymes that can dissolve
(Carbon to carbon or carbon to
the cell most cellular compounds;
hydrogen)
Cytoplasm called digestive bags or
suicide bags of cell
The four organic molecules are
o Gel -like substance of a cell
Mitochondria -Carbohydrates
exclusive of the nucleus and
plasma membrane; includes o Organelle in which ATP -Proteins
organelles (except nucleus) generation occurs; often -lipids
and cytosol (intracellular termed powerhouse of -nucleic acids
fluid) cell (Text book Pg.66)(1)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Nucleus
o Network of tubules and o Membranous organelle
vesicles in cytoplasm that that contain most of the
contributes to cellular genetic material of the
protein manufacture (via cell; also, group of neuron
attached ribosomes) and cell bodies in the brain or
distribution spinal cord
Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane
o Organelle consisting of small o Membrane that separates
sacs stacked on one another the contents of a cell
near the nucleus that makes from tissue fluid, encloses
carbohydrate compounds, the cytoplasm, and forms
combines them with protein the outer boundary of the
molecules, and packages the cell
product for distribution Ribosome
o Organelle in the
cytoplasm of cells that
synthesizes proteins;
sometimes called
“protein factory”

3. Cell Membrane
The role of the plasma membrane and the What holds it together?
internal membranes is to prevent the free
exchange of molecules between the Contains a double layer of
inside and the outside phospholipid molecules
A cell is bound with the outer membrane Phospholipids have “heads” and
that is composed of phospholipids bilayer “tails”
with proteins a) The heads are referred to as
The Cell membrane is composed of many Hydrophilic (water loving)
different things such as a Plasma b) The tails are referred to as
Membrane Hydrophobic (fearing water)
Inside of the membrane is many
Other Fun Facts
“membranous organelles”
Membranous Organelles are sacs and The structure separating an animal
canals made up of the same materials as cell from its environment or a plant
the plasma membrane such as lipids, cell from its cell wall.
protein, and other molecules The membrane allows nutrients to
enter the cell and waste products to
Membranous Organelles in the Cell leave, called osmosis.
Membrane:
The cytoskeleton includes
Nucleus- houses the genetic code microfilaments, microtubules,
Mitochondria- the cells power plant of intermediate filaments, and the two-
ATP dimensional membrane skeleton that
Lysosomes- the digestive system of a cell lines the cytoplasmic surface of cell
Golgi Apparatus- produces glycoproteins membranes.
Peroxisomes- contain enzymes to protect Cell membranes contain a fibrous
the body from harmful substances protein called spectrin.
Endoplasmic reticulum- attached to
ribosomes to synthesize protein
Plasma Membrane- contains protein
molecules

4. Inorganic Molecules
Water has been called the “cradle of life” Carbon Dioxide is considered one of a group of very Bases
because all living organisms require water to simple carbon-containing inorganic compounds. It is · Bases, or “alkaline” compounds, are electrolytes
survive. In addition to water surrounding the an important exception to the “rule of thumb” that that when dissociateCarbon Dioxide is considered
cell, the basic substance of each cell, inorganic substances do not contain carbon. Like one of a group of very simple carbon-containing
cytoplasm, is itself largely water. Water is oxygen, carbon dioxide is involved in cellular inorganic compounds. It is an important exception
certainly the body’s most abundant and respiration. It is complex nutrients and also serves to the “rule of thumb” that inorganic substances do
important compound. It makes up almost 70% an important role in maintaining the appropriate not contain carbon. Like oxygen, carbon dioxide is
of body weight and serves a host of vital acid-base balance in the body. (pg.45) involved in cellular respiration. It is complex
functions. In a very real sense “water nutrients and also serves an important role in
chemistry” forms the basis for the chemistry of maintaining the appropriate acid-base balance in the
Electrolytes
life. (Pg. 44) body. (pg.45)
· Other inorganic substances include acid, bases,
· Water Molecules are polar and interact with Electrolytes
and salts. The substances belong to a large group of
one another. They have a positively charged · Other inorganic substances include acid, bases, and
end and a negatively charged end. This simple compounds called “electrolytes”. Electrolytes are
salts. The substances belong to a large group of
substances that break-up or dissociate, in solution
chemical property, called polarity allows water compounds called “electrolytes”. Electrolytes are
to form charged particles or ions. Ions with a
to act as a very effective solvent. substances that break-up or dissociate, in solutionto
positive charge are called “Cations” those with
· Water tends to ionizesubstances in solution form charged particles or ions. Ions with a positive
anegative charge are called “anions”.
and surround any molecule that has an charge are called “Cations” those with a negative
electrical charge. The fact that so many Acids charge are called “anions”.
substances dissolve in water is of utmost · By definition, an “acid” is any substance that will d in solution, shift the H+/OH- balance in favor of
importance in the life process. release a hydrogen ion (H+) when in solution. A OH-. This can be accomplished by increasing the
hydrogen ion is simply a bare proton the nucleus of number of hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution or
Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide
hydrogen atom. Therefore acids are frequently decreasing the number of H+ ions protons is the
· Oxygen and carbon dioxide are important
called “protons donors”. It is the concentration of reason the term proton acceptor is used to describe
inorganic substances that are closely related to these substances.
hydrogen ions ions that accounts for the chemical
cellular respiration. Molecular oxygen in the
properties of acids. The level of “acidity” of a
body ispresent as two oxygen atoms joined by
solution depends on the number of hydrogen ions a
a double covalent bond. Oxygen is required to
particular acid will release.
complete the decomposition reactionsrequired
for the release of energy from nutrients burned
by cell. (pg.45)

5. Four major organic molecules
CARBOHYDRATES- Proteins- Lipids-Water-soluble & critically
important biological compounds
Most abundant organic molecule,
CONTAIN CARBON, HYDROGEN AND
made of chainlike polymers, consists Major roles of lipids are being an
OXYGEN. COMMONLY CALLED SUGARS of two broad categories. energy source, structural role, &
OR STARCHES. The shape of the protein determines integral parts of cell membranes.
its function. Functional proteins cause
MONOSACHARIDES-SIMPLE SUGARS chemical changes in the molecule. Triglycerides/fats
Amino Acids– protein building blocks. -must abundant lipids & most
WITH SHORT CARBON CHAINS. concentrated source of energy
There are 8 essential amino acids that
cannot be created by the human Glycerol is the building blocks
CARBOHYDRATES WITH 6 CARBONS
Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid
body, while 12 nonessential ones can
ARE CALLED HEXOSES, AND ONES WITH be produced in the body. Amino acids unsaturated has one or more double
consist of a carbon atom, an amino bonds
FIVE CARBONS ARE CALLED PENTOSES.
group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen Triglycerides are formed by
atom and a side chain. Protein dehydration synthesis
molecules are highly organized and
Phospholipids
DISACCHARIDES (TWO) & have a definite relationship between
-fat compounds similar to
structure and function.
POLYSACCHARIDES (MORE THAN TWO) triglycerides
4 levels or protein organization One end is water soluble and the
SIMPLE SUGARS THAT ARE FORMED other end is fat soluble
1-primcary structure: Is the number,
TOGETHER THROUGH A SYNTHESIS Have the ability to join two different
type and sequence or amino acids
chemical compounds
REACTION. 2-secondary structure: Polypeptide is
coiled or bent Steroids-
(TEXT BOOK PAGE 66) 3-tertiary structure: A further twisted main component is steroid nucleus
secondary structure resulting in a involved in many structural and
globular shape. functional roles.
4-Quaternary structure: Highest level,
occurs when protein has more than Prostaglandins
one polypeptide chain. Commonly called “tissue hormones”;
produced by cell membranes throughout
the body.
Effects are many and varied; however,
they are released in response to a specific
stimulus and they are inactivated.