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Thalidomide,[object Object],Jessica ,[object Object]
What is Thalidomide?,[object Object],Thalidomide is a sedative-hypnotic and multiple myeloma medication. The drug is a potent teratogen in rabbits and primates including humans: severe birth defects may result if the drug is taken during pregnancy. Formula for thalidomide is C13H10N2O4.,[object Object]
History of thalidomide,[object Object],They say that Thalidomide was developed by Germans in ,[object Object],the pharmaceutical company  Grünenthal in Stolberg but ,[object Object],some people say that this claim has been canceled. Dr. ,[object Object],Martin W Johnson, who is the director of Thalidomide Trust ,[object Object],in the United Kingdom, showed evidences that Thalidomide ,[object Object],was developed as an antidote to nerve gases. Some nerve ,[object Object],gases are sarin. Others say the drug was synthesized by ,[object Object],British scientists. They found that Thalidomide was found to ,[object Object],be an effective tranquilizer and painkiller and was ,[object Object],proclaimed a "wonder drug" for insomnia, coughs, colds ,[object Object],and headaches. It was also found to be an effective ,[object Object],antiemetic which had an inhibitory effect on morning ,[object Object],sickness, and so thousands of pregnant women took the ,[object Object],drug to relieve their symptoms.,[object Object]
Birth defects,[object Object],In Europe and Canada during the early 1960s, thalidomide was prescribed to treat morning ,[object Object],sickness in pregnant women. At that time, it was not approved in the United States because Dr. ,[object Object],Frances Kelsey from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) stated there was insufficient proof of ,[object Object],the drug’s safety in humans. Thalidomide was soon banned worldwide when it was discovered that it ,[object Object],caused tragic birth defects. According to the March of Dimes (MOD, November 1998), "More than ,[object Object],10,000 children around the world were born with major malformations, many missing arms and legs, ,[object Object],because their mothers had taken the drug during early pregnancy. Mothers who had taken the drug ,[object Object],when arms and legs were beginning to form had babies with a widely varying but recognizable pattern ,[object Object],of limb deformities. The most well-known pattern, absence of most of the arm with the hands ,[object Object],extending flipper-like from the shoulders, is called phocomelia. Another frequent arm malformation ,[object Object],called radial aplasia was absence of the thumb and the adjoining bone in the lower arm. Similar limb ,[object Object],malformations occurred in the lower extremities. The affected babies almost always had both sides ,[object Object],affected and often had both the arms and the legs malformed. In addition to the limbs, the drug caused ,[object Object],malformations of the eyes and ears, heart, genitals, kidneys, digestive tract (including the lips and ,[object Object],mouth), and nervous system. Thalidomide was recognized as a powerful human teratogen (a drug or ,[object Object],other agent that causes abnormal development in the embryo or fetus). Taking even a single dose of ,[object Object],thalidomide during early pregnancy may cause major birth defects.",[object Object],1962 photo of a baby born to a mother who had taken Thalidomide while pregnant; note the extra appendage connected to the foot and the malformation of the right arm.,[object Object]
UNITED STATES PRESCRIBING THALIDOMIDE ,[object Object],On July 16, 1998, the FDA approved the use of thalidomide for the treatment of ,[object Object],lesions associated with Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL). Because of ,[object Object],thalidomide’s potential for causing birth defects, the distribution of the drug was ,[object Object],permitted only under tightly controlled conditions. The FDA required that Celgene ,[object Object],Corporation, which planned to market thalidomide under the brand name ,[object Object],Thalomid, establish a System for Thalidomide Education and Prescribing Safety ,[object Object],(S.T.E.P.S.) oversight program. For safety the pregnancy teat women who were ,[object Object],prescribed thalidomide. ,[object Object]
United Kingdom`s view on prescribing thalidomide,[object Object],Thalidomide is available to only a small number of patients in the ,[object Object],UK, generally in specialist cancer treatment centers, where ,[object Object],research trials are taking place and specialist doctors have ,[object Object],experience in its use.,[object Object]
BRAZIL PRESCRIBING THALIDOMIDE ,[object Object],Brazil has the second highest prevalence rate of leprosy in the world and ,[object Object],thalidomide has been used by Brazilian physicians as the drug of choice ,[object Object],for the treatment of severe ENL since 1965. A study published in 1994 ,[object Object],found 61 people born after 1965 whose limb defects and exposure history ,[object Object],were compatible with thalidomide embryopathy. In 63.6% of these cases, ,[object Object],thalidomide had been prescribed without the physician informing the ,[object Object],patient about the drug's teratogenicity. Since then production, dispensing ,[object Object],and prescription of thalidomide have been strictly controlled and cases ,[object Object],of thalidomide embryopathy are thought to have occurred until today,[object Object]
Full list of indications currently being investigated in clinical trials,[object Object],Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	,[object Object],Aphthous ulcer,[object Object],Behcet's syndrome ,[object Object],Brain cancer,[object Object],Breast cancer ,[object Object],Cachexia,[object Object],Colorectal cancer ,[object Object],Congestive heart failure ,[object Object],Crohn's disease,[object Object],Diarrhea,[object Object],Fibrodysplasiaossificansprogressiva,[object Object],Graft-versus-host disease ,[object Object],Haematological malignancy,[object Object],HIV infection,[object Object],Hodgkin's Diseases,[object Object],Kaposi's sarcoma,[object Object],Leukaemia,[object Object],Macular degeneration ,[object Object],Malignant melanoma ,[object Object],Mycobacterium avium complex infections ,[object Object],Myelodysplastic syndrome ,[object Object],Myelofibrosis,[object Object],Myeloid leukaemia,[object Object],Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma ,[object Object],Non-small cell lung cancer,[object Object],Ovarian cancer,[object Object],Pain,[object Object],Prostate cancer,[object Object],Prurigonodularis,[object Object],Renal cancer,[object Object],Rheumatoid arthritis ,[object Object],Small cell lung cancer ,[object Object],Systemic lupus erythematosus,[object Object],Thyroid cancer,[object Object],Tuberculosis,[object Object],Thalidomide  is still used today. Doctor`s are trying to see if the drug will help cure cancer and other illness. Thalidomide  stopped a certain development in the womb, so they think that it might help stop cancer and other Illness in a certain stage of developement,[object Object]
Side affects of thalidomide    ,[object Object],Sleepiness,[object Object],Constipation,[object Object],skin rash,[object Object],severe headaches,[object Object],stomach aches,[object Object],peripheral neuropathy (numbness and pain in your arms, hands, legs and feet),[object Object],Dizziness,[object Object],Nausea,[object Object], giddiness or nervousness at higher doses ,[object Object],shivering and buzzing in the ears,[object Object],depression or mood-swings,[object Object],severe birth defects ,[object Object]
Louise MedusMansell,[object Object],Louise MedusMansell is 48 years old and was born in 1962. Lousie,[object Object],fathers name is David Mason. Her mother was prescribed thalidomide ,[object Object],during pregnancy. She was born with shorten arms and legs. Not long ,[object Object],after birth Louise was placed in a home for disabled children in Kent. Her ,[object Object],parents were told that Louise was only going to live for a few weeks. ,[object Object],Louise first married in 1987 to John. They had two children together and ,[object Object],they separated in 1994. She then remarried in August 2008 to Darren ,[object Object],Mansell who is 49 years old. They dated as children and he is also a ,[object Object],thalidomide victim. ,[object Object]
Thomas Quasthoff,[object Object],Thomas Quasthoff was born November 9, 1959 in Hildesheim, Germany.  ,[object Object],He was born with serious birth defects due to his mother`s exposure to ,[object Object],the drug thalidomide during pregnancy.  She was prescribed thalidomide ,[object Object],as an antiemetic to combat her morning sickness.  Thomas is short due to ,[object Object],shortening  to the long bones in the legs and he had phocomelia  of the ,[object Object],upper extremities with very short or absent long bones and flipper-like ,[object Object],appearance of his hands. He is four foot tall. Thomas is a musician and ,[object Object],has been denied admission to the music conservatory.,[object Object]
David Lega,[object Object],David Lega was born in 1973 in Gothenburg, Sweden. ,[object Object],He was born with AMC, a serious disability which,[object Object],means he was paralyzed in both arms and lacked ,[object Object],muscles in his legs.,[object Object]
Mat Fraser ,[object Object],Mat was born in 1962 in England, UK. Mat Fraser was ,[object Object],born with phocomelia of both arms, due to his mother ,[object Object],being prescribed thalidomide during her pregnancy,[object Object]
Terry Wiles,[object Object],Terrence 'Terry' Wiles was born in Peterborough, ,[object Object],Cambridgeshire, England on January 12, 1962. Andrew ,[object Object],(as he was originally named) was one of the most ,[object Object],disabled thalidomide babies born in the UK. His mother ,[object Object],had morning sickness so the Germany prescribed her ,[object Object],thalidomide. This caused Terry to have birth defects.,[object Object],Terry as a child.,[object Object]
Niko von Glasow ,[object Object],Niko von Glasow was born in 1960 in Cologne ,[object Object],Germany.  He is the son of Ernst Brücher and Majella ,[object Object],Neven DuMont.  He`s mother also took thalidomide ,[object Object],During her pregnancy and it caused her son to have,[object Object],birth defects.,[object Object]
Dr. Kelsey,[object Object],Frances Kathleen Oldham Kelsey, Ph.D., M.D., (born 24 July 1914) is a Pharmacologist. ,[object Object],most famous as the reviewer for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) who ,[object Object],refused to authorize thalidomide for market because she had concerns about the drug's ,[object Object],safety. Her concerns proved to be justified when it was proven that thalidomide caused ,[object Object],serious birth defects. Kelsey's career intersected with the passage of laws ,[object Object],strengthening the FDA's oversight of Pharmaceuticals. In the 1960s, Kelsey prevented ,[object Object],the marketing of thalidomide in the U.S. through her insistence on credible proof ,[object Object],of its safety. ,[object Object]
Resources,[object Object],http://www.aegis.com/factshts/network/simple/thalid.html,[object Object],http://www.aegis.com/factshts/network/simple/thalid.html,[object Object],http://cerhr.niehs.nih.gov/common/thalidomide.html,[object Object],http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-561360/A-truly-special-love-story-Two-married-thalidomide-survivors-living-happily-50-years-drugs-launch.html,[object Object],http://www.davidlega.com/en/page.asp?pageid=2,[object Object],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalidomide,[object Object],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Quasthoff,[object Object],http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Wiles,[object Object]

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