SlideShare una empresa de Scribd logo
1 de 6
Writing to describe!
Jo Hart – June 2012
Descriptive writing!
Vivid!
Colourful!
Detailed!
Writing to describe!
Jo Hart – June 2012
Using sensory information – what the reader can:
See
Hear
Taste
Feel
Smell
to create a picture with words
Writing to describe!
Jo Hart – June 2012
“This fire burned vigorously with a
tall, roaring flame funneled upwards
by the incoming breeze. The heat
was intense and the smoke dark and
acrid, stinging the eyes and forming
a sombre backcloth to the bright
glowing flames.”
Find the sensory details – what is:
Seen
Heard
Tasted
Felt
Smelt
Activity!
Writing to describe!
Jo Hart – June 2012
Descriptive text is found in:
Literature eg novels, travel writing;
Poetry, lyrics;
Persuasive texts eg publicity, advertising;
And other types of writing.
Writing to describe!
Jo Hart – June 2012
The sky is orange
The Autumn sun sinks lower
Stark black trees glower
This Haiku (based on the image) is descriptive:
Writing to describe!
Jo Hart – June 2012
Haiku are one of the text types that you may
choose to create for personal purposes.

Más contenido relacionado

La actualidad más candente

Literary devices otl
Literary devices otlLiterary devices otl
Literary devices otlMaria Marin
 
Showing VS Telling and Descriptive writing strategies
Showing VS Telling and Descriptive writing strategiesShowing VS Telling and Descriptive writing strategies
Showing VS Telling and Descriptive writing strategiesplbrownattccedu
 
Of mice and men2
Of mice and men2Of mice and men2
Of mice and men2NShuttle
 
208 sp 19 essay 4 eulogy
208 sp 19 essay 4 eulogy208 sp 19 essay 4 eulogy
208 sp 19 essay 4 eulogybenashane
 

La actualidad más candente (8)

Diction
DictionDiction
Diction
 
Literary devices otl
Literary devices otlLiterary devices otl
Literary devices otl
 
Showing VS Telling and Descriptive writing strategies
Showing VS Telling and Descriptive writing strategiesShowing VS Telling and Descriptive writing strategies
Showing VS Telling and Descriptive writing strategies
 
Of mice and men2
Of mice and men2Of mice and men2
Of mice and men2
 
Style 1: Diction
Style 1: DictionStyle 1: Diction
Style 1: Diction
 
Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe
 
208 sp 19 essay 4 eulogy
208 sp 19 essay 4 eulogy208 sp 19 essay 4 eulogy
208 sp 19 essay 4 eulogy
 
Descriptive Essay Writing
Descriptive Essay WritingDescriptive Essay Writing
Descriptive Essay Writing
 

Destacado

Descriptive writing
Descriptive writingDescriptive writing
Descriptive writingImran Zakir
 
Writing an explanation
Writing an explanationWriting an explanation
Writing an explanationKevin Cummins
 
Detail Writing Introduction
Detail Writing IntroductionDetail Writing Introduction
Detail Writing IntroductionSam Georgi
 
Good beginning[1]
Good beginning[1]Good beginning[1]
Good beginning[1]lc0810
 
DESCRIPTIVE AND NARRATIVE WRITING
DESCRIPTIVE AND NARRATIVE WRITINGDESCRIPTIVE AND NARRATIVE WRITING
DESCRIPTIVE AND NARRATIVE WRITINGMaha Khan
 
Narrative descriptive 2013
Narrative descriptive 2013Narrative descriptive 2013
Narrative descriptive 2013Karen Wright
 
Descriptive writing -THABET
Descriptive writing -THABETDescriptive writing -THABET
Descriptive writing -THABETTHABET76
 
Revising Descriptive Writing
Revising Descriptive WritingRevising Descriptive Writing
Revising Descriptive Writingsheehy
 
Tips on academic writing
Tips on academic writingTips on academic writing
Tips on academic writingPiotrekITESM
 
Reading and writing descriptive text
Reading and writing   descriptive textReading and writing   descriptive text
Reading and writing descriptive textutami_lis
 
Descriptive Essay Writing: Example, Topics, Outline
Descriptive Essay Writing: Example, Topics, OutlineDescriptive Essay Writing: Example, Topics, Outline
Descriptive Essay Writing: Example, Topics, OutlineDescriptive Essay Help
 
Descriptive writing
Descriptive writingDescriptive writing
Descriptive writingcafeharmon
 
Narrative And Descriptive Writing Ppt
Narrative And Descriptive Writing PptNarrative And Descriptive Writing Ppt
Narrative And Descriptive Writing PptBMS
 
How to write a descriptive essay
How to write a descriptive essayHow to write a descriptive essay
How to write a descriptive essayLama Albabtain
 
Descriptive essay powerpoint
Descriptive essay powerpointDescriptive essay powerpoint
Descriptive essay powerpointphricee
 
English descriptive writing
English descriptive writingEnglish descriptive writing
English descriptive writingKate Simmons
 
Developing word choice skills
Developing word choice skillsDeveloping word choice skills
Developing word choice skillsMelanie Nix
 

Destacado (20)

Descriptive writing
Descriptive writingDescriptive writing
Descriptive writing
 
Writing an explanation
Writing an explanationWriting an explanation
Writing an explanation
 
Detail Writing Introduction
Detail Writing IntroductionDetail Writing Introduction
Detail Writing Introduction
 
Good beginning[1]
Good beginning[1]Good beginning[1]
Good beginning[1]
 
DESCRIPTIVE AND NARRATIVE WRITING
DESCRIPTIVE AND NARRATIVE WRITINGDESCRIPTIVE AND NARRATIVE WRITING
DESCRIPTIVE AND NARRATIVE WRITING
 
Descriptive structure
Descriptive structureDescriptive structure
Descriptive structure
 
Narrative descriptive 2013
Narrative descriptive 2013Narrative descriptive 2013
Narrative descriptive 2013
 
Descriptive writing -THABET
Descriptive writing -THABETDescriptive writing -THABET
Descriptive writing -THABET
 
Revising Descriptive Writing
Revising Descriptive WritingRevising Descriptive Writing
Revising Descriptive Writing
 
Details details details
Details details detailsDetails details details
Details details details
 
Tips on academic writing
Tips on academic writingTips on academic writing
Tips on academic writing
 
Reading and writing descriptive text
Reading and writing   descriptive textReading and writing   descriptive text
Reading and writing descriptive text
 
Descriptive Essay Writing: Example, Topics, Outline
Descriptive Essay Writing: Example, Topics, OutlineDescriptive Essay Writing: Example, Topics, Outline
Descriptive Essay Writing: Example, Topics, Outline
 
descriptive method
descriptive methoddescriptive method
descriptive method
 
Descriptive writing
Descriptive writingDescriptive writing
Descriptive writing
 
Narrative And Descriptive Writing Ppt
Narrative And Descriptive Writing PptNarrative And Descriptive Writing Ppt
Narrative And Descriptive Writing Ppt
 
How to write a descriptive essay
How to write a descriptive essayHow to write a descriptive essay
How to write a descriptive essay
 
Descriptive essay powerpoint
Descriptive essay powerpointDescriptive essay powerpoint
Descriptive essay powerpoint
 
English descriptive writing
English descriptive writingEnglish descriptive writing
English descriptive writing
 
Developing word choice skills
Developing word choice skillsDeveloping word choice skills
Developing word choice skills
 

Más de Jo Hart

Pln ple co p
Pln ple co pPln ple co p
Pln ple co pJo Hart
 
Exchanging ways of being through connections with the world out there
Exchanging ways of being through connections with the world out thereExchanging ways of being through connections with the world out there
Exchanging ways of being through connections with the world out thereJo Hart
 
Social media for professional purposes - it's not just about what you had for...
Social media for professional purposes - it's not just about what you had for...Social media for professional purposes - it's not just about what you had for...
Social media for professional purposes - it's not just about what you had for...Jo Hart
 
Social media for professional development
Social media for professional developmentSocial media for professional development
Social media for professional developmentJo Hart
 
Online stories
Online storiesOnline stories
Online storiesJo Hart
 
Employability skills
Employability skillsEmployability skills
Employability skillsJo Hart
 
Action planning
Action planningAction planning
Action planningJo Hart
 
ELFADA Project Presentation
ELFADA Project PresentationELFADA Project Presentation
ELFADA Project PresentationJo Hart
 
Planning your learning
Planning your learningPlanning your learning
Planning your learningJo Hart
 
Instructions images for
Instructions images forInstructions images for
Instructions images forJo Hart
 
Embed slideshare
Embed slideshareEmbed slideshare
Embed slideshareJo Hart
 
Vis texts
Vis textsVis texts
Vis textsJo Hart
 
Make an avatar for your blog
Make an avatar for your blogMake an avatar for your blog
Make an avatar for your blogJo Hart
 
Face up to Facebook
Face up to FacebookFace up to Facebook
Face up to FacebookJo Hart
 
A blog a week keeps you at your peak!
A blog a week keeps you at your peak!A blog a week keeps you at your peak!
A blog a week keeps you at your peak!Jo Hart
 
Featuring Multimedia - using multimedia in Elluminate/Blackboard Collaborate
Featuring Multimedia - using multimedia in Elluminate/Blackboard CollaborateFeaturing Multimedia - using multimedia in Elluminate/Blackboard Collaborate
Featuring Multimedia - using multimedia in Elluminate/Blackboard CollaborateJo Hart
 
Featuring Quizzes
Featuring QuizzesFeaturing Quizzes
Featuring QuizzesJo Hart
 
Application Share for Teaching & Learning in Elluminate / Blackboard Collaborate
Application Share for Teaching & Learning in Elluminate / Blackboard CollaborateApplication Share for Teaching & Learning in Elluminate / Blackboard Collaborate
Application Share for Teaching & Learning in Elluminate / Blackboard CollaborateJo Hart
 
Twitter - A Personal Learning Network for Professional Development
Twitter - A Personal Learning Network for Professional DevelopmentTwitter - A Personal Learning Network for Professional Development
Twitter - A Personal Learning Network for Professional DevelopmentJo Hart
 

Más de Jo Hart (20)

Pln ple co p
Pln ple co pPln ple co p
Pln ple co p
 
Exchanging ways of being through connections with the world out there
Exchanging ways of being through connections with the world out thereExchanging ways of being through connections with the world out there
Exchanging ways of being through connections with the world out there
 
Social media for professional purposes - it's not just about what you had for...
Social media for professional purposes - it's not just about what you had for...Social media for professional purposes - it's not just about what you had for...
Social media for professional purposes - it's not just about what you had for...
 
Social media for professional development
Social media for professional developmentSocial media for professional development
Social media for professional development
 
Online stories
Online storiesOnline stories
Online stories
 
Employability skills
Employability skillsEmployability skills
Employability skills
 
Action planning
Action planningAction planning
Action planning
 
ELFADA Project Presentation
ELFADA Project PresentationELFADA Project Presentation
ELFADA Project Presentation
 
Planning your learning
Planning your learningPlanning your learning
Planning your learning
 
Email
EmailEmail
Email
 
Instructions images for
Instructions images forInstructions images for
Instructions images for
 
Embed slideshare
Embed slideshareEmbed slideshare
Embed slideshare
 
Vis texts
Vis textsVis texts
Vis texts
 
Make an avatar for your blog
Make an avatar for your blogMake an avatar for your blog
Make an avatar for your blog
 
Face up to Facebook
Face up to FacebookFace up to Facebook
Face up to Facebook
 
A blog a week keeps you at your peak!
A blog a week keeps you at your peak!A blog a week keeps you at your peak!
A blog a week keeps you at your peak!
 
Featuring Multimedia - using multimedia in Elluminate/Blackboard Collaborate
Featuring Multimedia - using multimedia in Elluminate/Blackboard CollaborateFeaturing Multimedia - using multimedia in Elluminate/Blackboard Collaborate
Featuring Multimedia - using multimedia in Elluminate/Blackboard Collaborate
 
Featuring Quizzes
Featuring QuizzesFeaturing Quizzes
Featuring Quizzes
 
Application Share for Teaching & Learning in Elluminate / Blackboard Collaborate
Application Share for Teaching & Learning in Elluminate / Blackboard CollaborateApplication Share for Teaching & Learning in Elluminate / Blackboard Collaborate
Application Share for Teaching & Learning in Elluminate / Blackboard Collaborate
 
Twitter - A Personal Learning Network for Professional Development
Twitter - A Personal Learning Network for Professional DevelopmentTwitter - A Personal Learning Network for Professional Development
Twitter - A Personal Learning Network for Professional Development
 

Último

Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structureSingle or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structuredhanjurrannsibayan2
 
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxheathfieldcps1
 
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxGoogle Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxDr. Sarita Anand
 
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdfKey note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdfAdmir Softic
 
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding  Accommodations and ModificationsUnderstanding  Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and ModificationsMJDuyan
 
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docxPython Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docxRamakrishna Reddy Bijjam
 
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)Jisc
 
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - EnglishGraduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - Englishneillewis46
 
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...Nguyen Thanh Tu Collection
 
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptxInterdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptxPooja Bhuva
 
Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdfMicro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdfPoh-Sun Goh
 
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxTowards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxJisc
 
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POSHow to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POSCeline George
 
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptxHow to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptxCeline George
 
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptxCOMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptxannathomasp01
 
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...Poonam Aher Patil
 
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan FellowsOn National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan FellowsMebane Rash
 
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.christianmathematics
 
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...Pooja Bhuva
 
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...Pooja Bhuva
 

Último (20)

Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structureSingle or Multiple melodic lines structure
Single or Multiple melodic lines structure
 
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptxThe basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
The basics of sentences session 3pptx.pptx
 
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptxGoogle Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
Google Gemini An AI Revolution in Education.pptx
 
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdfKey note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
Key note speaker Neum_Admir Softic_ENG.pdf
 
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding  Accommodations and ModificationsUnderstanding  Accommodations and Modifications
Understanding Accommodations and Modifications
 
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docxPython Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
Python Notes for mca i year students osmania university.docx
 
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
Jamworks pilot and AI at Jisc (20/03/2024)
 
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - EnglishGraduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
Graduate Outcomes Presentation Slides - English
 
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
TỔNG ÔN TẬP THI VÀO LỚP 10 MÔN TIẾNG ANH NĂM HỌC 2023 - 2024 CÓ ĐÁP ÁN (NGỮ Â...
 
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptxInterdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
Interdisciplinary_Insights_Data_Collection_Methods.pptx
 
Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdfMicro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
Micro-Scholarship, What it is, How can it help me.pdf
 
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptxTowards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
Towards a code of practice for AI in AT.pptx
 
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POSHow to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
How to Manage Global Discount in Odoo 17 POS
 
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptxHow to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
How to setup Pycharm environment for Odoo 17.pptx
 
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptxCOMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
COMMUNICATING NEGATIVE NEWS - APPROACHES .pptx
 
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual  Proper...
General Principles of Intellectual Property: Concepts of Intellectual Proper...
 
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan FellowsOn National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
On National Teacher Day, meet the 2024-25 Kenan Fellows
 
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
This PowerPoint helps students to consider the concept of infinity.
 
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...
Sensory_Experience_and_Emotional_Resonance_in_Gabriel_Okaras_The_Piano_and_Th...
 
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
Beyond_Borders_Understanding_Anime_and_Manga_Fandom_A_Comprehensive_Audience_...
 

Descriptive writing

  • 1. Writing to describe! Jo Hart – June 2012 Descriptive writing! Vivid! Colourful! Detailed!
  • 2. Writing to describe! Jo Hart – June 2012 Using sensory information – what the reader can: See Hear Taste Feel Smell to create a picture with words
  • 3. Writing to describe! Jo Hart – June 2012 “This fire burned vigorously with a tall, roaring flame funneled upwards by the incoming breeze. The heat was intense and the smoke dark and acrid, stinging the eyes and forming a sombre backcloth to the bright glowing flames.” Find the sensory details – what is: Seen Heard Tasted Felt Smelt Activity!
  • 4. Writing to describe! Jo Hart – June 2012 Descriptive text is found in: Literature eg novels, travel writing; Poetry, lyrics; Persuasive texts eg publicity, advertising; And other types of writing.
  • 5. Writing to describe! Jo Hart – June 2012 The sky is orange The Autumn sun sinks lower Stark black trees glower This Haiku (based on the image) is descriptive:
  • 6. Writing to describe! Jo Hart – June 2012 Haiku are one of the text types that you may choose to create for personal purposes.