Infant Walking Device Research Report Summary

Research Report:

Infant walking device.

To design a walking device to be used at the home to
help disabled infant walk at an earlier stage of
development.

Date: 13/10/09

Student Name: Jonathan O Toole

ID Number: 0650935

Course: Product Design and Technology.

Name: Jonathan O Toole Research Report: Infant Walking Device.
ID number: 0650935

Introduction:

In the last 10 to 15 years research into child development has seen huge investment. This

reform has seen research and understanding in infant disabilities at its forefront. Huge

time and resources have been put into the main disabilities Spina Bifida, Down syndrome

and Cerebral Palsy. Even though big research has been put into understand these

disabilities very few products have come from these research findings. These children

have a better life style in recent times because people are more aware of the disabilities

and therefore more open and understanding. The best thing to come from the research so

far is this understanding for children with disabilities. There is a huge market for products

which help children with disabilities without isolating them. Most of the existing products

for children with disabilities have been designed by engineers who solve the problem very

well but not the issue of the impact it might have on the child’s emotion and growth. If

these kids are to be given a fair shot to fit in and develop with regular children people all

most start designing for the individuals and not for the disabled. For this project the focus

will be on walking development and walking patterns in infants with disabilities. The three

main groups affected will be children who have Spina Bifida, Down syndrome and Cerebral

Palsy. This product may also be very beneficial to normal children with bone of muscle

irregularity. The product can be created with two different customers in mind. The first

customer is the infant’s parents. This product would be designed for home use and be

2 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

easily transported. The second is for professional use. It would be used in clinics and

would be more robust and the user feed back would be much greater.

Background:

This project is built around research that was conducted in the University of Michigan,

U.S.A. The research was to prove or disprove the theory that a Down syndrome child

could walk faster and better with training on a slow treadmill. The objective of the

researchers was set out as such “On average, infants with Down syndrome (DS) learn to

walk about 1 year later than nondisabled (ND) infants. The purpose of this study was to

determine if practice stepping on a motorized treadmill could help reduce the delay in

walking onset normally experienced by these infants.”(Exert from reference #1). The

conclusions were “These results provide evidence that, with training and support, parents

can use these treadmills in their homes to help their infants with DS learn to walk earlier

than they normally would.” (Exert from reference #1). This research has been developed

and improved for the last 5 years but still only one product exists. The research has

advance to include infants with Spina Bifida and Cerebral Palsy.

Current Approach:

The main approach to help and develop infants walking patterns is in the format of a slow

treadmill or a walking aid structure. This treadmill is a small treadmill 670x440x295mm in

size and weighing about 29.5kg. This is the only method to be proven by research and

even to this day is the only product used to conduct new research. The walking aid is a
3 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

free standing structure which the child is harnessed in this product is useful for children

between the ages of 3‐16 who have difficulty walking but doesn’t really address infants

tiring to walk for the first time.

Conducted Research:

Secondary research;

• Research through Caroline Teulier’s work and notes

• Internet research for existing solutions

• Gait step

• Carlin Creations

• Patents search

• Book research

Primary research;

• First meeting with Caroline Teulier

• Second meeting with Caroline Teulier

• User testing of Carlin Creations

• Meeting with Spina Bifida Ireland

• Meeting with Paul from BlackBerry  Park (Enable Ireland)

4 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

• Proto‐type builds

Secondary Research:

Research through Caroline Teulier’s work and notes:

Caroline Teulier has been one of the main figures in recent research in France, America

and now Ireland in Spina Bifida in infants and its affects. Caroline Teulier is now working

her research out of the PESS building in the University of Limerick. Through her research

she has confirmed that a slow walking treadmill does help Spina Bifida infants walking

patterns and development. In Caroline Teulier’s latest research she proved that early

intervention in with infants can improve dramatically their muscle strength and also their

co‐ordination.

5 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

Research conduct by Caroline Teulier (Reference #2)

Internet research for existing solutions:

The main relevant information gathered on the internet was gathered through five main

web sites:

• Enable Ireland: http://www.enableireland.ie/ (Ref #4).

• The Irish Association of Spina Bifida & Hydrocephalus: http://www.sbhi.ie/ (Ref #5)

• Carlins Creations: http://www.carlinscreations.com/ (Ref #6).

• Gait lite: http://www.litegait.com/ (Ref #7).

• Thinking Toys: http://www.thinkingtoys.ie/aboutus.php (Ref #8).

6 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

All of these products and services are talked about in more detail later in the report.

Gait step

“WalkAble is the smallest LiteGait® model, and is perfect for children weighing up to 100

lbs and 4' 8" tall*. The harness comfortably supports the child, and the locking straps

allow adjustments to be made for walking symmetry, while providing a very enjoyable

walking therapy experience. The smaller, lighter design of the WalkAble allows a child to

be safely supported while walking over ground or over treadmill in any environment,

whether at home, in school, or in therapy. The unique design of WalkAble allows its

supportive yoke to slide easily and safely down the upright post, allowing for control of

posture and balance for even the youngest children, while a redundant safety pin and two

tightening knobs keep the yoke securely in its desired position. Additionally, the uniquely

designed harness can be used—without modification—for both walking and crawling. Gait

therapy sessions using a treadmill at speeds as slow as 0.1 mph have proven highly

effective with the pediatric populations. In combination with the proper training program,

WalkAble can help therapists and parents improve a patient's gait patterns, posture,

balance, muscle strength and overall endurance levels. WalkAble is being used

successfully in homes, children centers, and rehabilitation facilities throughout the world.

All LiteGait models are backed by a one year warranty*, a responsive Service Department,

and an extremely active Education Department conducting affordable on‐site training and

7 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

CEU accredited courses. When you purchase a LiteGait, you receive the service, the

education, and the quality you and your clients deserve.”(www.gaitlite.com, Ref #9).

The GaitLite being used with the Gait Treadmill (Reference #10).

8 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

The GaitLite being used with a balance ball (Reference #11).

Carlin Creations:

Carlin Creation offers a product which they call a pediatric treadmill. Carlin Creation

started as a proto‐typing and design service company but after building the first prototype

for the research team in the University of Michigan they decided to branch into pediatric

treadmills. The design of the treadmill is very similar to that of a conveyor. It has a very

large motor attached to a pulley and belt which drives the main belt. It has a ply‐wood

shell which is then covered in black plastic acetate. For safety on the top Carlin Creation

covered all edges in a plastic piping. All the controls are on the wrong side of the operator

so you must remove the infant and walk to the opposite end of the treadmill. The speed

9 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

control goes from 1‐10 but the treadmill should only operate between the speeds three

and four. The parent must hold the infant over the treadmill and if the infant miss‐steps

the parent must replace the infant.

Pediatric Treadmill by Carlins Creation, Model 2 (Reference #12)

Carlin Creation, Model 2, Control interface (Reference #13)
10 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

Patents search:

US patents search for the words pediatric treadmill. There are 40 results for existing

patents with the key words pediatric and treadmill but none of which are related to the

concept. There are no patents for the keys word with pediatric as a title word. The reason

that no patent exists for a pediatric treadmill like the one that can be purchased on Carlin

Creations is that the product was built as a proto‐type for the research. After the research

was proven the product was released directly to the market.

Search through US Patents with key words Pediatric and treadmill (Reference #14).

11 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

Search through US Patents with Pediatric as a title work and treadmill as a key word (Reference #15).

The second search and the US patents office web site looked for the keywords infant and

treadmill. The search found 57 results none of which are relevant to the concept.

Search through US Patents with key words infant and treadmill (Reference #16).

12 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

Book research:

The book research was conducted using four main books

1. Bellman.M & Peile.E, The normal Child (2006).

2. Piek.J.P, Infant Motor Development (2006).

3. Bremner.G & Fogel.A, Infant Development (2004).

4. Lllingworth.R.S, The Development of the infant & young child (1972).

Some interesting points shared by all the books:

• Infants will play by using the cause and effect theory. This is for example if the

infant drops a toy which he/she wants, if he/she starts to cry a parent or grown up

will arrive pick up the toy and kiss them on the head. A simple example but the

important thing is that the infant creates a action and the result is a direct

reaction.

• Communication in infants up to 12 months is done through gaze, gesture &

babbling. A child will sit and crawl by 6 to 9 months and will usually walk by 12 to

15 months. A child can recognize faces by about 9‐12 months.

• An interesting view that runs through most of the books is that baby‐walkers do

very little to encourage walking. A baby walker may occupy the child but it will

encourage learning rather that a health walking pattern.

13 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

Primary Research:

First meeting with Caroline Teulier:

The first the author heard about this project was when the author received an email from

Caroline Teulier asking a product designer to design a treadmill for infants with particular

disabilities. Caroline Teulier also attached a presentation to show what the product was to

be used for and a outline of the brief (see below for details). The first meeting with

Caroline Teulier was on the 15th of May 2009 in the UL PESS building. She briefed the

author on previous research and her own research. The first project brief was to design an

infant treadmill to help infants with Down Syndrome, Cerebral Palsy and Spina Bifida walk

at an earlier age. One of the design specifications for professional use was to help it

adaptive so maximum feed back could be recorded. The research conducted had proved

that early prevention using a slow treadmill does work and can reduce the age of walking

by up to a year. After the meeting it was decided that two weeks of research and

investigation into the three target groups and to the market was the best course for the

project.

14 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

Presentation that Caroline Teulier send by email (Reference #17)

Second meeting with Caroline Teulier:

After conducting research and knowing more about the infants a second meeting was

arranged to talk about the direction of the project on the 9th of September 2009. The two

options were design the product for physiotherapists or for parents. There are only two

other products in this field on the market for home use but over sixty for professional use.

A product that can be used in the comfort of the home by the parent of the infant is a very
15 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

beneficial product to the infant and the family. The product would be used by a parent for

five minutes a night and not only being used to help the infant but also bond with the

child. This product could bring back family time and really help the infants in a very

positive manner. Caroline Teulier also agreed that a product was needed for the home

and that parents would be very positive about any product that would help in a healthy

development of their child. It’s very important to be aware that this is a huge issue with

many factors and it is impossible to design a product to help every infant. An exercise that

helps one infant can hurt another that’s why this product must involve professional

physiotherapists in some way. This product will have to be used with physiotherapists or

before physiotherapist sessions either way other professionals will have to be involved to

insure the best for the infant.

User testing of Carlins Creations:

For the user testing of the Carlin Creations, Pediatric Treadmill model 2 a step by step

guide of how a parent would have to use the product was conducted.

• Place infant down in a safe location.

• Take the treadmill out of storage.

• Move the treadmill into place.

• Make sure you have plenty of room around the treadmill.

• Plug in the treadmill.

16 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

• Push the on button.

• Select the speed at which the treadmill moves.

• Wait until the belt has turned a full revolution.

• Push the test button.

• Wait until the treadmill has reached a full stop.

• Push the restart button.

• Make sure the speed is site correctly.

• Pick up infant all gently lower onto the treadmill.

• Do not place full weight of infant directly onto treadmill.

• If the infant miss steps lift the infant slightly and lower again.

• Conduct session for approximately 5‐6 minutes.

• Place infant down in a safe location.

• Push the off button.

• Wait until the treadmill has reached a compete stop.

• Plug the treadmill out.

• Place back into storage where a child cant get to it.

17 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

Image from http://www.carlinscreations.com/treadmill.htm (Ref #19).

Meeting with Spina Bifida Ireland

The author visited the Mid‐Western Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus clinic on the

Ballysimon road on the 6th of October 2009. The meeting was with a girl called Milena

Morawska who is a Senior Physiotherapist. The author was shown around the areas in the

building and the main physiotherapy room (pictured below). The physiotherapy room is

more like a play room with some equipment hidden around, covered in bright colours and

soft padding.

18 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

Physiotherapy room in Mid‐Western Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus clinic, Limerick (Ref #20).

Children’s physiotherapy area in Mid‐Western Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus clinic, Limerick (Ref #21).
19 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

The area is very open and there's a lot of very interesting item's in it. Some of the

equipment is used for older people but the play area in the corner of the room is just for

the kids (pictured above). This area has lots of fun toys and slides. It’s very easy to see why

some people think this area would be used to rest the kids, if they finish there physio they

could play but that’s not the case. The play area is the physio area. This is a very

interesting view. In the picture below you can see a green stairs and a red slide in  the

center background. The kids love to slide down the slide but to do that they must climb

the steps which build muscle and helps create balance. You can also see a few large balls

in the back corner of the image. These are used to create balance. The child is placed on

top and the ball in moved around and the child keeps its center of gravity. Some children

don't like the ball but love the ball pit so a track is created. You must balance on the ball to

get the key to open the pit then you must go through the tunnel to get back to the ball.

The kids are very smart they know that if they don’t want to do something chances are

they'll get away without doing it but through this idea of Physio and Play being the same

thing more and more children are benefiting from these interactions.

20 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

Main infant physiotherapy area in Mid‐Western Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus clinic, Limerick (Ref #22).

Meeting with Paul McCarty from BlackBerry Park (Enable Ireland):

On the 12th of October 2009 a meeting took place between the author and Paul McCarty a

senior physiotherapist for Enable Ireland in the BlackBerry Park, Limerick. At this meeting

they discussed the pros and cons of a product being bought by the government health

system and rented out to family on a need and tested basis. Two main issues came from

this meeting. The first is that it is possible to have a arrangement like this where the

government finance the product but if the product causes injury or malfunctions it falls
21 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

back on the government group that financed the product. This puts liability on the

government department which is always viewed negatively see the product must be very

well executed. The second is the factor of safety. These infants have not developed

muscle or balance and it because of this that they are so vulnerable the injury. If for some

reason the parent loses grip of the infant or the infant falls the weakness in the leg

muscles mean that a fall will usual end up in with a head falling first which for logical

reasons could lead to massive injury issues.

Images shows Enable Ireland (Reference #23)

Images shows Enable Irelands reception area (Reference #23)
22 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

Image of a mobile stander in the equipment lending room, Enable Ireland, Limerick (Ref #24)

Image of a mobile stander in the equipment lending room, Enable Ireland, Limerick (Ref #24)

23 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

Proto-type builds:

For my placement I was working in Modular Automation which is a company who build

purpose built machine for a number of different sectors of industry. While on placement I

conformed to Caroline Teulier that I would be taking up the infant treadmill for my FYP.

This gave me an opportunity to build a proto‐type on placement to have a working sketch

model when I returned from placement to college. I designed a treadmill with could

change shape with ease and also had a movable screen at the front to project images onto

for research into visual flow.

Images of the prototype PT#1 (Reference #25&26)

24 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

Research findings to date (15/10/09):

The main reason for all the research is to really understand the user, the environment and

the reason there’s a need for the product. Through all the research some very important

considerations have been revealed. These considerations affect the design of the product

and the function and look of the product. Theses are the main points to come from the

research that will affect the design directly:

• The Product will be in a treadmill format.

• The products target market is 12 to 48 months.

• For this product the focus will be on 12 to 24 months.

• It will be used by parents at home.

• The product will be bought and stored by the health service.

• The product will be released to parents after the infant is checked by a

physiotherapist and the physiotherapist deems the product suitable for the infant.

• The product will have a harness.

• The product will be small enough to fit in a car booth.

• The product will have Play Vs Physio element.

• Cause and effect playing for infants.

25 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

Ongoing research:

• Meeting to view Lokomat

• Meeting in Clare with designers of disabled children’s toys.

• Questionnaire for Spina Bifida parents

• Focus group for parents with main concepts for feed back

Meeting to view Lokomat:

So far every physiotherapist who has been interviewed for this report has talked about the

LokoMat product. The LokoMat is a machine for physiotherapist to use for serious spinal

injuries. It is a very expensive piece of equipment and cost 350,000 Euros and is very large.

At a very basic level it is two independent robots designed to move you legs in the correct

locomotive walking pattern. There are currently two in Ireland and the author has a

meeting to view one on the 28th of October in Patrickswell, Co.Limerick.

Image from http://radio.weblogs.com/0105910/ (Ref #27).
26 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

Meeting in Clare with designers of disabled children’s toys:

On the 21th of October the author will visit Thinking Toys in Killaloe, Co. Clare. Thinking

Toys was established with the intention of providing access, in Ireland, to a range of

products that can bring specific benefit to children who have special needs or learning

difficulties. The business is owned and managed by Aine Conacur and her husband

Michael. They’re eldest child had major brain surgery when she was 2 years old. The

frustration and difficulties they endured in trying to source suitable products that would

assist in her development was a catalyst in deciding to try and reduce this frustration for

other parents in similar situations.

Screenshot from http://www.thinkingtoys.ie/index.php/cPath/43 (Ref #28).

27 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

Questionnaire for Spina Bifida parents:

A questionnaire will be given to all the parent who are part of Enable Ireland, Limerick and

Mid‐Western Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus clinic, Limerick. This questionnaire will

include questions like, Do you currently do any physiotherapy exercises at home?, Would

you have any issues in your infant being placed in a safety harness? and Would you find a

product for home use beneficial?.

Focus group for parents with main concepts for feed back:

The Mid‐Western Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus clinic, Limerick have also offered their

meeting room to hold a focus group. This focus group will be held after stage two of

concept development. This should give the focus group enough information and concept

to give really good feed back.

28 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

Appendix:

Tips for Treadmill Training at Home

“To implement the treadmill training at home, locate a bench that can straddle the

treadmill. Sit on the bench and hold your infant under their arms so they are facing you

with their feet on the belt. It is important to try to keep your elbows on your knees or

thighs while you are supporting the infant to help reduce the strain on your back caused

by the infant's body weight (see the attached picture below). If your elbows hurt your

thighs, place a towel under your elbows. As the treadmill belt moves away from the

holder, pulling the infant's legs back, the infant should take an occasional step. In the

event that no steps are taken, reposition the infant's feet to the front of the belt while

trying to keep your elbows in contact with your knees or thighs. It is the backward

movement of the belt that appears to stimulate the stretching of the infant's leg muscles,

causing a spring‐ like step forward.

The first month or so tends to be the most frustrating if the infant is not taking any steps.

All of our infants in the study, however, did begin to improve their stepping performance

over the first 6 weeks, with further improvement demonstrated once they were able to

support their weight on their feet.

It is important to try to keep the child looking forward as much as possible to stimulate

the conditions of independent walking. Frequently, parents have worn a cap with a small

toy attached to the visor by Velcro to stimulate the infant to reach for the toy and to serve

29 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

as a distraction, keeping them from watching their feet while on the treadmill. Some

parents have also placed the treadmill in front of the television and played a child's video

tape, which can be seen over the parent's shoulders. Singing and talking to the infant is

another way to entertain the infant during the exercise sessions.

Particular behaviors, both positive and negative, can be reinforced during the treadmill

training. Rewarding the child by cheering and clapping between exercise sessions for the

stepping performed on the treadmill is a great way to promote this behavior.

Furthermore, because of the one on one contact you have with your child, this is a great

time to reinforce their speech attempts. Inquire from a speech therapist about particular

exercises that can be performed during the exercise sessions. Conversely, it is important

not to reinforce behavior that impedes stepping on the treadmill. One such behavior is

holding the feet off up off the belt. Children also quickly learn that they do not have to

exercise if they are taken off the treadmill as soon as they begin to fuss. Assuming you

know that you are not hurting the infant, taking the infant off the treadmill before they

get fussy or after they settle down a bit deters this learned behavior.

As the child increases the number of steps they take to 30‐40 per minute or more, begin

to reduce the amount of physical support you give them. At some point, you should be

able to hold them by their upper arms. Eventually, many parents progressed to the point

of holding them by their 2 hands and then by one hand. By this time they should be

walking on the floor while holding onto your hands. This activity is as good as the treadmill

30 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

exercise and often is better since they will be more motivated to move around the room

with your help.

Information from http://www.umich.edu/~cmbds/treadmill.html (Reference #29)

Treadmill Technical Information

We used specially designed infant‐ sized treadmills that cost us approximately $1,000 each

to build. While any treadmill can be used, certain restrictions do apply to a treadmill's belt

speed in order to accommodate use by an infant. The belt speed must be able to operate

at a speed just under � mile per hour. The speed we used with our infant‐sized treadmills

was 0.46 miles per hour (0.2 meters per second). Some parents have purchased

inexpensive adult‐ sized treadmills at stores such as Walmart, Service Merchandize, and

The Sports Authority that have met these speed requirements.


Treadmill Procedures Used in Our Clinical Trial

We began the treadmill training when an infant could sit independently for 30 seconds. In

some cases this may have been a little too early since some infants did not step much for

the first month. If we were to do the study over again, training would not begin until the

infant could support a little of their weight on their feet.
31 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

We placed a treadmill in the home and trained parents how to hold their infant during the

exercise sessions. Parents were asked to exercise their infant 5 days per week for 8

minutes per day from entry into the study until they began to independently take 3 to 4

steps. Generally, infants began exercising for one‐ minute bouts followed by a one‐

minute rest. They continued this sequence until the infant received 8 minutes of exercise

in a day. Parents gradually increased the length of the exercise session prior to giving the

infant a rest. All infants eventually exercised for 8 continuous minutes. This process

becomes easier as the child is willing and able to extend their legs and support their

weight on their feet. Many infants could have exercised for 10‐12 minutes once they

began to take a lot of steps (40 per minute).

Based on what we observed during this clinical trial, most infants with Down syndrome

should be encouraged to be upright on their feet as early as possible after achieving good

head control. Supporting them in this posture will help to develop adequate leg strength

needed to support their own weight. This leg strength is a critical prerequisite to stepping

on the treadmill and walking independently.


32 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935

References:

1. Dale A. Ulrich, Beverly D. Ulrich, Rosa M. Angulo‐Kinzler, and Joonkoo Yun, 2001,

Treadmill Training of Infants With Down Syndrome: Evidence‐Based

Developmental Outcomes, PEDIATRICS Vol. 108 No. 5 November 2001, p. e84

2. Teulier  C & Ulrich B.D, 2008, Muscle organization in infants when stepping on a

treadmill

3. Chang, C‐L ., Kubo, M. , Buzzi, U. , & Ulrich., B.D. (2006) Early changes in muscle

activation patterns of toddlers during walking. Infant Behavior &  Development, 29,

175‐188.

4. http://www.enableireland.ie/, accessed on the 15‐09‐09

5. http://www.sbhi.ie/, accessed on the 16‐09‐09

6. http://www.carlinscreations.com/, accessed on the 18‐09‐09

7. http://www.litegait.com/, accessed on the 18‐09‐09

8. http://www.thinkingtoys.ie/aboutus.php, accessed on the 20‐09‐09

9. http://www.litegait.com, accessed on the 10‐10‐09

10. http://litegait.com/pictures.html, accessed on the 10‐10‐09 (IMAGE)


12. Personal image of the Carlin Creation, Model 2, Pediatric Treadmill.

13. Personal image of the Carlin Creation, Model 2, Pediatric Treadmill.

14. http://patft.uspto.gov/netahtml/PTO/search‐bool.html, accessed on the 13‐10‐09


33 | P a g e

ID number: 0650935


17. Presentation created by Caroline Teulier, 08‐04‐09.


19. http://www.carlinscreations.com/treadmill.htm, accessed on the 10‐10‐09

(IMAGE)

20. Personal image of Mid‐Western Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus clinic, Limerick.



23. Personal image of Enable Ireland, Blackberry Park, Limerick.

24. Personal image of equipment in Enable Ireland, Blackberry, Limerick.

25. Personal image of Proto type PT#1.

26. Personal image of Proto type PT#1.

27. http://radio.weblogs.com/0105910/, accessed on the 13‐10‐09 (IMAGE)

28. http://www.thinkingtoys.ie/index.php/cPath/43, accessed on the 13‐10‐09

(IMAGE)

29. http://www.umich.edu/~cmbds/treadmill.html, accessed on the 13‐10‐09.

34 | P a g e

Infant Walking Device Research Report Summary

Recomendados

Recomendados

Más contenido relacionado

Similar a Infant Walking Device Research Report Summary

Similar a Infant Walking Device Research Report Summary (20)

Último

Último (20)

Infant Walking Device Research Report Summary