4. Hydraulic systems are most commonly used for launch roller coasters, as they provide a constant acceleration during the entire launch. They usually require 8 pumps of approx. 500 horsepower to launch.
5. Some roller coasters use LIM/LSM launch systems, which is where the train is propelled by electromagnets. This creates a very quick acceleration.Hydraulic Motor
12. Z =(X2+Y2) = [(14.375)2 + (14.375)2] = 20.329A=23m Z m So, d=20.329m r=10.165m. Given that T5s: X m Y m V=(2*10.165)/5 V=12.8 m/s or 28.6 mph (3sf) B m
13. The Clothoid Loop The Clothoid Loop, commonly known as ‘The loop-the-loop’ or a ‘Vertical Loop’, was first used on a roller coaster in 1975 and was designed by Werner Stengel. The main reason for this is because the circular loop causes much higher G-Forces on the body.
14. The Curious Case of Saw’s Differing Radii Red Line – How the track is. Green line – How the should be to prevent a ‘bump’.
![How roller coasters complete their circuits ,[object Object],A lift hill moves the car / train up, increasing the gravitational potential energy (GPE). The car then gains kinetic energy as it loses gravitational potential energy. This conservation of energy explains why a standard roller coaster can never go higher than the height of its lift.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)