2.  Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) is
the main cause of pain of non-dental origin in
the oro-facial region including head, face and
related structures.
 The aetiology and the pathophysiology
of TMD is poorly understood.

3.  occlusion is frequently cited as one of the
major aetiological factors causing TMD.

4.  It is well known from epidemiologic studies
that TMD-related signs and symptoms,
particularly temporomandibular joint (TMJ)
sounds, are frequently found in children and
adolescents and show increased prevalence
among subjects between 15 and 45 years old.

5.  Aesthetic awareness has increased the
number of adults seeking orthodontic
treatment.
 The attention of the orthodontic community
regarding TMD was heightened in the late
1980s after litigation involving orthodontic
treatment as the cause of TMD in orthodontic
patients

6.  on examining the publications from 1995 to
2009, an increasing number of studies refute
or reduce the importance of the role of
occlusal factors in the aetiology of TMD.

7.  It can be concluded that occlusion is currently
declining in importance and is now
considered as a cofactor.
 Other aetiological factors, such as trauma,
parafunctional behaviour, psychosocial
disorders, gender, genetics and centrally
mediated mechanisms, are considered more
important.

8.  In 1995, a review of this topic by McNamara,
Seligman and Okeson (70) listed eight
conclusions that refute this possible
association.
1 .Signs and symptoms of TMD occur in healthy
individuals

9. 2. Signs and symptoms of TMD increase with
age,particularly during adolescence. Thus,
TMD that originates during orthodontic
treatment may not be related to the
treatment.

10. 3 .Orthodontic treatment performed during
adolescence generally does not increase or
decrease the chances of developing TMD
later in life.

11. 4 .The extraction of teeth as part of an
orthodontic treatment plan does not increase
the risk of developing TMD.

12. 5 .There is no elevated risk for TMD associated
with any particular type of orthodontic
mechanics.

13. 6. Although a stable occlusion is a reasonable
orthodontic treatment goal, not achieving a
specific gnathologically ideal occlusion does
not result in TMD signs and symptoms.

14. 7. No method of TM disorder prevention has
been demonstrated.
8 .When more severe TMD signs and symptoms
are present, simple treatments can alleviate
them in most patients.

15. Even though most of the studies consistently
do not support the correlation between
orthodontic treatment and
temporomandibular disorders, it must be
stressed that definitive conclusions cannot be
drawn because of the unknown cause of
TMD,

17.  Before starting orthodontic treatment, it is
advisable to perform always a screening
examination for the presence of TMD.
 Any findings, including TMJ sounds, deviation
during mandibular movements or pain,
should be recorded and updated at 6-month
intervals, and informed consent should be
signed by the patient

18.  first step is to make the diagnosis. When the
patient’s chief complaint is pain, it is
important to make a differential diagnosis to
determine whether the pain is because of
TMD, i.e. musculoskeletal condition, or to
another disease.

19.  The second step is to resolve the pain by
following a conservative treatment protocol
including pharmacotherapy, counselling,
behavioural therapy, home exercises,
physical therapy and ⁄ or occlusal appliances.

20.  As a rule, orthodontic treatment should not
be initiated as long as a patient suffers from
facial pain.

22.  TMD is a multifactorial pathology, and it is
difficult to demonstrate a direct correlation
between one of the causes, such as occlusion,
and TMD.

23.  With regard to TMJ dysfunction, the
treatment goals should of course be to
reduce pain and to improve function.