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First Amendment“Congress shall make no law abridging freedom of speech or the press”interpreted by the Supreme Court,[object Object]
5 most important theories:,[object Object],Absolutist, Ad Hoc balancin,gPreferred position balancing theoryMeiklejohn theoryAccess theory,[object Object]
Three topics are important when discussing the First Amendment,[object Object],The power of the state to limit criticism or other verbal or published attacks on the government, ,[object Object],the power of the state to use taxation to censor the press, ,[object Object],the power of the government to forbid the publication of ideas or info it believes to be harmful.,[object Object]
Examples – power of state to limit speech,[object Object],1798 Alien & Sedition Acts three laws that pertained to  foreign citizens, and a sedition law which outlawed false, scandalous and malicious publications against the U.S. government,[object Object],Espionage Act of 1917- 2 federal laws ,[object Object],to deal with persons who opposed US participation in the war. The law said it was a crime to willfully convey a false report with the intent to interfere in the war effort,[object Object]
Examples: power of state to limit speech,[object Object],The 1918 Act said it was a crime to attempt to obstruct recruiting. iT was criminal to utter,print,write or publish disloyal or profane language to cause contempt or scorn for the government, constitution, flag or armed forces.,[object Object],1940 the Smith Act said it was a crime to advocate violent overthrow of the government, or organize a group with that purpose, or be a member of a group with those intentions,[object Object]
Examples –power of state to limit speech,[object Object],Holmes test   If  the words or actions posed a clear and present danger and be harmful to the nation then those words could be outlawed.,[object Object],Clear = unmistakable. Present = immediate,[object Object],Justice Louis Brandeis  clarified ‘ danger’ .Brandeis - if there is time to discuss ,[object Object],more speech should be encouraged not silenced,[object Object]
Important First Amendment cases:2001  -charges  against Warner Bros and Oliver Stone that a robbery and shooting at a convenience store were the result of thieves trying to mimic scenes they viewed as part of the movie Natural Born Killers,[object Object]
First Amendment cases,[object Object],1996 - families of Trevor and Mildred Horn and Janice Saunders v. Palladin publishers,[object Object], Hit Man: A Technical Manual for Independent Contractors. ,[object Object]
First Amendment Cases,[object Object],1996 - Planned Parenthood v American Coalition for Life -  web postings by anti-abortion activists that branded doctors who performed abortions as baby butchers. ,[object Object]
First amendment:Debate over freedom of expression: prior restraint,[object Object],Prior restraint occurs when the government either insists on giving prior approval before broadcast or publication, or bans publication of the material,[object Object]
Nearv. Minnesota ,[object Object],city council members brought a suit against a publication in  a small community,[object Object],A lower court declared the newspaper a public nuisance and further issues could not be published unless it intended to print material that would not be objectionable. ,[object Object]
1971  Pentagon Papers,[object Object],The New York Times began publishing a series of articles about a government study that was leaked called ‘the History of the US decision making process on the Vietnam Policy’,[object Object],After the first article appeared, the Attorney general asked the NY Times to stop and got a temporary restraining order,[object Object]
Prior restraint during wartime,[object Object],Most prior restraint cases are unconstitutional,,[object Object],but prior restraint during wartime is,[object Object],treated differently by the courts if the,[object Object],censorship may protect national security,[object Object]
In fact censorship during wartime is not uncommon:,[object Object],WWII ,[object Object],Vietnam War,[object Object],Grenada ,[object Object],Panama ,[object Object],Persian Gulf War ,[object Object],Balkans  ,[object Object]
censorship during wartime is not uncommon,[object Object],Afghanistan ,[object Object], Iraq ,[object Object]
Comm law class 2 slides

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Comm law class 2 slides

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