Alkaloids,Proteins and Enzymes

ASSIGNMENT
OF
PHARMACOGNOSY
SUBMITTED BY :
Khushi
(B-Pharmacy, 3rd year)
75191807
SUBMITTED TO :
Mrs. Sahna Rani
(Assistant Professor)

Index
1. Alkaloids
• Definition
• Test for Alkaloids
• Occurrence, Distribution & Location of Alkaloids
• Classification of Alkaloids
2. Protein
• Definition
• Functions
• Structure of protein
• Classification of protein
• Protein containing Drugs

Index
3. Enzymes
• Definition
• Functions of enzymes
• Classification of enzymes
• Enzymes containing Drugs

1. Alkaloids
• Alkaloids are basic nitrogen containing compounds. They are generally obtained from plants, animals and
microorganisms and often demonstrate a marked physiological action.
• Contains nitrogen -usually derived from an amino acid.
• Bitter tasting, generally white solids (exception -nicotine is a brown liquid).
• They give a precipitate with heavy metal iodides.
• Caffeine, a purine derivative, does not precipitate like most alkaloids.
• Alkaloids are basic -they form water soluble salts.
• Definition:
Fig 1.1 : Alkaloids

Tests for Alkaloids :
Fig 1.2 : Test Table
Most alkaloids are precipitated from neutral or slightly acidic solution by

OCCURRENCE, DISTRIBUTION & LOCATION OF ALKALOIDS :
• Occur in bacteria(Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and rarely in fungi (pscilocin from hallucinogenic
mushrooms).
• Some alkaloids occur in several genera from different species (caffeine), but most occur in closely
related species.
• Some occur in certain families (hyoscyamine), while others occur only in a specific species
(morphine).
• Rarely do plants contain more than 1 type of alkaloid. • All alkaloids of one plant will have a
common biogenenetic origin.

Classification :
1. True (Typical) alkaloids : True (Typical) alkaloids that are derived from amino acids and
have nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring. e.g Atropine .
2. Protoalkaloids : Protoalkaloids that are derived from amino acids and do not have nitrogen in
a heterocyclic ring. e.g Ephedrine.
3. Pseudo alkaloids : Pseudo alkaloids that are not derived from amino acids but have nitrogen
in a heterocyclic ring. e.g Caffeine.

1.1. VINCA :
• Scientific name: Catharanthus roseus
• Synonyms: Vinca rosea, Catharanthus, Madagascar, periwinkle, Barmasi.
• Biological Source: Vinca is the dried entire plant of Catharanthus roseus
• Family : Apocynaceae
• Chemical constituents :
i. Vinca contain indole alkaloids in large amount, mainly vincristine and vinblastine.
ii. Vinca also contain other alkaloids such as ajmalicine, serpentine and lochnerine as a chemical compound.
iii. When coupling of indole alkaloids such as catharanthine and vindoline occur, they produce vinca alkaloids.
Fig 1.3

a) It is used to treat lymphomas
b) The Hodgkin’s disease is treated by vinca because it contains vinblastin as a chemical constituent.
c) Also it helps to treat non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas .
d) Acute lymphocytic leukemia is treated by the help of vincristine part of vinca herb.
e) The flowers of the Periwinkle are gently purgative .
f) It is stated, is excellent as a gentle laxative for children.
g) It may also be used as a gargle
Fig 1.4
• Uses/Medicinal Uses :

1. 2. BELLADONA :
• Scientific name: Atropa belladonna
• SYNONYMS: Belladonna leaf, Belladonna herb.
• BIOLOGICAL SOURCE: It consists of dried leaves and other aerial parts of atropa belladonna
• FAMILY: Solanaceae
• Characteristics :
a) Colour: Leaves are greenish brown.
b) Odour: Slight & characteristic.
c) Taste: Bitter. Fig 1.5

a) The total alkaloidal content of drug is 0.4 to 1% & varies in different parts of plant
roots (0.6), stems (0.05%), leaves (0.4%), unripe & ripe berries (0.19-0.21%) & seeds
(0.33%).
b) The main alkaloids are l-hyoscyamine & its racemic form atropine.
c) The drug also contains belladonine, scopoletin, hyoscine, pyridine & N-methyl
pyrroline.
• Chemical constituents :

a) Belladonna is used as a sedative, to stop bronchial spasms in asthma and whooping cough,
and as a cold and hay fever remedy.
b) It is also used for Parkinson's disease, (is a brain disorder that causes a gradual loss of muscle
control.)colic, motion sickness, and as a painkiller.
c) Belladonna is used in ointments that are applied to the skin for joint pain (rheumatism), leg
pain and nerve pain (neuralgia).
d) Belladonna is also used in plasters (medicine-filled gauze applied to the skin) for treating
psychiatric disorders, a behavior disorder called hyperkinesis, excessive sweating
(hyperhidrosis), and bronchial asthma.
• Uses :
Fig 1.6

2. Phenylpropanoid :
The phenylpropanoids are a diverse family of organic compounds that are synthesized by plants from the amino
acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. Their name is derived from the six-carbon, aromatic phenyl group and the three-
carbon propene tail of coumaric acid, which is the central intermediate in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. From 4-
coumaroyl-CoA emanates the biosynthesis of myriad natural products including lignols (precursors
to lignin and lignocellulose), flavonoids, isoflavonoids, coumarins, aurones, stilbenes, catechin, and
phenylpropanoids.
Fig 1.7

3. FLAVONOIDS :
• The flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds possessing 15 carbon atoms; two benzene rings joined by a linear
three carbon chain having the carbon skeleton C6 - C3 - C6 and they are the plant pigments and they are
having polar nature and is solouble in methanol and water.
• Flavonoids constitute one of the most characteristic classes of compounds in higher plants. Many flavonoids
are easily recognised as flower pigments in most angiosperm families (flowering plants).
• However, their occurence is not restricted to flowers but include all parts of the plant.
• They are secondary metabolite and effective in CNS disorders
Fig 1.8

Classification:
They are classified according to chemical structure into:
1- Flavones: 2-phenylchromen-4-one examples: 1- Apigenin. 2- Luteolin. 3- Tangeritin. 4- Diosmetin.
Uses:
• Act like antioxidants.
• Some flavonoids in hops and beer have been found to have better antioxidant effects than tea or red wine; most flavonoids are
found in fruits, vegetables, teas, and other drinks.
• Flavonoids have been known to have antiviral, anti-allergic, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant activities.

2.1. Tea :
• Scientific name: Camellia sinensis.
• Synonyms: Chai
• Biological Source: It contains the prepared leaves and leaf buds of Thea sinensis
• Family: Theaceae.
Fig : 2.0

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS :
• Tea leaves are considered as a rich source of caffeine(1-3%).
• It is extracted from tea dust or tea waste or sweepings.
• Also contains theobromine and theophylline in minor quantities.
• The colour of tea leaves is due to gallotannic acid(15%).
USES :
• CNS stimulant.
• Beverage form.
• Diuretic
Fig : 2.1

2.2. Ruta :
• Scientific name: Ruta graveolens
• Synonym: rue, common rue or herb-of-grace, is a species of Ruta grown as an ornamental plant and herb.
• Biological source: It is the source of Rue or Rue oil, called as Sadab or Satab in Hindi.
• Family: Rutaceae
Fig 2.2

Chemical constituents:
• The main compounds were 2-nonanone (39.17%) and 2-undecanone (47.21%).
Uses:
• Widely grown in different parts of the world, this herb has historically been in use since the ancient times .
• Its documented therapeutic uses include the treatment of inflammatory conditions, eczema, ulcers, arthritis, fibromyalgia,
antidote for venoms, insect repellent, and as an abortifacient

3. Steroids :
• Steroid, any of a class of natural or synthetic organic compounds characterized by a
molecular structure of 17 carbon atoms arranged in four rings.
• consisting of three fused six-membered and one five- membered ring.
• These are compound which are widely distributed in animals and plant.
• Steroids name derived from sterol. Steroids are the characterized by the presence of 1,2
cyclopentophenthrene.
• The steroid group includes all the sex hormones adrenals cortical hormones, bile acids,
and sterols of vertebrates, as well as the molting hormones of insects and many other
physiologically active substances of animals and plants.
Fig 2.3

Classification :
Sterols the sterols, is composed of the common 3-monohydroxy steroids of the cholestane, ergostane, and stigmastane series and
their methyl sterol biogenetic precursors.
Cardiac glycosides :
Group of steroidal glycosides act as cardiotonic agent. They increase tone, excitability and contractility of cardiac muscles.
Fig 2.4

General properties of Cardiac Glycosides :
• Amorphous powder
• Bitter taste
• Solubility in H2O
• Insolubility in Organic solvents
• Very toxic compounds
• Odourless 20

Triterpenoids :
By definition triterpenoids are triterpenes that possess heteroatoms, usually oxygen. Triterpenoids are composed of 30 carbon atoms,
polymerized to form six isoprene units. Triterpenoids are biosynthesized by the cyclization of its precursor squalene, a hydrocarbon
composed of two molecules of farnesyl pyrophosphates joined tail to tail.
Fig 2.5

3.1. Liqourice:
• Scientific name: Glycyrrhiza glabra
• Synonyms: Mulethi, Radix glycyrrhizae, Licorice, Jethi Madh, Yashtimadhu
• Biological source: It consists of peeled and unpeeled stolons, roots, and stems of Glycyrrhiza glabra
• Family: Leguminosae
Fig 2.6

Chemical constituents :
1. Glycyrrhizin (2 – 14%) – triterpenoid saponin
2. Major constituent: Glycyrrhizinic acid
3. Glabranin A & B
4. Glycyrrbetol
5. Glabrolide
6. Isoglabrolide
7. Flavones: liquirtin, isoliquertin, rhamnoliquirtin
8. Isoflavones
9. Neoliquiritin
10. Formononetin
11. Glabrone
12. Hispaglaridin A & B
13. Coumarins: herniarin, umbelliferone
14. Triterpene sterols: onocerin, betaamyrin, stigmasterol
15. Sugars: glucose, sucrose
16. Asparagine
17. Starch
18. Protein
19. Glycyramarin

Uses:
1. Used as demulcent & expectorant.
2. Liquid extract used in cough mixtures.
3. Liquid extract used as flavouring agent in nauseous medicines.
4. Used as a substitute for corticosteroids.
5. For peptic ulcers.
6. Used in skin diseases.
7. Commercially liquorice added to chewing gum, chocolate candy, cigarettes smoking
mixture & chewing tobacco.
Fig 2.7

3.2. Digitalis :
• Scientific name: Digitalis purpurea
• Synonyms: Foxglove leaves, digitalis leaves
• Biological source: It is obtained from dried leaves of Digitalis pupurea
• Family: Scrophulariaceae
Fig 2.8

Chemical constituents:
• Digitalis contain 0.2 to 0.45% of both primary and secondary glycosides.
• Primary glycosides- Purpurea glycosides A and B, glucogetaloxin and Secondary are – digitoxin, gitoxin
and getaloxin.
• Primary glycosides are less stable and less significant than secondary glycosides.
• Purpurea glycosides A and B constitute the principle active constituent of the fresh leaves.

Uses:
• Digitalis is used to treat congestive heart failure (CHF) and heart rhythm problems (atrial arrhythmias).
• Digitalis can increase blood flow throughout your body and reduce swelling in your hands and ankles.
Fig 2.9

4. Volatile oil :
The odorous, volatile principle of plant and animal source are known as volatile oil.
• As they evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary temperature ,they are also called ethereal oil.
• Volatile oils are also called essential oil because they produce essence.
• Lighter than water.
• Optically active.
• High refractive index Specific rotation.

• Possess distinct odours Commonly found in the species Labiatae, Rutaceae, piperaceae, zingiberaceae,
umbelliferae, myrtaceae, la uraceae.
• They are present in entire plant or in any part of the plant
• Do not leave stains like fixed oils
• Insoluble with water and soluble in organic solvents like ether, alcohol, chloroform, ethanol etc.

Uses :
As a flavouring agent:
1. Used in perfume industries and in cosmetics.
2. As starting material for synthesis of other compounds.
3. Used as a therapeutic agent.
THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITIES :
a) As a counter irritant.
b) Eucalyptus oil administered as an inhalant.
c) Improves local circulation.

5. Cinnamon:
• Scientific name: Cinnamomum verum
• Synonyms: Cinnamon bark, Kalmi-Dalchini, Ceylon cinnamon
• Biological Source: Dried inner bark of the shoots of trees of Cinnamomum
zeylanicum
• Family: Lauraceae
Fig : 3.0

Contains:
• 0.5-1.0% of volatile oil (active constituent, light yellow in fresh--- changes to red on storage.)
• 1.2% of tannins, mucilage, calcium oxalate, starch and mannitol (a sweet substance).
• Cinnamon oil contains60-70% of cinnamaldehyde, 5- 10% eugenol, benzaldehyde, cuminaldehyde and other
terpenes like pinene, cymene, caryophyllene.

Uses:
• Bark is used as- Carminative Stomachic
• Mild Astringent.
• Flavouring Agent
• Stimulant
• Antiseptic
• Losses Weight
• Commercially used as: Spice and Condiment .
• In preparation of candy, dentrifices and perfumes.
Fig: 3.1

Scientific name: Coriandrum sativum
Synonym: Dhania, Cilantro, Chinese parsley.
Biological Source: Coriander consists of dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum
Family: Umbelliferae.
6. Coriander :
Fig: 3.2

• Coriander consist of about 1% of volatile oil the chief volatile components are D-(+)-linalool (coriandrol), along
with other constituents like, borneol, p-cymene, camphor, geraniol, limonene, and alpha-pinenes.
• The fruits also contain fatty oil and hydroxycoumarins.
• The fatty oils include acids of petroselic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, whereas the hydroxycoumarins include
the umbelliferone and scopoletine.

Uses :
• Aromatic, carminative, stimulant, alterative, antispasmodic, diaphoretic and flavouring agent.
• It is also used as refriger-ant, tonic, appetizer, diuretic, aphrodisiac, and stomachic.
• Coriander can be applied externally for rheumatism and painful joints.
• The infusion of decoction of dried fruit of cardamom is useful for the treatment of sore-throat, indigestion, vomiting
etc.
Fig: 3.3

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