Chapter 10 11 baroque and enlightenment
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![[object Object],[object Object],Parmigianino. Madonna and Child with Angels (Madonna of the Long Neck) , c. 1535. Oil on panel, approx. 7' 1" x 4' 4". Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Scala/Art Resource, NY.](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)
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Chapter 10 11 baroque and enlightenment
- 6. Bernini (1598–1680). Ecstasy of Saint Teresa , Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome, 1645-1652. Marble, 11' 6" high. Scala/Art Resource, NY.
- 8. Saint Peter’s Basilica and Piazza, Vatican, Rome Carlo Maderno, façade, 1607–26; Gianlorenzo Bernini, piazza design, c. 1656–57
- 11. Caravaggio Title: Bacchus Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 37 X 33½" (94 X 85.1 cm) Date: 1595–96 Source/ Museum: Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
- 12. Caravaggio, The Calling of Saint Matthew, Oil on canvas, 10'7½" X 11'2“, 1599–1600 Contarelli Chapel, Church of San Luigi dei Francesi, Rome
- 14. Artemisia Gentileschi Title: Judith and Holofernes Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 6'½" X 4'7“ Date: 1614-1620 Source/ Museum:
- 20. Jan Vermeer, View of Delft ,Oil on canvas, 38 ½ X 46¼”, c. 1662
- 21. Jan Vermeer Title: Woman Holding a Balance Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 15 ⅞ X 14" (39 X 35 cm) Date: c. 1664 Source/ Museum: National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Widener Collection (1942.9.97)
- 22. Jan Vermeer (1632-1675), The Milkmaid , c. 1658-1660. Oil on canvas, 17 7/8 in x 16 1/8 in. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. The Bridgeman Art Library.
- 23. Johann Vermeer. The Lace Maker , c.1669-1671. Oil on canvas, 9 5/8" x 8 1/4". Louvre, Paris. Réunion des Musées Nationaux/Art Resource, NY.
- 26. Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn; Rembrandt Christ Preaching ("The Hundred-Guilder Print") , ca. 1648-1650. Etching, 11 x 15 1/2 in. Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
- 27. Rembrandt van Rijn Title: Three Crosses (First State) Medium: Drypoint and etching Size: 15 1⁄6 X 17¾“,1653, Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
- 28. Rembrandt van Rijn Title: Three Crosses (Fourth State) Medium: Drypoint and etching Size: 15 1⁄6 X 17¾" (38.5 X 45 cm) Date: 1653,
- 29. Rembrandt van Rijn Title: Self-Portrait Medium: Oil on canvas Size: 52 ⅝ X 40 ⅞ " (133.6 X 103.8 cm) Date: 1658 Source/ Museum: The Frick Collection, New York
- 35. Versailles
- 37. Hall of Mirrors, Palais de Versailles
- 42. Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus , ca. 1618. Oil on canvas, 7 ft. 3 in. x 6 ft. 10 in. Alte Pinakothek, Munich.
- 43. Peter Paul Rubens, The Raising of the Cross, Oil on canvas, center panel 15'1 ⅞ " X 11'1½“, each wing 15'1 ⅞ " X 4'11" , 610–11
- 44. Peter Paul Rubens, G arden of Love, O il on canvas, 6'6" X 9'3½“, 1630–32, Museo del Prado, Madrid
- 51. Louis Le Vau and Jules Hardouin-Mansart; gardens by André Le Nôtre Title: Palais de Versailles Date: 1668–85 Source/ Museum: Versailles, France
- 52. The Enlightenment The Age of Reason
- 53. Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669), The Anatomy Lesson of Doctor Tulp , 1632. Oil on canvas, 66 3/4" x 85 1/4". © Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY.
- 54. Joseph Wright, An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump , 1768. Oil on canvas, 28 1/2" x 37 3/4". © The National Gallery, London.
- 60. A. Denis Diderot - The Encyclopedia - a compilation of all knowledge! (1751-1772)
- 61. The Encyclopedia “ [Our aim] is to collect all the knowledge scattered over the face of the earth, … and to transmit this to those who will come after us.... It could only belong to a philosophical age to attempt an encyclopedia; … All things must be examined, debated, and investigated without exception and without regard for anyone’s feelings…. We have for quite some time needed a reasoning age.” “ It is impious to want to impose laws upon man’s conscience; this is a universal rule of conduct. People must be enlightened and not constrained.” “ War is the fruit of man’s depravity; it is a convulsive and violent sickness of the body politic … If reason governed men and had the influence over the heads of nations that it deserves, we would never see them inconsiderately surrender themselves to the fury of war; they would not show that ferocity that characterizes wild beasts.”
- 62. The Encyclopedia “ No man has received from nature the right to command others.... The government, although hereditary in a family…, is not private property, but public property that consequently can never be taken from the people, to whom it belongs exclusively…. It is not the state that belongs to the prince, it is the prince who belongs to the state.” “ It is of the greatest importance to conserve this practice [the free press] in all states founded on liberty.” “ The buying of Negroes, to reduce them to slavery, is one business that violates religion, morality, natural laws, and all the rights of human nature.”
- 63. Sample Pages of the Encyclopedia Shoes Button-making
- 65. Sample Pages of the Encyclopedia
- 66. Sample Pages of the Encyclopedia
- 69. The Wit and Wisdom of Voltaire “ I have never made but one prayer to God, a very short one: ‘Oh Lord, make my enemies ridiculous.’ And God granted it.” “ Almost everything that goes beyond the adoration of a Supreme Being and submission of the heart to his orders is superstition. One of the most dangerous is to believe that certain ceremonies entail the forgiveness of crimes. Do you believe that God will forget a murder you have committed if you bathe in a certain river, sacrifice a black sheep…? … Do better miserable humans, have neither murders nor sacrifices of black sheep.” God is a comedian playing to an audience too afraid to laugh. It is dangerous to be right when the government is wrong. I may not agree with what you have to say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.
- 70. Jean-Antoine Houdon (1741–1828), Voltaire in Old Age , 1781. Marble, height 20 in. Musée de Versailles. © Corbis/Bettmann, London.
- 80. Marie-Louise Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun (1755-1842), Marie Antoinette , 1788. Oil on canvas, 12 ft. 1 1/2 in. x 6 ft. 3 1/2 in. BAL Giraudon/Art Resource, New York.
- 81. Marie-Louise Elisabeth Vigee-Lebrun (1755-1842), Marie Antoinette , 1788. Oil on canvas
- 82. Elizabeth Louise Vigée-Lebrun (1755-1842), Queen Marie Antoinette and Her Children , 1787. Oil on canvas, 108 1/4 x 84 5/8 in. © RMN / Reunion des Musees Nationaux.
- 83. Elisabeth Vigée-Lebrun (1755-1842). Self-Portrait . Oil on canvas. Hermitage, St. Petersburg, Russia. Scala/Art Resource, NY.
- 87. .
- 92. Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780–1867). Jupiter and Thetis , 1811. Oil on canvas, 10' 8 5/8" x 8' 6 5/16". Musée Granet, Aix-en-Provence. Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY.
- 95. B. Montesquieu - separation and balance of powers; admired the British model of government. Wrote : The Spirit of the Laws, 1748 The Philosophes
- 100. Chartres Cathedral St. Sernin, Toulouse 47.
- 102. David, Michelangelo David, Donatello
Notas del editor
- Protestants began to lure increasing numbers of Christians away from roman Catholicism ,
- Parmigianino, (1503-1540) The religious zeal of the Catholic reformers inspired a tremendous surge of artistic activity, especially in Italy and Spain. The spatial clarity, symmetry, and decorum of High Renaissance painting gave way to mannerism. Their paintings mirrored the self-conscious spirituality and the profound insecurities of an age of religious wars and political rivalry.
- (The Greek) because of his Greek origins -A master painter who worked in Italy and Spain in the service of the church and the devout Phillip II. He produced visionary canvases marked by bold distortions of form, dissonant colors, and daring handling of space. His flamelike figures, often highlighted by ghostly whites and yellow-grays, seem to radiate halos of light-auras that symbolizes the luminous power of divine revelation.
- A child prodigy, a favorite of the pope Deemed the “Michelangelo” of his generation (many ducked when seeing the statue for the first time)
- The altarpiece illustrates an episode drawn from the autobiography of the Spanish Carmelite nun and mystic Teresa of Avila (1515-1562)the moment in which she is united with God. With dazzling artistry, Bernini brings to life her divine seduction. He depicts the saint with her head back sunk back and eyes half closed, swooning with ecstatic surrender on a marble cloud that floats in heavenly space. A smiling angel gently lifts Teresa’s bodice to insert or remove the flaming arrow of divine love.
- Four bronze spiral columns recall Temple of Solomon, are 95’ high – bronze stripped from the Pantheon
- Used naturalism but instead did not idealize the narratives. Strong personality, thrived in Roman underground scene. Liked to party and was in trouble with the law for murder.
- Born in Rome. Artemisia was trained by her father but soon outstripped him in technical proficiency and imagination. When she was 18 she was Raped by her art instructor. She was also tortured to try to get her to say it didn’t happen. The violence she brought to these depictions may be said to reflect her profound sense of victimization.
- Illustrates the decapitation of an Assyrian general and enemy of Israel at the hands of a clever Hebrew widow. She brought to this representation the dramatic techniques of Caravaggio, she brings the viewer close to the event, -the foreshortened body of the victim and foreground pattern of human limbs force the eye to focus on the gruesome action of the swordblade as it severs head from neck in a shower of blood.
- Trompe l veil vision of saint Ignatius apotheosis – his elevation to divine status. A master of the techniques of linear perspective and dramatic foreshortening, the Jesuit architect and sculptor Pozzo made the walls appear to open up, so that the viewer gazes through the roof into the heavens that receive the levitation body of the saint.
- The Rise of the English Commonwealth Following the death of Queen Elizabeth I in 1603, England experienced a period of political and social turbulence that culminated in the emergence of true constitutional monarchy. Drawing on a number of 16 th century English translations of Scripture, a committee of 54 scholars recruited by James I of England (1566-1625) produced an “authorized” English-language edition of the Old and New Testaments.
- In 1666, a devastating fire tore through London and destroyed three-quarters of the city. there was an upsurge of large-scale building activity and a general effort to modernize London.
- Drawing on the tradition of exacting realism initiated by Jan van Eyck.
- Not much is known about his life, but he is considered one of the Dutch masters. Believed to have used the camera obscura , an instrument that created an image through a hole set inside a dark box
- also was a master of etching and used drypoint technique later. Based in Amsterdam (1606-1669), the financial center of Europe
- She largely gave up painting after her marriage, which produced five children.
- When Louis XIV took over in France in 1661, everything changed He reigned for 54 years, established France as the leading superpower From 1661-1789 French art took prominence All life “revolved” around him, he envisioned himself as Apollo.
- Almost half the size of Paris, the new complex at Versailles was connected to the old capital by a grand boulevard that ran from the King’s bedroom to the center of state business in Paris.
- A neoclassicists he shared Raphael’s esteem for lofty subjects drawn from Greco-Roman mythology and Christian legend.
- Excelled at modeling forms so that they conveyed the powerful presence of real objects in atmospheric space
- In this painting he depicted himself at the easel, alongside the members of the royal court . Diego Velázquez, Las Meninas (The Maids of Honor), Oil on canvas, 10'5" X 9'½“, 1656, Museo del Prado, Madrid. In this painting, Velazquez depicted himself at his easel, alongside the members of the royal court : the infant ( the five year old daughter of the King) , her maids of honor, her dwarf, a mastiff hound, and the royal escorts. In the background is a mirror that reflects the images of the king and queen of Spain –
- trained in Antwerp and studied in Rome, Became synonymous with Flemish Baroque, Unified the styles of northern and southern Europe, Upon his return to Antwerp, built a house with a large studio that allowed his workshop to crank out works
- Painterly in technique and dynamic in composition. Depicts the abduction of two mortal women by the Roman heroes Castor and Pollux. He portrayal of the classical story explodes with vigor and imagination: Pressing against the picture plane are the fleshy bodies of the nude maidens their limbs arranged in the pattern of a slowly revolving pinwheel . Probably commissioned to commemorate the double marriage of Louis XIII of France to a Spanish princess and Philip Iv of spain to a French princess. to celebrate the diplomatic alliance of France and Spain, the panting carries a subtext of (male) power over (female) privilege.
- and one of the most influential composers of his time
- Monteverdi - Served the court of Mantua until he became Chapel master of Saint Mark’s in Venice in 1621, a post he held for the rest of his life. Bach – he composed music for the Sunday servives and for holy days.
- 18 th Century – revolutions erupted in France and America – ( French, American and Industrial Revolution in England all happened at the same time) Social and economic life dissolved. The Enlightment was a new way to think critically about the world. To think independent of religion, myth and tradition. Questioning theories, God, and now experimenting with science. Voltaire and his writings were very important
- His inquiries into motion and gravity resulted in his formulation of the law of falling bodies, which proclaims that the earth’s gravity attracts all objects- regardless of shape, size or density- at the same rate of acceleration. Perfected a telescope that literally revealed new celestial objects. His efforts aroused opposition form the church, but it was not until his publication of an inflammatory tract that poked fun at outmoded theories of astronomy that he brought to Rome on charges of heresy. In 1633 he was forced to admit his “errors” condemned to reside under “house arrest” in a villa near Florence.
- “ I have seen further,” “it is by standing on the shoulders of giants.” Astronomer and mathematician represents a practical synthesis of 17 th century physics and mathematics and the union of the inductive and deductive methods. His monumental treatise, Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles) linked terrestrial and celestial physic under a single set of laws: the laws of motion and the law of universal gravitation(by which every particle of matter attracts every other particle of matter).
- Members of the nobility and the middle class, they came together in gatherings organized by socially ambitious noblewomen, many of whom championed a freer and more public role for their gender. In the elegant salons of Paris, these thinkers and writers met to exchange views on morality, politics, science, and religion and to voice opinions on everything ranging from diet to the latest fashions in theater and dress .
- men of letters who wrote for public consumption, using humor, wit, satire
- A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Attacked the persistence of the female stereotype (docile, domestic, and childlike) as formulated by misguided and tyrannical males.
- The American and French revolutions drew inspiration from the Enlightenment faith in the reforming power of reason.
- A compelling literary genre based more in fact than in fiction made its appearance in the 18 th century: Slave Narratives constitute a body of prose literature written by Africans who suffered the cruelties of the transatlantic slave trade.
- Decorative finale of the baroque era, flourished (ironically) during the Enlightenment. The room is airy and fragile; brilliant white walls, accented with pastel tones of rose, blue, and lime are ornamented with gilded tendrils , playful cupid, and floral garlands.
- The group of fashionable men and women at a dete galante (elegant entertainment ) on the island of Cythera, the legendary birth place of Venus.
- Many Flowers and figures dominate the setting Colors are not thick or richly painted made for private display
- Jean-Baptiste Greuze (1725–1805), Village Betrothal , 1761. Oil on canvas, 3 ft. 10 1/2 in. x 3 ft. Louvre, Paris. © Photo Josse, Paris.
- Belonged to a tradition that stretched from the Renaissance through the age of Louis XIV
- Rose to fame with his polished depictions of classical history and mythology and with his accomplished portraits of middle and upper-class patrons.
- Protestants began to lure increasing numbers of Christians away from roman Catholicism , The Catholic Reformation - The church undertook a program of internal reform and reorganization known as the catholic Reformation. By the 1540s, in an effort to win back Christians, the church launched the evangelical campaign known as the Counter-Reformation.
- John Donne (1571-1631) A poet who was one of the most eloquent voices of religious devotionalism in the Protestant North