10. Qeen Elizabeth of England, the Armada Portrait, Woburn Abbey (George Gower, ca 1588).
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14. Jan van Eyck Jan van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece (open), completed 1432. Oil on panel, approx. 11' 6" x 14' 5".
15. Jan van Eyck Jan van Eyck, The Ghent Altarpiece (closed), completed 1432. Oil on panel, 11' 6" x 7' 7“..
16. Jan van Eyck, The Virgin in a Church , c. 1410-25. Oil on panel, 12 1/4" x 5 1/2". Gemaldegalerie, Berlin
17. Jan van Eyck (c. 1395–1441), Man in a Red Turban (Self-portrait?) , 1433. Tempera and oil on wood, approx. 13 1/8" x 10 1/8"
18. The Crucifixion; The Last Judgment , ca. 1430 Jan van Eyck and Workshop Assistant (Netherlandish, active by 1422, died 1441) Oil on canvas, transferred from wood
25. Hieronymus Bosch Attributed to Hieronymus Bosch. Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things , painted tabletop. Oil on wood, 3' 11 1/4" x 4' 11".
26. Hieronymus Bosch (c. 1450–1516), The Cure for Folly, c. 1490s-1516. Oil on panel, 18 9/10 x 13 3/4 in.
27. Hieronymus Bosch (c. 1450–1516), Death and the Miser , ca. 1485-1490. Oil on oak, 3 ft. 5/8 in. x 12 1/8 in.
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32. Albrecht Dürer The Seven-Headed Beast and the Beast with Lamb's Horns Woodcut, 39 x 28 cm, from 'The Apocalypse of St. John' 1496 - 98
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34. Durer Albrecht Dürer (1471–1528), The Knight, Death and the Devil , 1513. Engraving, 11" x 14". HIP/Art Resource, NY.
35. Durer Albrecht Dürer (14711528), Melencolia I , 1514. Engraving, 9 1/2" x 7 5/16“..
36. Durer Albrecht Durer, Elector Frederick the Wise , 1524. Copper engraving, 7 3/8" x 4 3/4“.
40. Lucas Cranach the Elder, Martin Luther, 1533. Panel, 8" x 5 3/4".
41. Salome," 1530, Lucas Cranach Salome with the head of John the Baptist has always been a favorite subject for artists. The German Lucas Cranach the Elder painted the Biblical tease several times, always in contemporary 16th century dress
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43. Lucas Cranach the Elder ( 1472-1553), Portrait of a Young Woman Oil on wood, 1530, 49 x 42 cm (
47. Portrait of Henry VIII - portrait after Hans Holbein the Younger (1497/8-1543) Edward VI as a Child , probably 1538 oil on panel, 56.8 x 44 cm (22 3/8 x 17 3/8 in.)
54. Not all of Brueghel’s paintings depicted the harsh realities of peasant living. The Land of Cockaigne features the peasants in a different light, this time wallowing in the mythical, land of excess.
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Notas del editor
With the same intellectual fervor that the Italian humanists brought to their examination of Plato and Cicero. His New Testament became the source of most sixteenth-century German and English vernacular translations of the central text of Christian Humanism. Humanism is the term generally applied to the predominant social philosophy and intellectual and literary currents of the period from 1400 to 1650. The return to favor of the pagan classics stimulated the philosophy of secularism, the appreciation of worldly pleasures, and above all intensified the assertion of personal independence and individual expression. Zeal for the classics was a result as well as a cause of the growing secular view of life. Expansion of trade, growth of prosperity and luxury, and widening social contacts generated interest in worldly pleasures, in spite of formal allegiance to ascetic Christian doctrine. Men thus affected -- the humanists -- welcomed classical writers who revealed similar social values and secular attitudes
Son of a rural coal miner. He had an unwillingness to accept the pope as the ultimate source of religious authority. He did not wish to destroy the Catholic church but to reform it. In 1520, Pope Leo X issued an edict excommunicating the out spoken reformer. Charged with heresy, he stubbornly refused to recant, concluding, “I can not and will not recant anything, for to act against our conscience is neither safe for us, or open to us. On this I take my stand, I can do no other, God help me. Amen.” New Protestant sects, John Calvin (1509-1564) a French theologian. He placed great emphasis on God’s omnipotence. He believed in predestination.
By the mid-sixteenth century the consequences of Luther’s protests were evident: The religious unity of Western Christendom was shattered forever. Social and political upheaval had become the order of the day.
Two theologians published the Malleus Maleficarum (Witches hammer) an encyclopedia that described the nature of witches, their collusion with the devil, and the ways by which they ere to be recognized and punished The witchcraft craze of this period dramatizes the prevailing a gap between Christian humanism and rationalism on the one hand and barbarism and superstition on the other. Since women were traditionally regarded as inherently susceptible to the devil’s temptations, they became the primary victims of this mass hysteria. Women – especially single, old , and eccentric women – constituted four-fith’s of the witches executed between the 15 th and early 17 th centuries.
By means of satiric irony, Northern Renaissance writers held up prevailing abuses to ridicule, thus implying the need for reform. Erasmus – The Praise of Folly , a satire attacking a wide variety of human foibles, including greed, intellectual pomposity, and pride. More-Unwilling to compromise his position as a Roman Catholic, he opposed the actions of the king and was executed for treason in 1535. Don Quixote-(It was translated from Spanish into more languages than any work other than the Hebrew bible.)
Don Quixote-(It was translated from Spanish into more languages than any work other than the Hebrew bible.)
These works, generally considered to be the greatest examples of English literature, have exercised an enormous influence on the evolution of the English language and the development of the western literary tradition.
Sonnets were more popular then plays
In 1434 Jan painted a landmark full-length double portrait, the first in western art to portray a secular couple in a domestic interior. Witness the joined hands and the raised right hand of the richly dressed man. Above the convex mirror on the wall behind the couple is the inscription “Jan van Eyck was here”, see the reflection in the mirror of the artist and a second observer. Many other objects in this domestic setting suggest a sacred union: The burning candle (traditionally carried to the marriage ceremony by the bride) symbolizes the divine presence of Christ, the dog represents fidelity, the ripening fruit that lies near and on the window sill alludes to the union of the first Couple in the garden of Eden, and the carved image of Saint Margaret (on the chair back near the bed) patron of women in child birth , signifies aspirations for a fruitful alliance.
His artistic prestige rests partly on his unrivaled skill in pictorial illusionism. The landscape of his Crucifixion ( 33.92ab ), with its rocky, cracked earth, fleeting cloud formations, and endless diminution of detail toward the blue horizon, reveals his systematic and discriminating study of the natural world. Van Eyck's ability to manipulate the properties of the oil medium played a crucial role in the realization of such effects. From the fifteenth century onward, commentators have expressed their awe and astonishment at his ability to mimic reality and, in particular, to re-create the effects of light on different surfaces, from dull reflections on opaque surfaces to luminous, shifting highlights on metal or glass. Such effects abound in the Virgin of Canon van der Paele (1434–36), as shown by the glinting gold thread of the brocaded cope of Saint Donatian, the glow of rounded pearls and dazzle of faceted jewels in the costumes of the holy figures, or the small, distorted reflections of the figures of the Virgin and Child repeated in each curve of the polished helmet of Saint George. The almost clinical detail in the face of the kneeling patron vividly illustrates van Eyck's acute objectivity as a portraitist. Through his understanding of the effects of light and rigorous scrutiny of detail, van Eyck is able to construct a convincingly unified and logical pictorial world, suffusing the absolute stillness of the scene with scintillating energy. Despite this legendary objectivity, van Eyck's paintings are perhaps most remarkable for their pure fictions. He frequently aimed to deceive the eye and amaze the viewer with his sheer artistry: inscriptions in his work simulate carved or applied lettering; grisaille statuettes imitate real sculpture; painted mirrors reflect unseen, imaginary events occurring outside the picture space. In The Arnolfini Portrait , the convex mirror on the rear wall reflects two tiny figures entering the room, one of them probably van Eyck himself, as suggested by his prominent signature above, which reads "Jan van Eyck has been here. 1434." By indicating that these figures occupy the viewer's space, the optical device of the mirror creates an ingenious fiction that implies continuity between the pictorial and the real worlds, involves the viewer directly in the picture's construction and meaning, and, significantly, places the artist himself in a central, if relatively discrete, role. Another reflected self-portrait, this time in the shield of Saint George in the Virgin of Canon van der Paele , functions as part of van Eyck's textural realism but likewise challenges our credulity by reminding us, through this minor intrusion of the artist's image, that his ostensible realism is an artifice. Source: Jan van Eyck (ca. 1380/90–1441) | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Although Bosch painted traditional Christian subjects, he brought to them a variety of images that have puzzled and astonished viewers for centuries . The central panel depicts a cosmic landscape on which youthful nudes cavort in a variety of erotic playful pastimes. The terrain, filled with oversized flora, real and imagined animals and birds, and strangely shaped vessels, is similar to that of the panel one the left, where God is shown creating Adam and Eve. In the right wing of the triptych , Hell is pictured as a dark and sulphurous inferno where the damned are tormented by an assortment of terrifying creatures who inflict on sinners punishments appropriate to their sins – the greedy hoarder of gold (on the lower right) excretes coins into a pothole, while the nude nearby, fondled by demons, is punished for the sin of lust.
Grunewald rejects harmonious proportions and figural idealization in favor of dramatic exaggeration and brutally precise detail: The body of Jesus is lengthened to emphasize it’s weight as it hangs from the bowed arms of the cross, the gray-green flesh putrefies with clotted blood and angry thorns, the fingers convulse and curl in agony, while the feet – broken and bruised – contort in a spasm of pain.
Amidst billowing clouds, Death (in the foreground), Famine (carrying a pair of scales), War (brandishing a sword), and Pestilence (drawing his bow) sweep down upon humankind; their victims fall beneath the horses’ hooves, or, as with the bishop in the lower left, are devoured by infernal monsters. Durer’s image seems a grim prophecy of the coming age, in which five million people would die in religious wars.
A pair of richly attired dignitaries are engaged in intellectual activities. Calligraphic writing materials, musical instruments, painted scrolls, and a chesslike board game-enduring symbols of accomplishment among Chinese humanists.
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