1. Explaining Abnormality Chapter 2 WHAT CAUSES PSYCHOPATHOLOGY?

5. Cultural and Historical Relativism Phillipe Pinel Moral Treatment

6. Cultural and Historical Relativism Dorothea Dix Deinstitutionalization The social policy, beginning in the 1960s, of discharging large numbers hospitalized psychiatric patients into the community

15. Biological Perspectives Cortex - the folded matter on the outside of the brain that controls humans’ advanced cognitive functions Thalamus - a subcortical brain structure involved in routing and filtering sensory input Hypothalamus - a subcortical brain structure that controls the endocrine, or hormonal, system Basal ganglia - a subcortical brain structure involved in the regulation of movement

28. Psychodynamic Perspectives COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS Repression - Motivated forgetting Denial/minimization - Ignoring or minimizing particular facts Projection - Attributing one’s own feelings to someone else Rationalization - A false but personally acceptable explanation for one’s behavior Displacement - Transferring a feeling about one situation onto another situation Reaction-formation - Turning an unacceptable feeling into its opposite Isolation of affect/Intellectualization - Avoiding painful feelings by focusing only on ideas

29. Psychodynamic Perspectives Compartmentalization - Keeping different parts of one’s emotional life separate Undoing - Using ritualized behavior to create an illusion of control Dissociation - Trancelike detachment Splitting - Viewing self or others as all-good or all-bad to ward off conflicted or ambivalent feelings Withdrawal/avoidance - Emotional or behavioral flight from painful situations Fixation - Clinging to a particular developmental phase Regression - Returning to an earlier developmental phase Turning against the self (Masochism) - Redirecting an unacceptable hostile impulse toward oneself Sublimation - Finding a constructive outlet for an unacceptable wish COMMON DEFENSE MECHANISMS

39. Behavioral Perspectives

45. Cognitive Perspectives Cognitive schemas - mental models of the world that are used to organize information. Cognitive restructuring - therapy techniques that focus on changing irrational and problematic thoughts. Aaron Beck