2. more than
Ts are not seen as
T
end in themselves but
tools to
connect, share, voice out, map,
visualize, receive, …
information by
people
3. …ICTs as enabler
to
empower
reveal injustice
facilitate education
tackle crises
fight for rights
…change
4. ICTs?
electronic means of capturing, processing,
storing, and communicating information
radio, television, cellular phones, computer
network hardware and software, satellite
systems etc.
associated services and applications
associated, e.g. videoconferencing and
distance learning
6. history
ICT4D 0.0 - 1950s to 1990s
initially within governments, focus administration
public sector
ICT4D 1.0- 1990s
MDGs, emergence of internet > large investments in
infrastructure (telecentre ‘fail decade’)
ICT4D 2.0- Mid/late 2000s
mobiles and web 2.0 communication, recognition of
need for integrative approaches
7. cross-cuttings
Since 50th parallel shifts in development and
communication sciences
50s, 60s – Modernization paradigm
Recognition of role of communication for
development, behavior change, one-way, top-down
focus
60s, 70s – uprise of Dependencia
Recognition of need for own information channels >
relevant, demand-driven, cultural sensitive
8. cross-cuttings
80s – 90s MacBride Report
inevitable need for development strategies to
incorporate communication policies
‘many voices one world’
90s Development Communication
priority on dev agendas
awareness on need for inclusion, giving voice to
voiceless…
9. cross-cuttings
Participatory Development Communication
changes in way media ´is used´ in development
demand-driven, inclusion in production, ownership
community media >> community radio
Re-orientation of development sector
→ towards impact-oriented strategies
→ from result focus to process focus
→ communication as dialogue
10. ICT4D
From e-whatever to m-whatever?!
strong tech-centrism
excitement about every new ICT rather than
carefully evaluating what role which ICT could play
in tackling specific problems
pilot-centric, lack of strategic developments
enabling upscaling
increasing debate on people-centrism and
recognition of need for participatory approaches
11. state of the art
‘intersection between
social scientists & tech people
too thinly populated’
(@techsoc)
12. consider
> start with/enable TG to start with
communication strategy and see
which ICT can facilitate best
> stats such as number of mobile
registrations not enough
> mix ICTs & online/offline to enable
every segment of TG to have equal
access and chance to participate
16. chances
from top-down to participatory approach of (online)
communication
User-build online public spheres, user generated
content
rise of network technology > change of human
interaction
disperse networked collaboration
Talking about
a revolution?
18. access & freedom
30% of countries rated as not free,
36.5% only partly free (media
freedom)
developing countries 70% of people
younger than 25 (1.9 billion people)
not online yet
…
19. inequalities
COUNTRY OF ORIGIN OF PUBLIC SITES PERCENTAGE OF INTERNET USERS BY LANGUAGE
Country Percentage of Language Percentage of all
public sites Internet users
United States 55% English 29.4%
Germany 6% Chinese 18.9%
Japan 5% Spanish 8.5%
United Kingdom 3% Japanese 6.4%
Canada 3% French 4.7%
Italy 2% German 4.2%
France 2% Arabic 4.1%
Netherlands 2% Portuguese 4.0%
Others 18% Korean 2.4%
Unknown 4% Italian 2.4%
Other 15.0%
Source: OCLC (2008)
…
Source: Miniwatts Marketing Group (2008)
25. shiny globe?
2009 number of people without access to electricity
1.3 billion > 20% of the world’s population
http://www.iea.org/weo/electricity.asp
31. mobile phone
Mobile Phones can play role in
elections monitoring
enabling emergency communication
creating a voice > grassroots campaigning
providing economic access (e.g. job alerts)
enabling to run small businesses
access to up-to-date market prices
enabling m-banking
connecting with disperse family members and
communities
enabling emergency communication
creating a voice > grassroots campaigning
32. further gaps
remaining exclusion in regards to education &
capacity related access
cultural communication patterns
(oral histories, strong position of traditional
media usage)
cultural structures, e.g. collective mobile usage
still excluding e.g. women from individual use of
new technologies
33. remember
move into the communication
sphere of all your target group/S
one communication
channel rarely stands alone
online does not come
without offline (catalyst)
35. Niche for ICT4D
ICT4D community developed some useful
‘alternative tools’
responding to prevailing inequalities in
access and participation
from the technological perspective
36. Freedom Fone
Zimbabwean Innovation
Voice-based dial up services
voice reporting
voice recognition
voice menus
SMS polls
no online access needed
open source
bridging literature and
language barriers
37. Ushahidi
Kenyan Innovation
multiple-channel
crowdsourcing information
to map (visualize)
information
> emergency response,
election monitoring,
peace building…
open source
38. Frontline SMS
Bulk messaging tool
send, receive, and organize
text messages through a
mobile device and a laptop
offline support
open source
40. Speak2Tweet
Google & Twitter launch
in reaction to Egyptian
government internet
shut-down
Creating tweet by
calling a phone
Automatic country
hashtag
41. GeoChat
enabling self-organizing
group communication based
on SMS, email, and Twitter
Simplifying team
communications, logistics
and data reporting
open source
46. health
facilitation of health communication
medical supply coordination
distance diagnosis
pre and post natal health
public health education
awareness creation / social change
advocacy
47. My Question
allows young people to send in questions about sexual
reproductive health and/or HIV/AIDS anonymously to
trained counselors via SMS, voice, or through email.
Within 24 hours,
an answer is sent
directly to the
phone from which
the question was
sent.
48. Stock-out campaign
Pill check week
revealing shortages of
essential medicines in Kenya,
Malawi, Uganda, and Zambia
SMS text messages were sent when data collectors
discovered stock-outs of essential medicines
Computers running FrontlineSMS processed and
validated data before sending to Ushahidi interface
to be visualized on the web
51. agriculture
market price information
market supply and demand
information
information on production
techniques
52. Mfarm Kenya
Transparency tool
for farmers
local farmers receive crop
prices and market information
by sending SMS shortcode
digital marketplace in which
subscribing farmers can sell
their crops & by farm inputs
Online platform to connect
and sell collectively
54. agriculture
Icow success due to
extensive collaboration on ground
training farmers on how system works etc.
being there to respond to queries and questions
6,000+ small-scale dairy farmers
55. education
Mobile learning
Distance learning
Literacy teaching
formal / informal education
life skills etc.
56. GraphoGAME
Grapho Learning Initiative
digital-based learning
game to teach basic
literacy and supply further
access to reading
materials in local
languages via mobile
57. LAL Nigeria
based on the Nigerian
Family Life and
HIV/AIDS Education
(FLHE) curriculum
online, CD & print
version
local partner, TOT
58. rights & democracy
access to information and free (UDHR Art. 19)
call for action, mobilization
coordination of action
visualizing injustice
voter education & voter registration
election monitoring
violation reporting
e-governance / e-government
59. witness.org
using power of video and
storytelling to open the
eyes of the world to
human rights abuses
Training human rights defenders to use video to fight
injustice, and to transform personal stories of abuse
into powerful tools that can pressure those in power or
with power to act
60. alavateli
Freedom of information
request platform
supporting citizens
requesting government
information
all replies made public
platform
Transparency /
accountability
open source
61. new chances
With new ICTs
mobiles (mobile cameras) and social media platforms
people can more than read, listen and watch
NOW
people can make other people read, listen and watch
what concerns them, what happens to them, what
moves them, what threatens them, …
62. revolution?
relevance to clarify role of new ICTs in socio-political
movements
online- offline spin, not online vs. offline public sphere
or counter-hegemonic dynamics
relevance of societal histories
(ex. Egypt vs. Cambodia)
63. control
Hegemonies and control vs. counter-hegemonic
movements
Growing triangulation
Autocratic regimes don’t stay in power through
strategic censorship, isolation and repression of
dissent > control over information flows and public
sphere as key element
3 days into protest Libya went offline…
one day prior to elections, mobile networks turn off…
64.
65. avoiding failure
Demand-driven listen and co-create, local
realities
Relevant & Accessible customize > know infrastructure,
freedom, capacity, local
languages, respond to illiteracy…
Maintainable / scalable support do-it-yourself, build
capacities
Projects and technological developments have to be
people focused, needs based and structurally integrated
in order to be sustainable.
66. demand-assessment
1st step > route should derive from there!
less emphasis on what might be used (Internet,
PCs); more emphasis on what is actually used
(mobiles, radio, television)
less emphasis on fundamental technical innovation;
more emphasis on application and business model
innovation
less emphasis on piloting and sustaining new
applications; more emphasis on assessing and
scaling existing applications
67. remember
move into the communication sphere of your TG
get to know TG well (number of mobile subscriptions is
not enough)
recognize diversity
need for combination of ICTs (communication channels)
to enable everyone to receive information and to
actively participate
online & offline public spheres are connected
change is to happen offline
motivations are rooted offline
69. questions?
@kerstiru
krwissenbach@gmail.com
strategy advice, development &
implementation, M&E; trainings & workshops,
lectures
ICT4C, C4SC, citizen advocacy, human rights
campaigning, information & society