2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
• IMPERFECT (3)
• PRETERITE (4-8)
• MODAL VERBS (9)
• ADVERBS (10)
• PROGRESSIVE (11)
• FUTURE (12)
• SUPERLATIVES (13)
• FORMAL COMMANDS (14)
• PREPOSITIONS (15)
• CONDITIONAL (16)
• DEMONSTRATIVES (17)

3. IMPERFECT
Imperfect tense is used to describe an action that is not seen as completed.
Drop the ending of the verb (-ar, -er, -ir).
Singular Plural
To conjugate regular -er and -ir verbs in -ia -iamos
the imperfect, simply drop the ending (-er
-ias -iais
or -ir) and add one of the following:
-ia -ian
Singular Plural
-aba -abamos To conjugate regular -ar verbs in the
imperfect, simply drop the ending (-ar) and
-abas -abais
add one of the following:
-aba -aban

4. PRETERITE
Used to show that a past action has been completed before the present.
-ar -er/-ir
-é -í
-aste -iste
-ó -ío
-amos -imos
-asteis -isteis
-aron -ieron

5. Only in yo form!!
PRETERITE
-Car yo -qué
-Gar yo -gué
-Zar yo -cé

6. SPOCK
IRREGULAR
PRETERITE
VERBS

7. PRETERITE
Cucaracha Verbs
Andar Anduv-
Estar Estuv-
Poder Pud-
Poner Pus-
Quiere Quis-
Saber Sup-
Tener Tuv-
Venir Vin-
Conducir Conduj-
Producir Produj-
Traducir Traduj-
Decir Dij-
Traer Traj-

8. Snake
Dormir Leer
Dormí Leí
Dormimos Leimos
Dormiste Leiste
Durmío Leyó
Durmieron Leyeron
Snakey

9. MODAL VERBS
• Modal verbs are used to show the possibility or
necessity of something.
• The two main modal verbs are poder and
deber.
• Poder means “can.”
• Deber means “should.”

10. ADVERBS
• Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding -mente to the
feminine singular form of the adjective. This ending
corresponds to -ly in English.
Adjective Feminine Form Adverb
Claro Clara Claramente
Constante Constante Constantemente
Difícil Difícil Difícilmente
• When two adverbs modify the same verb, only the second one
uses the –mente ending. The first adverb is the same as the
feminine singular form of the adjective.

11. PROGRESSIVE
PAST PRESENT
Now, let's say that you
For the present
want to talk about what
progressive, you will
you were doing in the
use the conjugated form
past. Use the exact same
of estar followed by the
format that you learned,
present participle of the
except substitute an
verb (formed by adding
imperfect form of the
–ando or –iendo)
verb estar for the
present tense.

12. FUTURE
IRREGULAR/CONDITIONAL
• The future tense is used to show what shall or
will happen later on.
• There are 12 irregular future verbs, and each of
them have the same endings as regular verbs,
but their stems change.
• The conditional expresses probability or
likelihood of an event occurring in the future.

13. SUPERLATIVES
• Superlatives are used to make comparisons
between two or more objects.
Adjective Translation Comparative Translation Superlative Translation
Bueno Good Mejor que Better El/La mejor The best
Malo Bad Peor que Worse El/La peor The worst
Viejo Old Mayor que Older El/La Mayor The oldest
Joven Young Menor que Younger El/La Menor The youngest

14. FORMAL COMMANDS
• Commands are used when ordering someone to do
something.
• The formal commands are formed the same way as the
present subjunctive:
• Start with the yo form of the present indicative.
• Then drop the -o ending.
• Finally, add the following endings:
-ar verbs:
-e (for Ud.), -en (for Uds.)
-er and -ir verbs:
-a (for Ud.), -an (for Uds.)

15. PREPOSITIONS
Preposition Translation
Al lado Next to
Abajo Under
Cerca de Near
Detras de Behind
Entre Between
Fuera Outside
Durante During
Encima On top of
A at

16. CONDITIONAL
• Conditional is used to describe the likelihood
of something happening.
hablar comer vivir
hablaría comería viviría
hablarías comerías vivirías
hablaría comería viviría
hablaríamos comeríamos viviríamos
hablaríais comeríais viviríais
hablarían comerían vivirían

17. DEMONSTRATIVES
MS MP FS FP
Este Estos Esta Estas
Ese Esos Esa Esas
Aquel Aquellos Aquella Aquellas
Este = This
Ese = That
Aquel = That Over There