Matter and Materials - Chemistry for grade 9's. Source: Andries Olivier. Atoms and molecules, Acids and bases.

1. Matter and
materials

2. Particle model
of matter in
chemical reactions
Andries p 87

3. Andries p 87
The
particles
in solids,
liquids, and
gases:

4. Andries p 87
Everything in the universe consists of
matter.

5. Andries p 87
Three phases
of matter

6. ⚖Andries p 87
Matter takes up
space and has
mass.

7. The particle model
of matter
Small particles
Spaces
Continuous motion
Forces
Andries p 87

8. Phase change
Absorbs energy
Releases energy Releases energy
Absorbs energy
Solidification
Melting Evaporation
Condensation
Sublimation
Andries p 87 - 89

9. Atomsand
molecules
Andries p 93

10. The Periodic
Table of the
elementsAndries p 93

11. Names of the first 20
elements
1.H – Hydrogen 2.He – Helium
3.Li – Lithium 4.Be – Beryllium
5.B – boron 6.C – carbon
7.N – nitrogen 8.O – oxygen
9.F – fluorine 10. Ne – neon
Andries p 93

12. 11. Na – sodium
12. Mg – magnesium
13. Al – aluminium/aluminum
14. Si – silicon
15. P – phosphorous
16. S – sulphur 17. Cl – chlorine
18. Ar – argon 19. K – potassium
20. Ca – calcium
Andries p 93

13. Click icon to add picture
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
is used in
rocket fuel.
Andries p 93

14. Click icon to add picture
Helium,NeonandArgon
Helium is used
as a flotation
device, because
it is the second
least dense gas,
and more stable
than hydrogen.
Neon is used in
neon lights.
Argon is used as
an inert, or non-
reactive gas in
welding and in
the old 60 watt
globes.
Andries p 93

15. Click icon to add picture
Lithium,sodium,potassium
Lithium is
used in
batteries.
Sodium in
streetlights
Potassium
in fertiliser.
Andries p 93

16. Click icon to add picture
Beryllium,CalciumandMagnesium
Beryllium is
used in rocket
construction.
Magnesium in
the sparkles at
Spur.
Calcium is
found in your
bones and
teeth, and is a
key component
in your plaster
cast when you
break your arm.Andries p 93

17. Click icon to add picture
Boron
Boron is
an
important
part of
boric acid,
which is
used in
tanneries.
Andries p 93

18. Click icon to add picture
Carbon
Diamonds,
charcoal
and the
lead in
pencils are
all made of
carbon.
Andries p 93

19. Click icon to add picture
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is
used in the
production
of
explosives
and
fertiliser. It
is the most
common
element in
the
atmosphere
at 78%.Andries p 93

20. Click icon to add picture
Oxygen
Oxygen
supports
combustio
n, and
takes up
21% of the
atmospher
e.
Andries p 93

21. Click icon to add picture
Fluorine,ChlorineandBromine
Fluorine is an
important
component of
toothpaste.
Chlorine is a
greenish-yellow
poisonous gas. It
was used in WWI
as a chemical
warfare agent.
Bromine is an
extremely toxic
reddish-brown
liquid at room
temperature. It is
used in
photographic film.
Andries p 93

22. Click icon to add picture
Aluminium
Aluminium
is used in
aircraft
constructio
n.
Andries p 93

23. Click icon to add picture
Silicon
The glass in
the inverted
pyramids at
the Louvre in
France is
made of
silicon, the
metal support
structure is
made of the
same
material as
airplanes.
Andries p 93

24. Click icon to add picture
Phosphorous
Phosphorou
s is used in
detergents,
fireworks,
fertiliser and
matches. It
reacts
spontaneou
sly in air,
and has to
be stored
under water.
Andries p 93

25. Click icon to add picture
Sulphur
Sulphur is
used in
dermatolog
ical
medication
and in the
production
of
fireworks.
Andries p 93

26. Other important elements
24. Cr – chrome
25. Mn – manganese
26. Fe – iron
29. Cu – copper
30. Zn – zinc
35. Br – bromine
47. Ag – silver
53. I – iodine
79. Au - gold
80. Hg – mercury

27. Click icon to add picture
Chrome
Chrome is
used to
plate other
metals,
especially
the
finishes on
cars.
Andries p 93

28. Click icon to add picture
Manganese
Manganese
is used in
flashlight
batteries.
Andries p 93

29. Click icon to add picture
Iron
Alloys of iron
are used
everywhere
in our
environment.
Andries p 93

30. Click icon to add picture
Copper
Copper is
used daily
for
household
wiring.
Andries p 93

31. Click icon to add picture
Zinc
Zinc is
used for
roofing and
as a
component
of
sunscreen.
Andries p 93

32. Click icon to add picture
Silver
Silver is
used in
jewellery
and as the
backing of
mirrors.
Andries p 93

33. Click icon to add picture
Iodine
Iodine is
used as an
antiseptic
when it is
dissolved.
It is a dark
purple
crystal that
sublimates
to a purple
gas when
heated.
Andries p 93

34. Click icon to add picture
Gold
Gold is
used for
jewelery
Andries p 93

35. Click icon to add picture
Mercury
Mercury is the
only metal that is
in the liquid phase
at room
temperature.
Mercury is very
dangerous and
affects the brain.
Today we very
rarely use it. We
do use it in
thermometers.
Andries p 93

36. The Periodic table - groups
Andries p 93
A
B D
C

37. Periodic Table – groups (II)
A. Alkali metals, or group 1
i.Very soft metals
ii.Reacts with oxygen and water
iii.Stored under paraffin
B. Alkali-earth metals, or group 2
C. Halogens, or group 7
i.Poisonous gases
D. Noble gases, or group 8
●
Very stable, do not react with other
elements
Andries p 93

38. Elements
Elements are pure substances that
cannot be broken into simpler
matter
through chemical processes.
Andries p 94

39. ⚛Andries p 94
Atoms
Smallest building blocks of
elements
Smallest particle
Identical in a specific
element
Differ in size, mass and
properties in different

40. Compounds
Compounds are pure substances
that can be broken/separated into
simpler matter through chemical
processes.
Andries p 94

41. ⚛⚛Andries p 94
Molecules
Smallest particles of a
compound
Two or more atoms that are
chemically bonded together
Molecules of the same
compound are identical
Atoms in molecules are in a

42. FeAndries p 94
Iron
The symbol denotes:
●
The element iron
●
One atom of iron

43. When +⚛ ⚛ bond or when -⚛ ⚛ break away
from one another.
Andries p 94 Reaction

44. Formula of a
compound
Andries p 94

45. H2
O
Andries p 94
Water
The formula denotes:
●
Name of the compound
●
Elements from which the compoud is
made
●
The ratio of the atoms in the
compound
●
One molecule and one mole

46. (NH4
)2
CO3
Andries p 95
Ammonium carbonate
The formula denotes:
● Name of the compound
● Elements from which the compoud is made
● The ratio of the atoms in the compound
● One molecule and one mole
● The 2 after the brackets show that two
groups of NH4
is present in the molecule

47. Molecular models
Andries p 95

48. Andries p 96
elements compounds
atoms molecules of
compounds
molecules of elements
made up of made up of
bonding
chemical
bonding
Relationship between atoms and molecules

49. Chemical reactions
magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide
CHEMICAL EQUATION: 4Mg + 2O2
→ 4MgO
2Mg + O2
→ 2MgO
Reactants Products
Andries p 96

50. Balancing chemical equations
Every chemical reaction has to be recorded.
This is done by writing down an equation.
Andries p 97

51. Remember! All elements on the right of the
arrow also have to be present on the left of the
arrow.
No atoms in a chemical reaction can be
created, or destroyed. Which means that you
have to have the same amount of everything
on the left, on the right as well.
Andries p 97

52. Let us look at the chemical reactions
you will investigate over the course of
the year.
S + O2
→ SO2
1 2 1 2
Andries p 97

53. CuCO3
→ CO2
+ CuO
C + PbO2
→ CO2
+ Pb
1
1 2 11
1 3 2 1 1
2 1
1
Andries p 97

54. HCl + Zn → H2
+ ZnCl2
2HCl + Zn → H2
+ ZnCl2
HCl + CaCO3
→ CO2
+ CaCl2
+ H2
O
2HCl + CaCO3
→ CO2
+ CaCl2
+ H2
O
1
1
1 1
1
1 1 2 1 2
2 11 3 2 2 1
Andries p 97

55. HCl + CuO → CuCl2
+ H2
O
2HCl + CuO → CuCl2
+ H2
O
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H2
O
1
1 1 11
1 1 1 2 2
1 1
1 1
2 11
Andries p 97

56. Certain important
chemical reactions
Andries p 97

57. Elements
are substances made
up of 11type of ⚛only.
Andries p 97

58. Andries p 97
Metals
●
Conduct ♨ and 
● Solid at room
temperature,
except Hg.
● Malleable and
ductile
Non metals-
● Poor conductors
of ♨ and 
● Low melting
points
●
Brittle

59. Compounds
are formed by elements that combine.
Andries p 97

60. Andries p 97
Water
Hydrogen
and
oxygen
Ethanol
Carbon,
hydrogen
and oxygen
Carbon
dioxide
Carbon
and
oxygen
O
H H CO O C C OH
H H
H H
H
H2
O
CO2 C2
H5
OH

61. Combustion
of substances
Andries p 106

62. Reaction with
oxygen.
Andries p 106
Substance formed is
called an oxide.
Combustion

63. Reaction with
oxygen.
Andries p 106
Oxygen reacts because it easily
combines with other elements.
Combustion

64. Reaction with
oxygen.
Andries p 106
Some chemical potential energy is changed
into ♨ and  energy – it burns.
Combustion

65. Indicators
Andries p 106

66. Characteristics
of the
oxides
assist us further
in arranging
the elements.
Andries p 106
Solubility in
water
Acidity when
dissolved
Alkalinity when
dissolved

67. Andries p 106

68. Andries p 106
Litmus
Red in acid
Blue in base

69. Andries p 106
Bromothymol
blue
Yellow in acid
Blue in base

70. Andries p 106
Phenolphtalein
Colourless in acid
Pink in base

71. Reactions of
metals with
oxygenAndries p 106

72. Andries p 106

73. Andries p 107

74. Andries p 108

75. Reactions of
non metals with-
oxygenAndries p 109

76. Andries p 109

77. Andries p 109

78. Andries p 109

79. Andries p 109

80. Energy changes
in
chemical reactions
Andries p 111

81. Reaction that releases
heat.
Andries p 111 Exothermic reaction
definition
All
combustion
reactions
are
exothermic.
Some reactions require heat
to start.
Activation
energy

82. Reaction that gets
cold.
Andries p 111 Endothermic reaction
definition
Important to
industry:
Decompostion
of chalk
Decomposition =
Break down
When the heat is
removed the
reaction stops.
CaCO3
+ heat → CaO + CO2

83. Acidsand
basesAndries p 117

84. AcidsAndries p 117

85. properties
Andries p 117
Sour taste
Corrosive
Dissolve in water
Cause indicators to
change colour
Neutralise a base

86. BaseAndries p 117

87. properties
Andries p 117
Feel soapy/smooth
Dissolve readily in water
Dissolve many non-metals
and organic substances
Cause indicators to
change colour
Neutralise an acid

88. Neutral
substancesAndries p 117

89. Neither acid, nor base
Andries p 117
Water
Tablesalt
Sugar solution

90. The products of
a reaction between an
acid and a base
are neutral.
Andries p 117 Neutralisation reaction

91. Solutions
Andries p 117

92. Mixture of two substances in which both
substances have become evenly distributed
in the other substances.
Andries p 117

93. Indicators
Andries p 117

94. Pigments which are sensitive with regards
to acids and bases. They have one colour
in an acid, and another in a base.
Andries p 117

95. Andries p 117
Litmus
Red in acid
Blue in base
Bromothymol
blue
Yellow in acid
Blue in base
Phenolphtalein
Colourless in acid
Pink in base

96. Strength
of acids and bases
Andries p 118

97. Andries p 118

98. Reaction
of acids with metals
Andries p 118

99. When acid reacts with metals,
gas formation occurs.
Bring a burning match close,
the gas will explode and burn
with a small popping noise.
Andries p 118

100. Andries p 118

101. metal + acid → salt + hydrogen
Andries p 118

102. Reactionof acids with metal oxides
Andries p 118

103. The salt dissolves in acid.
After it completely dissolves, leave to dry.
Salt is formed.
Andries p 119

104. Andries p 119

105. metal oxide + acid → salt + water
Andries p 119

106. Reaction
of acids with hydroxides
Andries p 118

107. Hydroxides – group of soluble bases.
No visible reaction occurs.
Andries p 119

108. Andries p 119

109. base + acid → salt + water
Andries p 119

110. Reaction
of acids with carbonates
Andries p 118

111. Calcium carbonate = marble chips.
Gas is immediately visible.
Clear lime water turns milky.
Andries p 119

112. Andries p 119

113. carbonate + acid → salt + water + CO2
Andries p 119

114. Used in fire extinguishers,
antacids and effervescent drinks.
Andries p 119

115. HCl forms chloride salts
H2
SO4
forms sulfate salts
Andries p 120

116. Metals in a
reactivity series
Andries p 111

117. Reactive and
non reactive metals-
Andries p 133

118. When a metal reacts with something, it is
reactive.
Andries p 133

119. When a metal does not
react with something, it is
non-reactive.
Andries p 133

120. Reactions of metals with dilute acids.
Andries p 133

121. Andries p 133

122. Reactions of metals with oxygen.
metal + oxygen → metal oxide
Andries p 133

123. Andries p 133

124. Reactions of metals with water.
metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen gas
Andries p 133

125. Andries p 133

126. Rust – iron oxide
iron + oxygen → iron oxide
iron oxide + water → iron hydroxide
Andries p 134

127. Andries p 134

128. Reactions of metals with
dilute acidic solutions.
metal + dilute acid → metal salt + hydrogen
Andries p 134

129. Andries p 134

130. Reactivity of
metals
Andries p 135

131. Andries p 135

132. Chemical reactions in
mining
Andries p 135

133. Andries p 135
Rocks consist of
minerals.
Gold,
copper
and iron.
Ores = metals
mixed into rocks
Separate metal
from rock =

134. Andries p 135
Chemical reaction needed to
yield copper in the form of
atoms
The more reactive metals
will displace less reactive
metals from the
compounds
All metals above
copper will displace

135. Andries p 135

136. Slide 1 – cairoo software
Slide 3 – heldex.org
Slide 4 – foundwalls.com
Slide 5a – idlcoyote.com
Slide 5b – telegraph.co.uk
Slide 5c – treehugger.com
Slide 12 – theagecases.blogspot.com
Slide 15 – 27 – cairoo software
Slide 29 – 34 – cairoo software
Slide 35 – Lily Kotze
Textbook: Andries Olivier, Grade 9 workbook, 2012
Images: attempt has been made to cknowledge all sources,
it an image's source could not be found, it was
acknowledged as such.

137. Slide 42 – TedED.com
Slide 50a – chemistry-reference.com
Slide 50b – id.wikipedia.org
Slide 58 - khanacademy
Slide 70 – Lily Kotze
Slide 99 – monarchknoghts.com
Slide 102 – cairoo software
Slide 106 – cairoo software
Slide 110 – cairoo software
Slide 124 – cairoo software
Slide 126 – Lily Kotze
Slide 128 – youtube
Slide 130 – googSlide 99 – monarchknoghts.comleplus
Slide 132 – cairoo software