1. Global Review
Jeffrey Milder
EcoAgriculture Partners

2. Global Review Framing
Key Impediments to
Scaling-up Effective ILM
1. Knowledge and
experience not Global Review
synthesized or shared
Learn systematically from prior experience
2. Limited capacity to
implement effective Synthesize information for key user groups
practices
Provide a robust evidence base
3. Unsupportive
policies, incentives and
investments

3. Global Review Goal:
To bolster and communicate the evidence base about
integrated landscape approaches to support practitioners,
policymakers, and advocates to develop and scale-up effective
practices

4. Global Review Goal:
To bolster and communicate the evidence base about
integrated landscape approaches to support
practitioners, policymakers, and advocates to develop and
scale-up effective practices
Means to this Goal:
Draw on the expertise of leading practitioners, researchers, and
experts from around the world to implement an applied
research portfolio consisting of about 40 “Knowledge
Products” that document and communicate key dimensions of
the practice, impact, potential, and key mechanisms supporting
integrated landscape management

5. Global Review Structure
Knowledge Products Address 9 Key Questions Related to four key themes
KQ 0: global review of ILM practice
KQ 1: current extent & future potenial of ILM
Global Potential
KQ 2: role of ILM in supporting climate change
adaptation and mitigation
KQ 3: biophysical aspects of implementing ILM
KQ 4: social and institutional aspects of implementing Action in Landscapes
ILM
KQ 5: market mechanisms to support ILM Markets
KQ 6: policy and governance to support ILM
KQ 7: priority investments to support ILM Future Directions
KQ 8: research agenda for ILM

6. Status of Global Review Knowledge Products (KPs)
KPs already completed
KPs not yet funded,
but lower priority 3
8
12
KPs funded
KPs not yet funded, and in progress
and high priority 11
4
KPs funded and in design

7. The Global Review: A Tasting Menu
● KP 0.8 – integrated landscapes ‘storybook’ (illustrations)
● *KP 2.1 & 2.2 – integrated landscapes for climate change
adaptation, mitigation, and climate-smart agriculture
● *KP 3.6 – integrating food and energy in rural landscapes
● *KP 3.7 – integrated landscapes for resilience and disaster risk mitigation
● *KP 4.3 – landscape governance for multi-objective, multi-stakeholder mgmt.
● *KP 5.2 – “ILM in an age of supermarkets”
● *KP 6.5 – integrated landscape/ecosystem approach to foodshed planning
● *KP 6.3 – national policy analysis to support integrated landscapes
● KP 7.3 – economic costs & benefits of integrated landscape approaches
● KP 8.2 – how plant breeding can support multi-functional rural landscapes

8. Key Sets of Global Review Outputs
● Publications in peer-reviewed journals (and special issues)
● Set of briefs for awareness-raising, outreach, and advocacy
● Landscapes manual/sourcebook and curriculum materials for
training practitioners & landscape leaders
● Multi-media (video, photo narratives, etc.) to communicate
compellingly, including to non-reading audiences
● Landscapes for People, Food and Nature book

9. This afternoon’s session
Who?
What? The Continental
When? Reviews
Where?
Why? Thematic Global
How? Review Studies

10. An overview of the continental reviews
Research questions
1. Where is ILM happening? What kinds of problems does it seek to
solve? Who is leading these efforts?
2. What activities comprise integrated landscapes and initiatives?
How are they structured and implemented?
3. When, where, and why have ILM approaches been effective or
ineffective in advancing multiple landscape goals?
4. Based on this experience, how can we support the wider and
more effective adoption ILM in places where it can provide
significant benefits?

11. Research methodology
STEP 1: Cast a wide net
STEP 2: Evaluate and filter results
STEP 3: Tier 1 survey—landscapes & initiatives continent-wide
STEP 4: Stratified sample for Tier 2
STEP 5: Tier 2 “deep dive” analysis
STEP 6: Analysis and knowledge sharing

12. Latin America
Natalia Estrada, CATIE
Jeffrey Milder, EcoAgriculture Partners
Fabrice DeClerck, Bioversity International
Abigail Hart, EcoAgriculture Partners
Celia Harvey, Conservation International
Photo: IFAD

13. Where are the
landscape
initiatives located?
n = 212 potential initiatives

14. Characterization of the collected Keyword / School of thought
landscape initiatives Community based
Conservation / sus.
Genesis
Improving VC
int'l dvpmt proj. Model forest
Landscape-scale… Biosphere reserve
Watershed mgmt.
int'l conservation proj.
Sustainable tourism
int'l research program
Buffer zones
Government / research Rural development
Multilateral Climate change
Biological corridors
Government aid
Protected areas
Regional platform Water management
Field school
- 5 10 15 20
(2) 3 8 13 18 23

15. What land uses were present in these landscapes?
Major Minor Don’t exist
Pasture
Tropical moist forest
Annual grain crops
Temperate or upland forest
Agroforestry
Forestry plantations
Other sun-grown perennials
Villages / towns / urban
Grassland
Water
Other annual crops
Tropical dry forest
Wetland
Industry, mining, oil/gas dvpmt
- 20 40 60 80 100

16. What were the main motivations for the landscape initiative?
Enhance sustainable land management O
A N
Conserve biodiversity
B M
Stop or reverse land/resource degradation C L
Increase farmer incomes
D K
Conserve soil / increase fertility E J
Manage water quality or flow F I
G H
Improve crop productivity
Not Very
important important

17. Investments in agriculture
Core Supporting Not Included
Crop intensification (agroecology)
Agrobiodiversity
Soil conservation
Agroforestry
Value chain
Extension or capacity building programs
Home gardens
New crops or crop varieties
Implementation of laws or incentives
Livestock intensification (agroecology)
Irrigation systems
Crop intensification (conventional)
- 20 40 60 80 100

18. Investments in forestry, conservation, and NRM
Core Supporting
Community-based NRM
New conservation areas
Improved forestry management
Extension for forestry/NRM
New protected areas established
Watershed management
New mgmt plans for existing PA
0 20 40 60 80 100

19. Investments in livelihoods and human wellbeing
Core Supporting Not Included
Enterprise development
Traditional knowledge
Income generation and diversification
Gender equity
Malnutrition and hunger
Migration
Land tenure and resource access rights
Human health
0 20 40 60 80 100

20. Investments in multi-sectoral coordination and planning
Core Supporting Not Included
Technical assistance for ILM
Capacity building for ILM
New landscape coordinating body
Strengthen existing coordinating bodies
Local/local conflict mediation
Local/external conflict mediation
0 20 40 60 80 100

22. Asia
Socio-ecological production landscapes in Asia
Kaoru Ichikawa
United Nations University – Institute of Advanced Studies
Photo: Nakwoodford

23. Socio-ecological Production landscapes (SEPLs)
● Developed by interactions between humans and
nature
● Local knowledge, techniques, rules and norms
regarding wise use of natural resources and sharing
of benefits and burdens
● Benefit people and maintain ecosystems and
biodiversity

24. SEPLs in Asia
● Pastoralism
● Rice cultivation:
● Temperate
● Tropical (hills and mountainous)
● Lowland

25. Photo: T. Okayasu Photo: JWRC
Pastoralism Rice cultivation system
● Dry and/or alpine climate with seasonal/ ● Temperate and humid climate
irregular pattern of precipitation ● Integrated land use system representing a
● Controls herd's load on vegetation by mosaic pattern
translocation ● Woodlands are managed regularly
● Traditional institutional system of pasture ● A decreasing and aging population
and livestock management resulting in abandonment of farmland and
● Political and economic regimes change woodland
● Overuse and abandonment of pasture land

26. Photo: JWRC Photo: JWRC
Rice Rice cultivation systems with fishery
cultivation, homegarden, shifting
cultivation, livestock ● Lowland near the wetland areas
● Tropical climate in hills and mountains ● Production systems and/or crop varieties
● Complexity of landuse and mixed livelihoods along with the gradient of water condition.
● Irrigation system for dry season ● Accompanied by fishery activities.
● Shifting cultivation and the extraction of wild ● Population increase and market economy
plants
● Growing population/ migration to urban areas development
● Development of market economies ● Conversion of land use and extraction of
● Intensification and abandonment wetland vegetation

27. Common characteristics
● Practices that enable adaption to spatial and
temporal variation in environmental conditions
● Fallow systems
● Combined use of different production systems
● Combined use of different of different species/varieties of
crops and livestock
● Land use according to topographic conditions
● Local institutional systems that adjust and
coordinate resource use

28. Challenges and responses
Challenges
● Population increase
● Emigration
● Development of market economy
● Degradation of SEPLs (overexplotation,conversion,abandonment)
Responses
● Policy development and implementation of land tenure and resource
management such as community forestry
● Projects on community development, awareness raising, restoration of
ecosystems and abandoned agricultural facilities, supported by
NGOs, private sector organizations, governmental bodies and
international organizations

30. Africa
Philip Dobie, World Agroforestry Centre
Jeffrey Milder, EcoAgriculture Partners
Photo: CGIAR Climate

31. Landscape approaches found across the
continent
Forests
Drylands
Wetlands
Watersheds
Cross boundary
Production systems
Conservation reserves

32. Availability of data
• Basic information reasonably easy to find
• But reporting is not complete or easily accessible
• NGO work particularly difficult to track down
• More propoganda than reliable, quantified data
• Little on impact

33. Key themes of landscape initiatives (n=68)
Ecosystems services
Policy/governance
Conservation/ biodiversity
Land degradation
Investment/finance
Land degradation
Poverty/ livelihoods
Productive systems
Communities/ CD
NR management
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

34. Preliminary evidence & implications
• Most projects dominated by NRM, with design by conservationists
• Development aspects often appear weak: where are the people’s
needs?
 Mention of livelihoods > poverty alleviation > improved incomes
• Some focus on governance; little on policy and legislation (IUCN a
commendable exception)
• Very mixed approaches to investment, from serious intent
(TerrAfrica) to passing mention
• Surprisingly little on climate change, ecosystems services, or tourism
• Impact quantification generally weak

35. Implications for future projects
• Need much more study of costs and
benefits, with quantitative
comparisons of approaches
• Need much more focus on impacts
(landscapes and people)

36. Thanks for your
attention!