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Authenticity research and label control are
inevitable parts of proper food and feed safety
L.W.D. van Raamsdonk, J. de Jong, G. van der Veer, I.M.J. Scholtens, M.Y. Noordam, S.M. van Ruth

Background
Official controls are carried out to verify compliance with rules on food and
feed safety and labelling (Regulation (EC) No 882/2004). Safety
requirements in general consist of maximum (residue) levels for specified
hazardous substances in specified matrices or products, e.g. residues of
veterinary drugs (Regulation (EC) No 37/2010), contaminants in feed
(Directive 2002/32/EC). Therefore, establishment of the authenticity and
composition of a sample, based on proper method availability 1, form a
major part of the fundament of food safety research.

Enforcement as
part of feed and
food safety
research

Objective
Authenticity research and label control, conform Regulation (EC) 767/2009
(feed), Directive 2000/13/EC (food) and Directive 2001/110/EC (honey)
a.o., are necessary for enforcement of legal limits, and provide guidance
for applying the proper detection methods. Consumer protection and
information will be facilitated in this way. Three examples will be presented
to illustrate this importance.

Contaminant
monitoring

Authenticity,
label control

Method availability

Example 1: horse meat

Example 2: marsh mallow

Example 3: manuka honey

Early 2013, large batches of beef were
adulterated with horse meat. Besides the issue
of economic fraud, products labelled as beef
are not tested for veterinary drugs applied for
horse treatments, such as phenylbutazone 2.
Approx. 1% of the adulterated samples
appeared to contain this medicine. Reliable
information on composition is necessary for a
proper monitoring.

Tea of root cuttings of Marsh mallow is used
as a herbal medicine. In the Netherlands a
batch of marsh mallow appeared to be
adulterated with deadly nightshade. Several
consumers were taken into hospital for
atropine poisoning 3. Microscopic research
revealed a major share (60-70%) of roots of
deadly nightshade. Proper product
identification will facilitate product safety.

Manuka honey is consumed for its general
health enhancing properties. Near Infrared
Spectroscopy and pollen profiling can be
used to detect honey batches which are
artificially produced to mimic natural manuka
honey 4. Product composition research can
be used to test the reliability of the label
information and to properly inform
consumers.

Use of horses as meat
source

PCR identification of horse
DNA

Marshmallow roots used
for herbal tea.

Conclusions and recommendations
• A range of methods may contribute to the analysis of composition
and authenticity, such as DNA analysis, microscopy and profiling
methods. Attention is needed for proper method development and
availability.
• Authenticity research and label control should have a principal
position in the enforcement of food and feed safety.
• An information strategy to stakeholders and consumers can only
successfully be applied with sufficient information on identity and
authenticity.
RIKILT Wageningen UR
P.O. Box 123, 6700 AB Wageningen
Contact: Leo.vanRaamsdonk@wur.nl
T + 31 (0)317 481585
www.wageningenur.nl/en/rikilt

Starch grains of Atropa
belladonna, without and
with polarisation.

Spectra of Manuka honey and Pollen grains from Manuka
of Acacia honey, as examples honey. Meaning of letters:
of general honey spectra.
Ma: manuka, Lot: Lotus,
Eu: Eucalyptus.

References
1: E. Kok, M. van der Spiegel, T. Prins, V. Manti, M. Groot, M. Bremer, L. van
Raamsdonk, I. van der Fels, S. van Ruth. Traceability. In: Y. Pico (ed.), Chemical
analysis of food. Techniques and application. Elsevier / Academic Press, Amsterdam.
ISBN 978-0-12-384862-8.
2: Joint statement of EFSA and EMA on the presence of residues of phenylbutazone in
horse meat. EFSA Journal 2013;11(4): 3190.
3: P. Adamse, H.P. van Egmond , 2010. Tropane alkaloids in food. RIKILT report
2010.011.
4: B. Duijnhouwer, 2011. Authentication of Manuka honey using rapid fingerprinting
techniques. Student report, RIKILT, Wageningen.

Acknowledgements
A number of RIKILT colleagues participated in parts of the presented research. Resources for
the research were provided by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs.

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Authenticity research at RIKILT: role of visual research

  • 1. Authenticity research and label control are inevitable parts of proper food and feed safety L.W.D. van Raamsdonk, J. de Jong, G. van der Veer, I.M.J. Scholtens, M.Y. Noordam, S.M. van Ruth Background Official controls are carried out to verify compliance with rules on food and feed safety and labelling (Regulation (EC) No 882/2004). Safety requirements in general consist of maximum (residue) levels for specified hazardous substances in specified matrices or products, e.g. residues of veterinary drugs (Regulation (EC) No 37/2010), contaminants in feed (Directive 2002/32/EC). Therefore, establishment of the authenticity and composition of a sample, based on proper method availability 1, form a major part of the fundament of food safety research. Enforcement as part of feed and food safety research Objective Authenticity research and label control, conform Regulation (EC) 767/2009 (feed), Directive 2000/13/EC (food) and Directive 2001/110/EC (honey) a.o., are necessary for enforcement of legal limits, and provide guidance for applying the proper detection methods. Consumer protection and information will be facilitated in this way. Three examples will be presented to illustrate this importance. Contaminant monitoring Authenticity, label control Method availability Example 1: horse meat Example 2: marsh mallow Example 3: manuka honey Early 2013, large batches of beef were adulterated with horse meat. Besides the issue of economic fraud, products labelled as beef are not tested for veterinary drugs applied for horse treatments, such as phenylbutazone 2. Approx. 1% of the adulterated samples appeared to contain this medicine. Reliable information on composition is necessary for a proper monitoring. Tea of root cuttings of Marsh mallow is used as a herbal medicine. In the Netherlands a batch of marsh mallow appeared to be adulterated with deadly nightshade. Several consumers were taken into hospital for atropine poisoning 3. Microscopic research revealed a major share (60-70%) of roots of deadly nightshade. Proper product identification will facilitate product safety. Manuka honey is consumed for its general health enhancing properties. Near Infrared Spectroscopy and pollen profiling can be used to detect honey batches which are artificially produced to mimic natural manuka honey 4. Product composition research can be used to test the reliability of the label information and to properly inform consumers. Use of horses as meat source PCR identification of horse DNA Marshmallow roots used for herbal tea. Conclusions and recommendations • A range of methods may contribute to the analysis of composition and authenticity, such as DNA analysis, microscopy and profiling methods. Attention is needed for proper method development and availability. • Authenticity research and label control should have a principal position in the enforcement of food and feed safety. • An information strategy to stakeholders and consumers can only successfully be applied with sufficient information on identity and authenticity. RIKILT Wageningen UR P.O. Box 123, 6700 AB Wageningen Contact: Leo.vanRaamsdonk@wur.nl T + 31 (0)317 481585 www.wageningenur.nl/en/rikilt Starch grains of Atropa belladonna, without and with polarisation. Spectra of Manuka honey and Pollen grains from Manuka of Acacia honey, as examples honey. Meaning of letters: of general honey spectra. Ma: manuka, Lot: Lotus, Eu: Eucalyptus. References 1: E. Kok, M. van der Spiegel, T. Prins, V. Manti, M. Groot, M. Bremer, L. van Raamsdonk, I. van der Fels, S. van Ruth. Traceability. In: Y. Pico (ed.), Chemical analysis of food. Techniques and application. Elsevier / Academic Press, Amsterdam. ISBN 978-0-12-384862-8. 2: Joint statement of EFSA and EMA on the presence of residues of phenylbutazone in horse meat. EFSA Journal 2013;11(4): 3190. 3: P. Adamse, H.P. van Egmond , 2010. Tropane alkaloids in food. RIKILT report 2010.011. 4: B. Duijnhouwer, 2011. Authentication of Manuka honey using rapid fingerprinting techniques. Student report, RIKILT, Wageningen. Acknowledgements A number of RIKILT colleagues participated in parts of the presented research. Resources for the research were provided by the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs.