1. Chemical Bonding in Sports
BY: Glizyl Luna

2. What is hemoglobin?
● It is a protein
● It is found in red
blood cells
● They're responsible
for carrying oxygen
from the lungs to all
other tissues of the
body.

3. How is hemoglobin important in the
transport of oxygen in our bodies?
 It is the binding of
oxygen to the iron
inside hemoglobin
that enables our
blood to carry
enough oxygen to
our cells to keep
the other tissues
working.

4. Why is the transport or oxygen by
hemoglobin a real-life example of
chemical bonding?
● It is an example of
chemical bonding
because each
hemoglobin molecule
attaches to four
oxygen atoms.

5. How is hemoglobin related to a
successful climb to the top of Mt.
Everest?
● When you climb the
mountain your
metabolism get high
which means the pH is
lower than normal and
causes the
hemoglobin to release
more oxygen than
usual.
● It increases the
oxygen to the muscle.

6. What does pH have to do with the
transport of oxygen by hemoglobin?
● Temperature changes
also influence the
binding of oxygen to
hemoglobin.
● In the warmth of the
interior organs, the curve
is shifted to the right (the
pH 7.2) helping to unload
the oxygen

7. What is blood doping?
● Blood doping is the
act of increasing
the number of red
blood cells in
circulation in order
to enhance the
amount of oxygen
that is carried into
your muscles from
your lungs.

8. What is the difference between autologous
and homologous blood doping?
● Autologous blood
doping is the use of
one's own blood for
transfusion.
● Homologous blood
doping is the
transfusion of blood
from a donor, other
than oneself.

9. What is EPO and why is it used?
● EPO stands for
erythropoietin
● It is a protein hormone
produced by the kidney.
● It is used to treat certain
forms of anemia.

10. The Medical uses of blood doping
● It was developed for
treating the reduction
in red blood cells that
comes with kidney
disease, HIV, cancer,
and those undergoing
surgery.
● It also is used by
increasing exercise
performance.

11. Why is blood doping used in sports?
● It is used in sports
because it can carry
more oxygen to the
muscles which is used
by athletes who
compete in high
endurance races.

12. A documented example of blood doping
used in sport
● Pre-race favourite Alexandre
Vinokourov tested positive for blood
doping after winning Saturday's time-
trial stage of the Tour de France.
● Vinokourov has asked for a second
blood sample to be tested, but his
Astana team have now withdrawn
from the race.
● Astana said two distinct types of red
blood cells were found in
Vinokourov's sample indicating he
had had a blood transfusion before
Saturday's stage.
● If Vinokourov's B-sample also tests
positive he faces a two-year ban.

13. nd
A 2 documented example of blood
doping in sports
The Vuelta a España has been rocked
this morning by news that Tyler
Hamilton (Phonak), has returned two
positive blood tests that showed
evidence of a homologous blood
transfusion. One test was performed at
the Athens Olympics and another at the
Vuelta on September 13. Both tests
showed evidence of a "mixed red blood
cell population, an indication of a
homologous blood transfusion,"
Phonak's press officer Georges
Lüchinger was quoted by AP as saying.
The results of the counter-analyses are
not yet known, but are expected today
(Tuesday).

14. Side effects of blood doping
● Bacterial infections
● Heart disease
● Stroke
● Cerebral or
pulmonary embolism
● Autoimmune
diseases