Immunity & principles of vaccination

IMMUNITY & PRINCIPLES OF VACCINATION A Presentation by M. Isaac Umapathy, Department of Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, International Medical & Technological University, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania.

Introduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Introduction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Edward Jenner The Father of Immunization

The Immune System ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Blood cells are produced in bone marrow where fighter cells are trained or sent to the thymus gland.

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Lymphoid Organs

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Lymphoid Organs

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Lymphoid Organs

Types of immunity Adaptive Innate ( Non specific , Natural ) ( Specific, Aquired ) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Innate Immunity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Innate Immunity - General Barriers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Innate Immunity - Physical Barriers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Innate Immunity -Chemical Barriers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Innate Immunity -Biological Barriers ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Adaptive Immunity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Classification of Adaptive Immunity ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

OVERVIEW OF IMMUNE RESPONSES Endogenous challenge ,[object Object],[object Object],Exogenous challenge ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Host immune responses Anergy No Innate immunity Adaptive immunity Cellular ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Humoral ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Cellular Humoral ,[object Object],[object Object],Immune dysfunction ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Inadequate or misdirected Yes Yes

Antibody ,[object Object],[object Object],Antibody

OVERVIEW OF HUMORAL & CELL – MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

Vaccination ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Vaccination

Vaccination ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Vaccine production.

Principles of Vaccination ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Principles of Vaccination ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Characteristics of Effective Vaccines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Passive Immunization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Passive Immunization Acute thrombocytopenia and neutropenia Pooled human ig Some autoimmune disease Post-bite Horse Snakebite Prophylaxis Immune human Measles Prophylaxis Pooled human Ig Hepatitis A Post-exposure prophylaxis Immune human Hepatitis B Post exposure (plus vaccine) Immune human Rabies Post-exposure in immunodeficiency Immune human Varicella-Zoster Post-exposure Horse Botulism Post-exposure Horse Gas gangrene Post-exposure Horse Diptheria Post exposure (plus vaccine) Immune human; horse Tetanus Indications Source of Antiserum Infection

Active Immunization ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Approaches to Vaccine Design ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Antigen Preparations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Antigen Preparations Used in Vaccines Typhoid (New) Subcellular fragment Diphtheria Inactivated toxin (toxoid) Tetanus Cholera (New) Meningococcus Capsular polysaccharide Pneumococcus Haemophilus Hepatitis B Surface antigen Cholera Influenza Typhoid Poli (Salk) Pertussis Rabies Whole killed oranism Varicella-Zoster Yellow fever Polio (Sabin) Rubella Typhoid (New) Mumps BCG Measles Living attenuated organism Vaccinia (Cowpox) Normal heterologous organism Examples Viruses Bacteria Type of antigen

Adjuvants ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Experimental Adjuvants Currently Undergoing Assessment Experimental only Cytokines: IL-1, IL-2, IFN γ . Slow-release devices, Freunds adjuvant. Immune complexes. Experimental, but likely to be approved Liposomes (small synthetic lipid vesicles). Muramyl dipeptide, an active component of Mycobacterial cell walls. Immune stimulating complexes ( ISCOMS) (e.g. from cholesterol or phospholipids). Bacterial toxins (E. coli, pertussis, cholera).

DNA Vaccines ,[object Object],[object Object]

Recombinant Vaccines ,[object Object],[object Object]

Cytokines ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Bacterial Vaccines ,[object Object],[object Object]

Viral Vaccines ,[object Object],[object Object]

Vaccines to Other Infectious Agents ,[object Object],[object Object]

Tumor Vaccines ,[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome No vaccine

Obstacles to Development of HIV Vaccine ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

Immunity & principles of vaccination

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Immunity & principles of vaccination