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Palindrome, Restriction Enzyme, Sticky Ends
                            Arber, Nathans, Smith (1978)


  CIVIC, Madam                  Sticky Ends
                              (Cohesive Ends)

   GAATTC                   G            AATTC
   GAATTC                   AATTC                       G


      EcoRI
                                 G AATTC
                                 G AATTC
Get An Apple To The Class
                                               Juang RH (2004) BCbasics
Restriction Mapping of DNA

   Restriction
    enzymes
CK A   B A+B M         A              B       10 kb


                  A 8 kb
                    2 kb


                  B 7 kb
                    3 kb

                  A 5 kb
                  + 3 kb
                  B 2 kb

                                    Juang RH (2004) BCbasics
The Specific Cutting and Ligation of DNA
        GAATTC                        GAATTC
        CTTAAG                        CTTAAG

                        EcoRI
        G   AATTC                     G     AATTC
        CTTAA      G                  CTTAA         G



        G               G   AATTC           AATTC
        CTTAA           CTTAA   G                   G
EcoRI sticky end                          EcoRI sticky end
                       D N A Ligase
                        G AATTC
                        CTTAA G
                                             Juang RH (2004) BCbasics

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Restriction

  • 1. Palindrome, Restriction Enzyme, Sticky Ends Arber, Nathans, Smith (1978) CIVIC, Madam Sticky Ends (Cohesive Ends) GAATTC G AATTC GAATTC AATTC G EcoRI G AATTC G AATTC Get An Apple To The Class Juang RH (2004) BCbasics
  • 2. Restriction Mapping of DNA Restriction enzymes CK A B A+B M A B 10 kb A 8 kb 2 kb B 7 kb 3 kb A 5 kb + 3 kb B 2 kb Juang RH (2004) BCbasics
  • 3. The Specific Cutting and Ligation of DNA GAATTC GAATTC CTTAAG CTTAAG EcoRI G AATTC G AATTC CTTAA G CTTAA G G G AATTC AATTC CTTAA CTTAA G G EcoRI sticky end EcoRI sticky end D N A Ligase G AATTC CTTAA G Juang RH (2004) BCbasics

Notas del editor

  1. 核酸 的構成序列中,有一種特殊鹼基序列,其鹼基的排列是前後互補 ( 如 GAATTC) ,稱之為 palindrome ;此字是文學上的用字,文句可以自由由前面向後念,或由後面向前面念者稱之 ( 如 madam) 。 有一大類酵素,可以辨認核酸序列上的這種特殊構造,並且予以水解,統稱為 限制脢 (restriction enzyme) ;這是因為含有某種限制脢的大腸菌,會限制某些入侵的病毒攻擊。 天字第一號的限制脢為 Eco RI ,是從大腸桿菌分離出來的,把 GAATTC 序列不對稱地切開,切口會形成 sticky ends (cohesive ends) 。 具有相同 sticky ends 的核酸片段,可以互相準確地黏在一起,在基因重組技術上有很大貢獻。
  2. 因為 限制脢可以辨認核酸序列上的特定序列,因此對某段固定的核酸,每次用相同限制脢所切的位置是固定的,所得到的大小片段也都是恆定的,這些片段可用電泳分離之,稱為限制脢圖譜。 當然,使用不同的限制脢會切在不同的地方,因此 A, B 兩種限制脢所切得的電泳圖譜也會不同。 若 同時 使用這兩種限制脢,則由所得到的圖譜,可推出這兩種限制脢在該段核酸上的切點位置。 例如上面的兩種限制脢分別切出 2 + 8 (A) 以及 3 + 7 (B) 兩種圖譜,合起來都是 10 kb ,對其切點的預測有兩種可能;但經由混合水解所得到的 2 + 3 + 5 片段,可以推出兩個限制脢切點之間相隔 5 kb ,若不做混合水解則無法得知。
  3. 限制脢 所切出來的 sticky ends ,可以與另一相同的 sticky end 相連結,再用 DNA ligase 連結脢把各股接好,這使得 DNA 的剪接非常精準有效,是基因操作的最基本工具之一。任何兩個鈍端 (blunt ends) 也可相互連接,而且沒有專一性,但其連結效率非常低。 這些工具提供了在核酸序列上的精確剪接動作,可以像編輯錄音帶一樣,把所要的核酸片段剪出,然後接到另一段核酸上,開啟了基因操作的大門,科學家也快樂地打開了潘多拉的盒子。