4/7 ppt for the test tom

1. Kidney Diseases

2. Acute kidney injury (AKI)
• a rapid loss of kidney function
Causes
• Prerenal
Volume depletion
Hypotension
Cardiovascular
• Postrenal
Calculus
Blood clot
Papillary necrosis
Urethral stricture
malignancy

3. Urinary tract infection(UTI)
• A bacterial infection that affects any part of the
urinary tract
Symptoms:
• frequent feeling and/or need to urinate
• pain during urination
• cloudy urine
Urinary tract infection can be treated with antibiotics

4. Renal cell carcinoma
• A kidney disease that originates in the lining of
the proximal convoluted tubule (very small tubes in the
kidney that filter the blood and remove waste products)
Symptoms
• abnormal urine color (dark, rusty, or brown)
• loin pain
• abdominal mass
• recurrent fevers
• chronic fatigue
• cold intolerance
• back pain

5. Nephrotic syndrome
• a nonspecific disorder in which the kidneys are damaged,
causing them to leak large amounts of protein from the blood
into the urine
Symptoms
• Foam in the toilet water, which may be caused by excess
protein in your urine
• Weight gain due to excess fluid retention
• Swelling around your eyes and in your ankles and feet
Treatment
• Medicines
• care for other conditions
• changes in diet

6. Symptoms
• Nausea, vomiting
• Dehydration
• Confusion
• Hypertension

7. Urinary retention
a lack of ability to urinate or the inability to empty
the bladder
Symptoms
• Urinate frequently
• You may feel an urgent need to urinate but have little
success when you get to the toilet
• you may feel you still have to go after you've finished
urinating