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International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 1
International Business
Strategy, Management & the New Realities
by
Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger
Chapter 11
Global Strategy and
Organization
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 2
What Is Strategy?
A plan of action that channels an organization’s
resources so that it can effectively differentiate itself
from competitors, accomplish distinctive goals, and
achieve superior performance.
• Managers develop strategies based on the
organization’s strengths and weaknesses, and
evaluation of opportunities and threats.
• Managers primarily make decisions about the firm’s
production and marketing activities, and the
development and allocation of resources devoted to
these.
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 3
Strategy Should Pinpoint to Actions
• Formulate a strong international vision
• Allocate scarce resources on a worldwide
basis
• Participate in major markets
• Implement global partnerships
• Engage in global competitive moves
• Configure value-adding activities on a
global scale
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 4
Four Strategic Objectives
• Efficiency – minimize the cost of operations
and activities
• Effectiveness – maximize revenues
• Flexibility – tap local resources and
opportunities to maximize options for the firm
• Learning – add to proprietary technology,
brand name and management capabilities by
internalizing knowledge gained from
international ventures.
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 5
Multidomestic and Global Industries
• Multidomestic industries. Firms apply a country-by-
country approach to product development and
marketing, as dictated by specific needs, tastes, laws,
and economic situation. Competition is on a country-
by-country basis. E.g., food and beverage, consumer
products, clothing and fashion industries.
• Global industries. Firms devise products and
marketing appropriate for an entire region or for the
world. Competition takes place on a regional or
worldwide scale. E.g., aerospace, automobiles,
telecommunications, computers, chemicals, and
industrial equipment industries.
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 7
Global Integration
• A characteristic of global industries in which
firms coordinate their value-chain activities
across many countries in order to maximize
efficiency, effectiveness, flexibility, and
learning.
• Global integration promotes learning and
cross-fertilization, as well as reduction of
wasteful duplication (‘redundancy’), across
the firm’s operations worldwide.
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 8
Pressures for Global Integration
• Economies of Scale. Concentrating manufacturing in a few
select locations to achieve economies of mass production.
• Capitalize on converging consumer trends and universal
needs. Companies such as Nike, Dell, ING, and Coca-Cola
offer products that appeal to customers everywhere.
• Uniform service to global customers. Services are easier to
standardize when their creation and delivery are centralized
• Global sourcing of raw materials, components, energy,
and labor. Sourcing from large-scale, centralized suppliers
provides economies of scale and consistent performance.
• Global competitors. Global coordination is necessary to
monitor and respond to global competitive threats.
• Availability of media that reaches customers in multiple
markets. Firms now take advantage of the Internet and
cross-national television to promote offerings in many
countries simultaneously.
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 9
Local Responsiveness
• A characteristic of multidomestic industries in
which firms attempt to meet the specific needs of
buyers in individual countries, as well as adapt to
the local competitive environment and distribution
structure.
• Although most firms prefer a global integration
approach, some degree of local responsiveness is
necessary due to differences in individual markets.
• For example, given distinctive local conditions,
Wal-Mart store managers in Mexico had to adjust
store hours, the merchandise mix, marketing
approaches, and employee training.
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 10
Pressures for Local Responsiveness
• Diversity of local customer needs. E.g., products in the
food and furniture industries require much adaptation.
• Differences in distribution channels. E.g., systems in
Japan, China, India, and Eastern Europe vary greatly.
• Local competition. Where many local rivals are present,
it is best to offer carefully adapted products and have a
local presence to maximize knowledge of competitors.
• Cultural differences. For products where cultural
differences are important, such as books and kitchen
appliances, products and marketing need to be
substantially adapted.
• Host government requirements and regulations. The
firm must follow local laws and regulations.
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 11
Four Strategies Emerging from
the Integration-Responsiveness Framework
1. Home replication strategy
2. Multidomestic strategy
3. Global strategy
4. Transnational strategy
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 13
Home Replication Strategy
• The firm views international business as
separate from, and secondary to, its domestic
business.
• International business typically pursued to
generate additional sales for domestic products
• Products are designed with domestic customers
in mind; i.e., not adapted for foreign markets.
• The firm expects little knowledge flows from
foreign operations.
• Usually based on simple exporting
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 14
Multidomestic Strategy
(aka Multi-Local Strategy)
• Headquarters delegates much autonomy to each
country manager, allowing him/her to operate
independently and pursue local responsiveness.
• The managers substantially adapt products and
practices to suit local conditions.
• The managers function independently, with little
incentive to share knowledge with managers
elsewhere.
• The firm ends up with a collection of disconnected
markets, with no coordination or integration of
national markets.
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 15
Global Strategy
• Headquarters pursues global integration, seeking to
control country operations in order to minimize
duplication, and maximize efficiency, effectiveness,
and learning worldwide.
• Emphasizes centralized coordination and control of
R&D, production, marketing, and after-sales service
• Management views the world as one large
marketplace.
• The firm offers standardized products, using
standardized marketing
• Main advantages: lower costs; easier to manage
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 16
Transnational Strategy
• A tug of war – the firm attempts to strike some
ideal balance between global and multidomestic
strategies.
• Combines the major advantages of
multidomestic and global strategies, while
minimizing their disadvantages.
• Applies the model ‘standardize whenever
possible; adapt when necessary.
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 17
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 18
IKEA Applies a Transnational Strategy
• Some 90% of the product line is identical
across more than two dozen countries. IKEA
modifies some of its furniture to suit individual
countries.
• IKEA’s marketing is centrally developed at
company headquarters, but implemented with
local adjustments (e.g., to suit language
differences in catalogs).
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 19
Organizational Structure
• The reporting relationships inside the firm –
“the boxes and lines” that specify the linkages
among people, functions, and processes that
allow the firm to carry out its operations.
• In larger international firms, organizational
structure includes subsidiaries, affiliates,
suppliers, and various other partners.
• A fundamental issue concerns the choice
between centralization and decentralization
of decision-making and value-chain activities.
A
An MNE Network
H
B
C
D
E
F
SD
BD
CD
RD
A : Home plant
H: Headquarters
B … F: Subsidiaries
Subsidiary Level Network
S: Suppliers R: Regulatory institutions
B: Buyers C: Customers SEBE
CE RE
SB
BB
CB
RB
SA BA
CA RA
SF BF
CF
RF
SC
BC
CC
RC
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 22
Alternative Organizational Arrangements
• The export department, with the international
division as a variant.
• The decentralized structure involves
geographic area division
• The centralized structure involve either
product or functional division
• A global matrix structure blends the
geographic, product and functional structures
although this is complex and difficult to
achieve.
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 28
Global Matrix Structure
• An arrangement that blends the geographic area,
product, and functional structures in an attempt to
leverage the benefits of a purely global strategy
and maximize global organizational learning, while
remaining responsive to local needs.
• It is an attempt to capture the benefits of the
geographic area, product, and functional
organization structures simultaneously, while
minimizing their shortcomings.
• Closely associated with Transnational Strategy
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 29
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 31
Examples of Visionary Leaders
• Ratan N. Tata, the chairman of the Tata Group,
transformed this Indian conglomerate into a
transnational organization. Tata oversees a $22
billion family conglomerate whose companies
market a range of products from automobiles to
watches.
• Carlos Ghosn, the CEO of Nissan and Renault,
has transformed a Japanese automotive firm
from bankruptcy to profitable operations.
• Toyota CEO Fujio Cho has led his firm to record
sales in the intensely competitive global
automobile industry.
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 32
Organizational Culture
• The pattern of shared values, norms of behavior,
systems, policies, and procedures that
employees learn and adopt. The ‘personality’ of
the firm.
• Leading MNEs attempt to instill a ‘global culture’
in the firm’s operations worldwide, by
emphasizing a ‘borderless mindset’, developing
internationally sophisticated managers, and
emphasizing the firm’s global performance. E.g.,
Nestle, Nissan, Schlumberger, Unilever
International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 33
Organizational Processes
Managerial routines, mechanisms, and
technologies that allow the firm to function as
intended.
Examples
• GE digitizes all key documents and uses
intranets and the Internet to automate many
activities and reduce operating costs.
• Schlumberger keeps a huge database of skilled
individuals within the firm available to all
subsidiaries on the corporate intranet.

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Stratergy

  • 1. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 1 International Business Strategy, Management & the New Realities by Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger Chapter 11 Global Strategy and Organization
  • 2. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 2 What Is Strategy? A plan of action that channels an organization’s resources so that it can effectively differentiate itself from competitors, accomplish distinctive goals, and achieve superior performance. • Managers develop strategies based on the organization’s strengths and weaknesses, and evaluation of opportunities and threats. • Managers primarily make decisions about the firm’s production and marketing activities, and the development and allocation of resources devoted to these.
  • 3. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 3 Strategy Should Pinpoint to Actions • Formulate a strong international vision • Allocate scarce resources on a worldwide basis • Participate in major markets • Implement global partnerships • Engage in global competitive moves • Configure value-adding activities on a global scale
  • 4. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 4 Four Strategic Objectives • Efficiency – minimize the cost of operations and activities • Effectiveness – maximize revenues • Flexibility – tap local resources and opportunities to maximize options for the firm • Learning – add to proprietary technology, brand name and management capabilities by internalizing knowledge gained from international ventures.
  • 5. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 5 Multidomestic and Global Industries • Multidomestic industries. Firms apply a country-by- country approach to product development and marketing, as dictated by specific needs, tastes, laws, and economic situation. Competition is on a country- by-country basis. E.g., food and beverage, consumer products, clothing and fashion industries. • Global industries. Firms devise products and marketing appropriate for an entire region or for the world. Competition takes place on a regional or worldwide scale. E.g., aerospace, automobiles, telecommunications, computers, chemicals, and industrial equipment industries.
  • 6.
  • 7. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 7 Global Integration • A characteristic of global industries in which firms coordinate their value-chain activities across many countries in order to maximize efficiency, effectiveness, flexibility, and learning. • Global integration promotes learning and cross-fertilization, as well as reduction of wasteful duplication (‘redundancy’), across the firm’s operations worldwide.
  • 8. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 8 Pressures for Global Integration • Economies of Scale. Concentrating manufacturing in a few select locations to achieve economies of mass production. • Capitalize on converging consumer trends and universal needs. Companies such as Nike, Dell, ING, and Coca-Cola offer products that appeal to customers everywhere. • Uniform service to global customers. Services are easier to standardize when their creation and delivery are centralized • Global sourcing of raw materials, components, energy, and labor. Sourcing from large-scale, centralized suppliers provides economies of scale and consistent performance. • Global competitors. Global coordination is necessary to monitor and respond to global competitive threats. • Availability of media that reaches customers in multiple markets. Firms now take advantage of the Internet and cross-national television to promote offerings in many countries simultaneously.
  • 9. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 9 Local Responsiveness • A characteristic of multidomestic industries in which firms attempt to meet the specific needs of buyers in individual countries, as well as adapt to the local competitive environment and distribution structure. • Although most firms prefer a global integration approach, some degree of local responsiveness is necessary due to differences in individual markets. • For example, given distinctive local conditions, Wal-Mart store managers in Mexico had to adjust store hours, the merchandise mix, marketing approaches, and employee training.
  • 10. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 10 Pressures for Local Responsiveness • Diversity of local customer needs. E.g., products in the food and furniture industries require much adaptation. • Differences in distribution channels. E.g., systems in Japan, China, India, and Eastern Europe vary greatly. • Local competition. Where many local rivals are present, it is best to offer carefully adapted products and have a local presence to maximize knowledge of competitors. • Cultural differences. For products where cultural differences are important, such as books and kitchen appliances, products and marketing need to be substantially adapted. • Host government requirements and regulations. The firm must follow local laws and regulations.
  • 11. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 11 Four Strategies Emerging from the Integration-Responsiveness Framework 1. Home replication strategy 2. Multidomestic strategy 3. Global strategy 4. Transnational strategy
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  • 13. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 13 Home Replication Strategy • The firm views international business as separate from, and secondary to, its domestic business. • International business typically pursued to generate additional sales for domestic products • Products are designed with domestic customers in mind; i.e., not adapted for foreign markets. • The firm expects little knowledge flows from foreign operations. • Usually based on simple exporting
  • 14. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 14 Multidomestic Strategy (aka Multi-Local Strategy) • Headquarters delegates much autonomy to each country manager, allowing him/her to operate independently and pursue local responsiveness. • The managers substantially adapt products and practices to suit local conditions. • The managers function independently, with little incentive to share knowledge with managers elsewhere. • The firm ends up with a collection of disconnected markets, with no coordination or integration of national markets.
  • 15. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 15 Global Strategy • Headquarters pursues global integration, seeking to control country operations in order to minimize duplication, and maximize efficiency, effectiveness, and learning worldwide. • Emphasizes centralized coordination and control of R&D, production, marketing, and after-sales service • Management views the world as one large marketplace. • The firm offers standardized products, using standardized marketing • Main advantages: lower costs; easier to manage
  • 16. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 16 Transnational Strategy • A tug of war – the firm attempts to strike some ideal balance between global and multidomestic strategies. • Combines the major advantages of multidomestic and global strategies, while minimizing their disadvantages. • Applies the model ‘standardize whenever possible; adapt when necessary.
  • 17. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 17
  • 18. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 18 IKEA Applies a Transnational Strategy • Some 90% of the product line is identical across more than two dozen countries. IKEA modifies some of its furniture to suit individual countries. • IKEA’s marketing is centrally developed at company headquarters, but implemented with local adjustments (e.g., to suit language differences in catalogs).
  • 19. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 19 Organizational Structure • The reporting relationships inside the firm – “the boxes and lines” that specify the linkages among people, functions, and processes that allow the firm to carry out its operations. • In larger international firms, organizational structure includes subsidiaries, affiliates, suppliers, and various other partners. • A fundamental issue concerns the choice between centralization and decentralization of decision-making and value-chain activities.
  • 20. A An MNE Network H B C D E F SD BD CD RD A : Home plant H: Headquarters B … F: Subsidiaries Subsidiary Level Network S: Suppliers R: Regulatory institutions B: Buyers C: Customers SEBE CE RE SB BB CB RB SA BA CA RA SF BF CF RF SC BC CC RC
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  • 22. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 22 Alternative Organizational Arrangements • The export department, with the international division as a variant. • The decentralized structure involves geographic area division • The centralized structure involve either product or functional division • A global matrix structure blends the geographic, product and functional structures although this is complex and difficult to achieve.
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  • 28. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 28 Global Matrix Structure • An arrangement that blends the geographic area, product, and functional structures in an attempt to leverage the benefits of a purely global strategy and maximize global organizational learning, while remaining responsive to local needs. • It is an attempt to capture the benefits of the geographic area, product, and functional organization structures simultaneously, while minimizing their shortcomings. • Closely associated with Transnational Strategy
  • 29. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 29
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  • 31. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 31 Examples of Visionary Leaders • Ratan N. Tata, the chairman of the Tata Group, transformed this Indian conglomerate into a transnational organization. Tata oversees a $22 billion family conglomerate whose companies market a range of products from automobiles to watches. • Carlos Ghosn, the CEO of Nissan and Renault, has transformed a Japanese automotive firm from bankruptcy to profitable operations. • Toyota CEO Fujio Cho has led his firm to record sales in the intensely competitive global automobile industry.
  • 32. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 32 Organizational Culture • The pattern of shared values, norms of behavior, systems, policies, and procedures that employees learn and adopt. The ‘personality’ of the firm. • Leading MNEs attempt to instill a ‘global culture’ in the firm’s operations worldwide, by emphasizing a ‘borderless mindset’, developing internationally sophisticated managers, and emphasizing the firm’s global performance. E.g., Nestle, Nissan, Schlumberger, Unilever
  • 33. International Business: Strategy, Management, and the New Realities 33 Organizational Processes Managerial routines, mechanisms, and technologies that allow the firm to function as intended. Examples • GE digitizes all key documents and uses intranets and the Internet to automate many activities and reduce operating costs. • Schlumberger keeps a huge database of skilled individuals within the firm available to all subsidiaries on the corporate intranet.