Radio

BY
MANISHA VAGHELA

By: MANISHA VAGHELA vaghela_manisha13@yahoo.com 1

• A combination of a number of discoveries of electro
magnetic waves, radio waves, the wireless telegraph and
the triode amplifier valve by scientists and technicians from
different countries gave rise to the development of wireless
telegraphy and later to radio broadcasting.
• WWI prompted the industrialization of wireless telegraphy.
In US the radio created a communication environment in
which amateurs could operate freely.
• Radio Broadcasting needed the mass production of receivers
and marketing for it to be commercially viable. WWI
military requirements facilitated this.
• Earliest radio transmission in 1915 were by universities to
disseminate news.


• First radio stations were set up in Pittsburg, New York and
Chicago in 1920s to broadcast election news, sporting events and
even opera performances.
• By mid 1923 as many as 450 stations sprouted across US

• In Europe, public service oriented broadcasting supported by
taxes or license fees rather than advertising oriented
commercial broadcasting found widespread favour.
• Thus as CBS Columbia Broadcasting Station and NBC National
Broadcasting Stations in the US were established as private
stations, the British Government took the initiative to set up
BBC in 1920 as an autonomous public service corporation.


Development of Radio in India

• Broadcasting was introduced in India by amateur radio
clubs in Calcutta, Bombay, Madras and Lahore.
• Before the clubs launched their ventures, several
experimental broadcasts were conducted in Bombay and
other cities.
• The Times of India records that a broadcast was
transmitted from the roof of it’s building on August 20,
1921.
• By the mid-1930s, there were around 20 amateur radio
operators in India
• Amateur radio operators played an important part in
the Indian independence movement with the
establishment of illegal pro-independence radio stations
in the 1940s.


• The three decades after India's independence saw only
slow growth in the numbers of operators until the
then Prime Minister of India and amateur radio
operator, Rajiv Gandhi, waived the import duty on
wireless equipment in 1984.
• Since then, numbers have picked up, and as of 2007,
there were more than 16,000 operators in the country.
• Amateur radio operators have played a vital role during
disasters and national emergencies such as earthquakes,
tsunamis, cyclones, floods, and bomb blasts, by providing
voluntary emergency communications in the affected
areas.


All India Radio

• All India Radio (AIR), officially known since 1956
as Akashvani is the radio broadcaster of India and a
division of Prasar Bharati. Established in 1936, it is the sister
service of Prasar Bharati's Doordarshan, the national
television broadcaster. All India Radio is one of the largest
radio networks in the world.
• In British India, broadcasting began in June 1923 with
programmes by the Radio Club of Bombay and other radio
clubs.
• According to an agreement of 1926, the private Indian
Broadcasting Company (IBC) was authorized to operate two
radio stations; the Bombay station began on 23 July 1927,
and the Calcutta station followed on 26 August 1927.


• On 1 March 1930, however, the company went into liquidation.
• The government took over the broadcasting facilities,
beginning the Indian State Broadcasting Service (ISBS) on 1
April 1930 (on an experimental basis for two years, and
permanently in May 1932). On 8 June 1936 the ISBS was
renamed All India Radio.
• When India became independent in 1947 the AIR network had
only six stations (in Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Lucknow,
and Tiruchi); the total number of radio sets at that time was
about 275,000.
• On 3 October 1957 the Vividh Bharati Service was launched, to
compete with Radio Ceylon.
• Television broadcasting began in Delhi in 1959 as part of AIR,
but was split off from the radio network as Doordarshan on 1
April 1976.
• FM broadcasting began on 23 July 1977 in Madras, and was
expanded during the 1990s.


AIR Services
 Vividh Bharati
 Prasar Bharati
 Regional Services:
The headquarters of the Regional Deputy Directors General are
located at Delhi and Chandigarh (NR), Lucknow and Bhopal
(CR), Guwahati (NER), Kolkata (ER), Mumbai and Ahmedabad
(WR), Chennai and Bangaluru (SR).


 External Services:The external services of All India Radio
broadcast in 27 languages to countries outside India.
The first broadcasts were in Pushto, beamed to
Afghanistan and the North-West Frontier Province. Soon
broadcasts began in other languages including Dari,
Persian, Arabic, English, Burmese, Japanese, Chinese,
Malay and French. The external services broadcast in 16
foreign and 11 Indian languages, with a total program
output of 70¼ hours per day on medium- and shortwave.
 News-On-Phone Service:All India Radio launched news-
on-phone service on 25 February 1998 in New Delhi; it
now has service in Chennai, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Indore,
Patna and Bangalore. The service is accessible through
STD, ISD and local calls
 Direct-To-Home Service:Direct-to-home (DTH) service is
offered on 21 channels via Insat.
 FM


AIR Programmes
 News Bulletins
 NewsReels
 Documentaries/Radio features
 Radio Plays
 Radio Talks
 Music Programmes
 Movie trailers
 Quizzes


Vividh Bharati
The Vividh Bharati Service of All India Radio was
conceptualized to combat Radio Ceylon in 1957.
Within no time it proved to be a popular channel of
every household. Vividh Bharati radio channel was
launched on October 3, 1957. The service provides
entertainment for nearly 15 to 17 hours a day.
Vividh Bharati is one of the best-known services of
AIR. Its name roughly translates as "Multi-Indian
Service", and it is also known as the Commercial
Broadcasting Service (CBS).
It is the most commercially-accessible of the AIR
networks and is popular in Mumbai and other large
cities.


Vividh Bharati offers a wide range of programmes including
news, film music and comedy programs.
It operates on different medium wave-band frequencies for
each city.
40 Vividh Bharati stations across the country down-linked
these programmes through captive earth stations provided
at each of these AIR stations.
These 40 Vividh Bharati stations are known as Commercial
Broadcasting Service Stations and are located at all major
and commercially vibrant cities covering 97% of the Indian
population.

Some programs broadcast on Vividh Bharati are:

Hawa-mahal: Radio plays based on novels and plays


Prasar Bharati

• Prasar Bharati is India's largest public broadcaster. It is an
autonomous body set up by an Act of Parliament and
comprises Doordarshan television network and All India
Radio which were earlier media units of the Ministry of
Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
• Prasar Bharati was established on November 23, 1997 following a
demand that the government owned broadcasters in India should
be given autonomy like those in many other countries. The
Parliament of India passed an Act to grant this autonomy in 1990,
but it was not enacted until September 15, 1997.


Functions and Objectives
It shall be the primary duty of the Corporation to organise and
conduct public broadcasting services to inform, educate and
entertain the public and to ensure a balanced development of
broadcasting on radio and television.


Radio

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