Human Behavior School Management Thoughts

THE HUMAN BEHAVIOR
SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHTS

BY:
MANISHA VAGHELA

BY:MANISHA VAGHELA vaghela_manisha13@yahoo.
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FLOW OF PRESENTATION
1. INTRODUCTION OF MANAGEMENT.
2. MEANING OR DEFINATION OF
MANAGEMENT.
3. INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR
SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHTS.

4. MEANING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR SCHOOL
OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHTS.
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CONT…..
5. BRANCHES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR SCHOOL

6. FEATURES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR SCHOOL
7. CONTRIBUTIONS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

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CONT…..
8. LIMITATIONS/ SORTCOMINGS OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOR SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
THOUGHTS.
9. CRITICISM OF HUMAN BEHAVIOUR
10. CONCLUSION OF THE TOPIC.

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CONT…..
11. REVIEW OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY.

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INTRODUCTION OF MANAGEMENT.
“No job is more vital to our society than that of the
manager. It is the manager who determines whether
our social institutions serve us well or whether they
squander our talents and resources.”

- HENRY MINTZBERG

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CONT…..
Today’s world consist of many tiny, small, big,
giant, local, national, multinational, global
organizations.
 This includes:
- Social
- Political
- Religious
- Cultural
- Business organizations.

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CONT…..
Success of all this depends on their effective and
efficient management.
Therefore, management plays a most powerful and
crucial role in the success and survival of the whole
world.
Consequently, management has emerged as a
powerful “institution” a great “resources” and
important “discipline of learning” in the modern
world.

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CONT…..
PETER DRUCKER, the world’s well known
management guru, has aptly remarked that “ the
emergence of management as an essential, a
distinct and a leading institution is a pivotal
event in social history. Rarely, if ever, has a
new basic institution, a new leading group,
emerged as fast as has management since the
turn of his (Twentieth) century.

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CONT…..

Rarely in human history has a
new institution proven
indispensable so quickly; and
even less often has a new
institution arrived with so little
opposition, so little disturbance,
so little controversy.”

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CONT…..
 Management is regarded as the most crucial factor
in the success or failure of any business organization.

 It plans organizes, directs and controls, the
activities and resources for the purpose of achieving
common objectives.

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CONT…..

 It mobilizes and utilizes human, physical, financial
and information resources effectively and efficiently.
It makes things happen in the organization.

Management plays a significant role in the welfare
of the society as a whole.

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MEANING OR DEFINATION OF
MANAGEMENT.
“Management is the dynamic life-giving element
in every business. Without it the resources of
production remain resources and never become
production.”

-PETER DRUCKER

vaghela_manisha13@ya
BY:MANISHA VAGHELA 13
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CONT…..
Management is the process of working with and
through others to achieve organizational objectives
in a changing environment. Central to this process
is the effective and efficient use of limited
resources.

-KREITNER

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CONT…..
“Management is simply the process of decision-
making and control over the actions of human-
beings for the express purpose of attaining
predetermined goals.”
-
STANLEY VANCE

 Management is “The process by which managers
create, direct, maintain and operate purposive
organizations through coordinated and cooperative
human effort.”
-
MCFARLAND
15 BY:MANISHA VAGHELA vaghela_manisha13@yahoo.
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INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR
SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT THOUGHTS

Hawthorne studies (1924-1932) by George Elton
Mayo and his team members gave rise to a new
movement which is known as the Human
Relation Movement.
It may be recalled that Hawthorne studies revealed
that better physical environment and more
economic benefits were not sufficient to motivate
workers for higher productivity

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CONT….. that socio-psychological needs have a
It showed
powerful influence on the productivity of workers.

Moreover, these studies also revealed that
informal/social relationship, informal supervision at
work also play a crucial role in increasing in
productivity.

These conclusion of the studies gave birth to
HUMAN BEHAVIOR MOVEMENT.
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MEANING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR SCHOOL

Management could rightly be thought of as the
process of getting things done through or with
people.
If that be so, any organization could be compared to
a building that is made up of bricks of people.

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CONT…..
The relationship among these people are the
cementing force that bind them together in pursuit
of common objectives.
 According to this school of thought, management is
the study of BEHAVIOR of people at work.

The school had its origins in a series of experiments
conducted by professor “ELTON MAYO” and his
associates at the

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CONT…..
HARVARD SCHOOL OF BUSINESS at the Western
Electric Company’s Hawthorne works, near
Chicago.
 These studies brought out for the first time the
important relationship between social factors and
productivity.

 Hitherto productivity of employees were
considered to be a function only of physical
condition of work and money, wages paid to them.

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CONT…..
 For the first time it was realized that productivity
depended heavily upon the satisfaction of the
employees in work situations.

 Those who subscribe to the human behavior of
thought are of the view that the effectiveness of any
organization depends upon the quality of
relationships among the people working in the
organization.

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CONT…..
 Apart from the study of formal organization and
techniques used by such organizations, this school
studies the psychological processes in the
organizations, group dynamics, informal
organizations, conflict, change, motivation and
relationship and the various techniques of achieving
organizational development by improving the

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CONT…..
relationships among various groups of people
constituting organization and the climate of the
organization.
 Thus, it may be said in summary that this school
concentrate on people and their behavior within
formal and informal organization.

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BRANCHES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Human behavior school stresses the importance of
interpersonal and group behavior and of treating
people as human beings.

Since management involves “getting things done
with and through people”, the study of management
must revolve around human behavior.
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CONT…..
It is centered on human interactions and group
behavior patterns.
It lays emphasis on the “human side” of enterprise. It
is also called “people oriented school”

This school had its origins in a series of experiments
conducted by ELTON MAYO

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CONT…..
Human behavior school has two branches as under:
-
Human relation school. - Group
and organizational behavior
school.
Now let us study about both these school in details.

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CONT…..
HUMAN RELATIONS SCHOOL

The most and pioneering work carried out in this
field of management was the Hawthorne studies at
The Western Electric Company in Chicago.

These studies were carried out over the period
1924-1936.

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CONT…..
Originally designed to draw conclusion between the
working environment and work output they finished
as major studies of work groups, social factors and
employee attitudes and values, the effect of these at
the place of work.
The conclusion derived from those studies were as
follows:

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CONT…..
a) Individuals need to be given importance in their
own right, and must also be seen as group or team
members.
b) The need to belong at the work place is of
fundamental importance, as critical in its own way
as both pay and rewards and working conditions.

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CONT…..
c) There is both a formal and informal
organization, with formal and informal groups and
structures; the informal exerts a strong influence
over the formal.
d) People respond positively to active involvement
in work.

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CONT…..

This approach emphasizes exactly what the classical
theory ignored-the human element.

The Hawthorne studies conducted by ELTON
MAYO and his associates, gave rise to concept of
social man and human relations at the work place.

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CONT…..
They were the first to place importance on them
and to set concept of groups, behavior, personal
value and identity importance in industrial and
commercial situation.

The purpose of this school was not to replace the
classical school of thought but to re-orient its
thinking from the financial to the human factor.

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CONT…..

It draws its backing heavily from the field of social
psychology and other related fields. Theorists like
ARGYRIS, BARNARD, MARCH, SIMON, LIKERT,
MC GREGOR, and others have made valuable
contributions to this school of thought.

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CONT…..

This approach contends that an employee must be
treated as a “human being” and not as a mere factor
of production.
The human relation movement was supported by
three different historic influences:

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CONT…..
a) THREAT OF UNIONIZATION : From the
late 1800s to the 1920s, the industries in Europe
grew by leaps and bounds as they attempted to
satisfy the many demands of workers. It was
assumed that satisfied employees would be less
inclined to join unions. Managers began adopting
morale-boosting techniques as a union-avoidance
tactic.

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CONT…..
b) HAWTHORNE STUDIES : These
studies created managers interest in the
psychological and sociological dynamics of the
workers. These promoted a more humanistic view
of “social man” in industry.

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CONT…..
c) PHILOSOPHY OF INDUSTRIAL
HUMANISM: A
philosophy of human relation was needed to
provide a basis for treating employees better.
ELTON MAYO urged managers to provide to
work that can foster satisfaction to the workers.
He called for a new social order to stimulate
individual cooperation. Follet believed managers
had to recognize the

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CONT…..
Individuals motivating desires. MCGREGOR viewed
the typical employee as an energetic and creative
individual who could achieve great things if given
the opportunity.

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CONT…..
GROUP AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR SCHOOL
It emphasizes behavior of people in groups. It is
based on social psychology. It is also know as
organizational behavior approach. It attempts to
determine the causes of human work behavior and
translates the results into effect management
techniques.

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CONT…..
This approach brought two new dimensions to the
study of management:

 It advanced and even more sophisticated view of
human beings and their drives than did Mayo.

 It applied the scientific methods to study how
people behaved in groups or organizations as
whole entities.

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CONT…..

Maslow, McGregor, March, and Simon, were the
main advocates of this approach. They pioneered the
behavioral movement towards a better
understanding of people at work in organizations.

Group and organizational behavior school is
identified by following features:
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CONT…..

a) SCIENTIFIC METHOD BASE: It
increased the use of scientific method to predict
and explain the behavior and performance,
although armchair speculation and common sense
are not completely disregarded.

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CONT…..
b) INTERDISCIPLINARY NATURE: It
has borrowed concepts, theories, models and the
orientation of the behavioral science in
understanding behavior.

c) ANALYSIS LEVEL: It is
concerned with in-depth analysis of individuals,
groups and formal organizations.

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CONT…..
d) CONTINGENCY ORIENTATION: It has
no universally applicable set of solutions. Instead,
its action is based on the situation and the people
involved.
e) CONCERN FOR APPLICATION: It is
suited for the practicing managers in an
organization. It has practical theories and models
understood by the managers.

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CONT…..
e) HOLISTICVIEW: It
takes a holistic view of a behavior and addresses
individuals, group and organizational processes.

 Human relations enjoys its peak of acceptance
from 1931 to the late 1940s. Organizational
behavior emerged in the late 1950s and is
presently of great interest to managers and
researchers.
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FEATURES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR SCHOOL
It assumes that organization is a social system.

It regards that this system is composed of many
interacting groups.

It believes that many informal groups or cliques
(social groups) emerge at the work place and
they have a great impact
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CONT.....
on the behavior of the members of that group. These
informal groups can control the workers at
work.

It believes that workers do not behave rationally
always. They sometimes also behave non-rationally,
under the effect of their emotions, feelings,
sentiments, values etc.

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CONT…..
It believes that monetary gains alone cannot
motivate workers. Satisfaction of socio-
psychological needs also has a powerful influence on
the motivation of the workers.

 It believes that for congenial environment in
organization, conflict should be avoided. If at
all it arises, it should be resolved immediately

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CONT…..
It considers that workers participation in planning
and decision making can boost both moral
and productivity of workers.
 It believes that a sound to-way communication
system is essential for a healthy working climate in
an organization.

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CONT…..
It regards that development of people-
oriented skills in managers is essential. It will
help in inculcating a filling of belongingness among
the workers.

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CONTRIBUTIONS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

This school forced a reassessment of simplistic
machine model view. It provided a better
explanation of why people in organizations behave as
they do.
It humanized the work place and made it clear that
group relationships are the key to behavior.

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CONT…..
It recognizes the vital influence of the
environment affecting behavior.

It stressed social needs and focused on
teaching behavioral skills, as opposed to
technical skills.

It made it clear that “management is really
applied behavioral science”.
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CONT…..
It opened the door to the academic field of
organizational behavior.
It provided important insights into motivation,
group dynamics and other interpersonal
processes in organizations.
It challenged the view that employees are tools
and promoted the belief that employees are valuable
resources.

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CONT…..
A workers does not work for money only. Non-
financial rewards (such as the affection and respect
of his co-workers) also significantly affect his
behavior and largely limit the effect of economic
incentive plan.

Employee-centered, democratic and participative
style of supervisory leadership is more effective than
task-centered leadership.

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LIMITATIONS/ SORTCOMINGS OF HUMAN
THOUGHTS.
 It is a swing in the opposite direction and as much
incomplete as the scientific management and
administrative management approaches. If Taylor
and Fayol viewed task and structure as their
central tenets and ignored the human variable, the
human behavior writers saw only the human
variable as critical and ignored other variables.

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CONT…..
 Theimpact belief of this approach that an
organization can be turned into one big happy family
where it is always possible to find the solution which
satisfies everybody is not correct. Every organization
is made up of a number of diverse social groups with
incompatible values and interests. These groups
might cooperate in some spheres and compete and
clash in others. Two groups within the organization
whose interest frequently come into conflict are
management and workers.
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CONT…..
Thus, in a recession, the management of a company
may clash with the workers if it decides to lay off
some of them. No amount of “human relations” can
sugarcoat this reality indefinitely. Management can
only put off its decision for some time.

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CONT…..
This approach over-emphasizes the importance of a
symbolic rewards and underplays the role the
material rewards. One must realize that for
symbolic rewards to be effective, the recipient must
first identify with the granting organization and,
even more important, the symbols must be
appreciated by the recipients “significant others”

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CONT…..

i.e. his wife, friends, neighbors, etc many
times the worker in a factory is ridiculed by
his coworkers on receiving a symbolic
rewards from his employers. Hence such
reward generally fail to achieve there
objective of higher production.

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CONT…..
This approach provides an unrealistic picture about
informal groups by describing them as a major
source of satisfaction for industrial workers. Many
organizational researchers have shown that workers
do not come to the factory to seek affection and
affiliation and that the formation of informal groups
among them is not very common.

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CONT…..
Moreover, informal groups, wherever they exist, can
only make the worker’s day more pleasant and not
his task, which continues to remain repetitive,
monotonous and uncreative.
This approach is in fact production-oriented and not
employee-oriented as it claims to be. Many of its
techniques tricks workers into a false sense of
happiness but there is no improvement in their well-
being.

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CONT…..
This approach makes an unrealistic demand on the
superior. It wants him to give up his desires for
power. So it is a main reason for the people to
become managers.

It has not produced a complete body of
management.

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CONT…..
It considers human relations not as a part of a
manager’s job but as the totality of management.

Human relations theories cannot predict behavior
arising out of highly complex situations.

The complexity of individual behavior makes
predication of that behavior difficult.

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CONT…..

Many behavioral concepts have not yet been
put to use because some managers are
reluctant to adopt them.

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CRITICISM OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

It over-emphasizes on keeping workers happy
whereas happiness alone cannot make
workers more productive.
It emphasizes on manipulation of workers
emotions for the organizational purposes.

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CONT…..
It over-emphasizes the importance of socio-
psychological factors and undermines the
importance of monetary incentives in the
productivity of workers.

It overlooks the impact of others
environmental factors on productivity of
workers. The other factors include technology, trade
unions etc.
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SCHOOL OF
MANAGEMENT SCHOOL.

 The main aim of these theory is to find out the
impact of “ what is achieved how it is achieved and
why it is achieved on people in the organization”.
The approach also emphasizes on the fact that
“Management does not do, it gets others to do”.

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CONT…..

Thus, when the focus of management is human
being and human behavior, the morale of workers
goes up and is positively reflected in increased
productivity and efficiency of the organizations.

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CONT…..
“Human relations refer to the ways in which
managers interact with their subordinates”.
Managers must know the factors that motivate the
employees to act in a positive and rational manner so
that good human relation are developed in an
organization.

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CONT…..

The human behavior theory created an impact on
the organizations efficiency by focusing on the fact
that-social needs of the workers were more
important than other needs and that the fulfillment
of these needs was reflected in increased output.

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CONT…..
The workers are seen as a part of the whole group
were informal communication and leadership proves
to be more effective than the formal one.

The managers can get better results by following a
change in their management style; a participative
approach proves to be more effective than an
authoritarian approach; managerial skills are more
important than the technical skills.

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CONT…..
Financial incentives are not always as rewarding as
the non-financial incentives in affecting the human
behavior.

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REVIEW OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
So we understand the following topics regarding
human behavior school of management thoughts:

- INTRODUCTION
OFMANAGEMENT.
- MEANING OR
DEFINATION OF MANAGEMENT.

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CONT…..

- INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN
BEHAVIOR SCHOOL OF
MANAGEMENT THOUGHTS.

- MEANING OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR
SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
THOUGHTS.

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CONT…..

- BRANCHES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

- FEATURES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR SCHOOL

- CONTRIBUTIONS OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

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CONT…..

- LIMITATIONS/ SORTCOMINGS OF HUMAN
THOUGHTS.
- CRITICISM OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR

- CONCLUSION OF THE TOPIC.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY.
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT,
DR.R.L.NOLAKHA,
RAMESH BOOK DEPOT, NEW
DELHI.
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT,
P.C.TRIPATHI, P.N.REDDY, TATA MC
GRAW-HILL PUBLISING COMPANY LTD.,
NEW DELHI.

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CONT…..
FUNDAMENTALS OF BUSINESS
ORGANIZATIONS AND MANAGEMENT,
Y.K.BHUSHAN,
PUBLISHED BY SULTAN CHAND AND
SONS.

STUDENTS GUIDE TO MANAGEMENT
BY DR.NEERU VASISHTH,
PUBLISHED BY TAXMAN ALLIED SERVICES
PVT. LTD., NEW DELHI.
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CONT…..
 MANAGMNET CONCEPTS AND
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR BY G.S.
SUDHA, RBSA
PUBLISHERS, SMS
HIGHWAY, JAIPUR.

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THANK YOU.

vaghela_manisha13@yaho BY:MANISHA VAGHELA 80
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Human Behavior School Management Thoughts

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