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Agents of Socialization
What is an agent of socialization?
• People and groups that influence our self-
  concept, emotions, attitudes, and behavior
Family
• Melvin Kohn suggests social class differences
  in child raising
  – Often the main concern of working-class parents
    is their children’s outward conformity (neat, clean,
    and follow rules) and are more likely to use
    physical punishment
  – Middle class parents show greater concern for the
    motivations for their children’s behavior and
    parents are more likely to punish by withdrawing
    privileges and affection
Neighborhood
• Some neighborhoods are better for children
  than others
• research shows that children from poor
  neighborhoods are more likely to get in
  trouble with the law, get pregnant, drop out
  of school or end up disadvantaged
Religion
• Religion plays a major role in socialization of
  most Americans
  – 70% of Americans belong to a local congregation
    and 2 in every 5 Americans attend a religious
    service weekly
• Religious especially influences morality but
  also ideas about dress, speech, and manners
  that are appropriate
Day Care
• With more mothers working, day care has become a
  significant agent of socialization
• Research finds that the effects of day care largely
  depends on the child’s background and quality of care
   – Children from poor households or dysfunctional families
     appear to benefit from day care
   – Children in higher quality day care centers interact better
     with children and have fewer behavioral problems
• The more hours a child spends in day care, the weaker
  the bonds between mothers and children and the
  more negative their interactions
School and Peer Groups
• In school, children are placed outside the direct
  control of the family and learns to be a part of a
  peer group
   – Research by Patricia and Peter Adler demonstrates
     how peer groups influence behavior
      • For boys, norms that make them popular are: athletic ability,
        coolness, and toughness
      • For girls, norms are: family background, physical
        appearance, and the ability to attract boys
• Its almost impossible to go against peer groups;
  children who do become labeled as outsiders,
  nonmembers or outcasts.
Other Agents of Socialization
• Sports- teaching social skills and values
• Workplace- learn a set of skills and a
  perspective on the world
Resocialization
• What does a woman who has just become a nun
  have in common with a man who has just
  divorced?

• Resocialization is the process of learning new
  norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors to match
  new situations in life
  – Occurs each time we learn something that is contrary
    to our previous experiences, such as going to work in
    a new job
Total institution
• Erving Goffman coined the term to refer to a
  place where people are cut off from the rest of
  society and are under almost total control of
  agents of the institution
  – boot camp, prisons, concentration camps, convents,
    some religious cults and some boarding schools
• A person entering the institution is greeted with
  a degradation ceremony through which current
  identity is stripped away and replaced
• Total institutions are effective b/c they isolate
  people from outside influences and information

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Agents of socialization

  • 2. What is an agent of socialization? • People and groups that influence our self- concept, emotions, attitudes, and behavior
  • 3. Family • Melvin Kohn suggests social class differences in child raising – Often the main concern of working-class parents is their children’s outward conformity (neat, clean, and follow rules) and are more likely to use physical punishment – Middle class parents show greater concern for the motivations for their children’s behavior and parents are more likely to punish by withdrawing privileges and affection
  • 4. Neighborhood • Some neighborhoods are better for children than others • research shows that children from poor neighborhoods are more likely to get in trouble with the law, get pregnant, drop out of school or end up disadvantaged
  • 5. Religion • Religion plays a major role in socialization of most Americans – 70% of Americans belong to a local congregation and 2 in every 5 Americans attend a religious service weekly • Religious especially influences morality but also ideas about dress, speech, and manners that are appropriate
  • 6. Day Care • With more mothers working, day care has become a significant agent of socialization • Research finds that the effects of day care largely depends on the child’s background and quality of care – Children from poor households or dysfunctional families appear to benefit from day care – Children in higher quality day care centers interact better with children and have fewer behavioral problems • The more hours a child spends in day care, the weaker the bonds between mothers and children and the more negative their interactions
  • 7. School and Peer Groups • In school, children are placed outside the direct control of the family and learns to be a part of a peer group – Research by Patricia and Peter Adler demonstrates how peer groups influence behavior • For boys, norms that make them popular are: athletic ability, coolness, and toughness • For girls, norms are: family background, physical appearance, and the ability to attract boys • Its almost impossible to go against peer groups; children who do become labeled as outsiders, nonmembers or outcasts.
  • 8. Other Agents of Socialization • Sports- teaching social skills and values • Workplace- learn a set of skills and a perspective on the world
  • 9. Resocialization • What does a woman who has just become a nun have in common with a man who has just divorced? • Resocialization is the process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors to match new situations in life – Occurs each time we learn something that is contrary to our previous experiences, such as going to work in a new job
  • 10. Total institution • Erving Goffman coined the term to refer to a place where people are cut off from the rest of society and are under almost total control of agents of the institution – boot camp, prisons, concentration camps, convents, some religious cults and some boarding schools • A person entering the institution is greeted with a degradation ceremony through which current identity is stripped away and replaced • Total institutions are effective b/c they isolate people from outside influences and information