1. Electric charges
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2.  On the knowledge of atom structure of substances, you can conclude:
 Atom is built from core and electric layer.
 In the core there are protons and neutrons.
 Electric layer has minimum of one, and maximum of eight electric
shells through which electrons are circled in.
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3.  The carriers of charge are electrons and protons.
 Electron has the smallest negative elemental charge: e0-= -1.6.10-19 C.
 Proton has the smallest positive elemental charge: e0+= +1.6.10-19 C.
 The charges of electron and proton have the same amount.
 Neutron is electrically neutral, and its mass is closely equal to the
mass of proton.
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4.  When the amount of positive and negative charge is equal, the object
works like neutral.
 The basic measure unit for electric charge is coulomb, mark is C or
ampere second, C = A . s.
 The amount of charge from one coulomb fits to 6,24 trillion elemental
particles of charge: 1 C = 6,24.1018 .e0 .
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5.  The total amount of charge which appears on objects (Q) can be
calculated as product of numbers of elemental particles (n) and their
elemental charge e0: Q = n . e0.
 Protons and electrons as the carriers of elemental charge with different
algebraic sign, attract between each other.
 Electrons as the particles with the same sign, mutually reject
themselves.
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6.  The particles of the same charge are rejecting, and the particles of the
different charge are attracting between each other.
 With the fact that atoms of substances in balanced state, have the
same amount protons and electrons, as one, is neutral.
 Energy of electron is bigger or smaller, depending about whether is
electron further or closer to the core, or in which shell he is.
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7.  Energetic shells are energetic levels, and electron, as every physical
object, seeks to take the place of the lowest energetic level in which he
posses minimum energy.
 That’s why electrons first fill shells that are closer to the core.
 Electron from the lower energetic level, can pass to high by only under
the effect of the outer incentive, and when that incentive stops, he is
returned to the original first level.
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8.  From that we can conclude: How much energy electron gets from
outer forces when he is passing to a high level, that’s how many
energy will release when he is returning to a first original lower level.
 Electrons can leave from outer shell of atom by activity of outer forces,
friction, light or heat.
 With that activity, it comes to unbalanced charges, or number of
electrons and protons in atom is not equal anymore.
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9.  By distracting the balance of charge, the object begins to electrically
wok and finds itself in a state of electrical compactness.
 Electrons which abandoned their atom became free, and are moving in
inter space between atom or they bind to the core of the neighbor’s
atom.
 Atom with the shortage of electrons is called positive ion.
 Atom with the excess of electrons is called negative ion.
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10.  Ions are atoms and molecules with excess or shortage of electrons.
 Ionization is process of liberation of electrons from atoms and creating
free electrons
 Negative charged object has excess electrons, so the process of
charging is made of adding electrons.
 Positive charged object has shortage of electrons, so the process of
charging is made of seizure of electrons.
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