This slide collection is intended as illustrations to the (work in progress) book "Life? The Universe! Almost Everything..." Some animations require PowerPoint 7.

1. Popular Prominent Distances In Our Solar System In “Lifelines” In
Patterns Perspectyive Perspective Perspective
Really Tiny Stuff in Cell Membranes: ATP Production Sites Cell Power Plant
Perspective Living Walls
The Ultimate Life’s Leading Capturing Energy Liberating Energy
Building Blocks Ladder
No Waste: Electron Transport Electron & Proton The World’s Smallest
Recycling “Staircase” Translocation Motor
ATP Generator Cytoskeleton: Cytoskeleton: Cytoskeleton: Myosin
(Principles) Collagen Microtubules Filaments
Cytoskeleton: Skeletal Muscle Mighty Muscle Marvelous Molecular
Actin Filaments Structure Movement Motors
Light and Dark Huffing, Puffing… From Nuclear Energy Mind Over Matter
Reactions to New Clear Energy
World Wide Web Flower Power Gaian Symbiosis or Exercise?
Single Entity? More Recycling!
DNA: Digitally Forever Fanning Our Distingushed Some Really Close
Numbered Aminoacids Features Ancestors Relatives
Life Loves Looping- Electronic Energy Credits Email Author
the-Loop Exchange
Copyright © 2011Henry Norman

2. Prominent Patterns…
Brain Cell Tree at Sunset Lena River Delta
Courtesy Alan Opsahl, Pfizer Courtesy Kevin Schofelt (goo.gl/P0aIb) Courtesy NASA (Landsat 7)
Colorado River Delta Fan Coral Purkinje Saguaro
Courtesy Google Earth (Digital Globe) Courtesy Denis in Minneapolis (lucky@usfamily.net) Courtesy Anita Gould (Flickr)

3. Distances in Perspective…
Scanning Electron Microscope Range
Optical (Light) Microscope Range
10-11 10-10 10-9 10-8 10-7 10-6 10-5 10-4 10-3 10-2 10-1 100
10 pm 1Å 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 µm 10 µm 100 µm 1 mm 1 cm 1 dm 1m
Human Eye Range
Atom Lipid Virus Bacterium Cell
Human
Nucleon Molecule Protein Mitochondrion
10-14 m Scale
An atom is to one meter what one meter is to the Earth-Sun distance!
Human Eye Range
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 1010 1011
1m 10 m 100 m 1 km 10 km 100 km 1 Mm 10 Mm 100 Mm 1 Gm 10 Gm 100 Gm
300 Mm = 300 000 km = 1 “light second”
150 Gm = 1 Astronomical Unit (AU) = Mean distance Earth-Sun = 150 000 000 km = 8.3 “light minutes”

4. Solar System Bodies (Except Pluto):
Relative Sizes/Distances
Distance Sol — Tellus = 150 Gm (Gigameter) =
150 million kilometer = One Astronomical Unit:
With a solar diameter of 32 cm (as in this slide),
Earth diameter = 2.9 mm, 34.5 meter removed
Tellus
Sol (Sun) Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune
(Earth)
Mass 333 000 0.05 0.8 1 0.1 317.5 95 14.5 17.2
Diameter 109 0.4 0.9 1 0.5 11.2 9.5 4 3.9
Diameter (km×1,000) 1,390 4.9 12.1 12.6 6.8 143 120.5 51.2 49.5
Distance to Sol (AU) – 0.4 0.7 1 1.5 5.2 9.5 19.2 30

5. ―Lifelines‖ in Perspective…
Multi-Celled Life Forms
Relative Organizational Complexity
Ten Million Centuries
Three Thousand Million Years — Mostly Single-Cell Organisms Evolved
Single-Celled Life Forms
?
4 000 3 500 3 000 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 Now
Past Time (Million Years Ago)
Multi-Celled
Eukarya Single-Celled
Archaea
LUCA (?) Prokarya Bacteria
LUCA = Last Universal Common Ancestor (of all current Earth Life)

6. Features Forever Fanning Out…
Years Ago Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
( 109)
Bacteria Archaea Protists Plants Fungi Animals
0
0.4 One Thousand
Hard bodies Million Years
0.8 Soft bodies
1.2
Multi-celled organisms
1.6
Eukaryotes with organelles Chloroplast assimilation (?)
2
Eukaryotes (DNA in nucleus) Mitochondrion assimilation (?)
2.4 Three Thousand
Million Years
2.8
3.2
3.6 Prokaryotes (no nucleus, free DNA)
Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) of all current Earth Life
4

7. Distinguished Ancestors…
(3 800 Million Years Ago) Prokaryotes (free DNA)
(3 500) Archaea, bacteria Photosynthesis Begins Archaeozoic Era
(2 200) Eukaryotes (DNA in nucleus)
Three Thousand (1 700) Eukaryotes with organelles
Two Hundred
Million Years (1 300) Metazoan (multi-celled) organisms
(1 200) Plants
Proterozoic Era
(1 100) Fungi
(650) Cnidarians Ediacaran & Vendian fossils (610 MYA)
(550) Fishes Cambrian Hard-body Radiation (550 MYA)
Ordovician Radiation (500 MYA)
Ordovician Extinction (440 MYA)
(400) Amphibians
Devonian Extinction (370 MYA) Paleozoic Era
(300) Reptiles, Birds
Permian Extinction (260 MYA)
(250) Mammals
Six Hundred Triassic Extinction (210 MYA)
Million Years (185) Placentals Mesozoic Era
Cretaceous/Tertiary Extinction (65 MYA)
(60) Primates
(7.5) Gorilla gorilla
Cenozoic Era
(6) Pan troglodyte (Chimpanzee)
(2.5) Homo habilis

8. Atoms, Molecules,
and Energy

9. Atomic Distances in Perspective…
―Micro‖ Meter Prefixes:
Zepto- Atto- Femto- Pico-
10-21 10-20 10-19 10-18 10-17 10-16 10-15 10-14 10-13 10-12 10-11 10-10
1 zm 10 zm 100 zm 1 am 10 am 100 am 1 fm 10 fm 100 fm 1 pm 10 pm 100 pm
Size-wise, an electron is to an atom, what an atom is to a human!
Nucleus
Nucleons
(Proton, Neutron) Atom
Electron
≈333 zm ≈1 fm ≈10 fm ≈100 pm
< 10-18 m 10-15 m 10-14 m 10-10 m (1 Å)

10. About the really tiny stuff…
On the “quantum level” a peculiar dualistic nature has
been observed: curiously, “quantum size” stuff appears
to be both particles and waves, at the same time!
The following few slides are misleading: Atoms, and
what they’re made of, are not “things” in any ordinary
sense. An electron, for example, is not a little sphere
orbiting a nucleus, but rather “something, vibrating in
nothing”: like a “misty cloud,” it is “smeared out” as a
standing wave—and the particle aspect of this wave
may be located anywhere within the “cloud.”
Note also that so far, this is theory only: Nobody has
ever directly “seen” anything as small as an atom.

11. Powerful Peculiar Particles…
Hydrogen (1H (Protium))
Fundamental part, and motive force, for
Life? The Universe! Almost Everything…
1 Electron 1 Proton
charge 1 charge +1 (⅔+⅔ ⅓)
1H has no neutrons
“Up” Quarks
charge +⅔ u u ≈1 fm
“Down” Quark d 10-15 m
charge ⅓
≈100 000 fm 2H (Deuterium) has one neutron
10-10 m (1 Å) 3H (Tritium) has two neutrons

12. Curiously Commingling Courier
≈100 000 fm ≈10 fm
10-10 m (1 Å) 10-15 m Carbon (12C)
Electron ―Cloud‖ Nucleus
u
d d
6 Neutrons
charge 0 ( ⅓ ⅓+⅔)
“Up” Quark
6 Electrons charge +⅔ u u 6 Protons
charge 6*(⅔+⅔ ⅓)
(inner shell: 2, outer shell: 4)
charge (1*6) “Down” Quark
charge ⅓
d

13. Electron: Energy Exchanger
Excited State
(absorbed photon energy)
Photon Emission Type PgUp (or right click/previous) to reset,
Energy Quantum
(spontaneous or facilitated) then PgDn (or left click) to restart!
(massless photon) ―Quantum Leap‖ Life’s
Energy
(no transitional states!)
Source
Low EnergyEnergy
High
(unstable)
(stable)
Ground State
Second Law of Thermodynamics implies:
Low probability (close to 0) for spontaneous “leap” to higher state,
High probability (close to 1) for spontaneous “leap” to lower state

14. DNA: Life’s Linear Ladder
5’ end 3’ end Nitrogenous
H C C
―Bricks‖ C O Nucleobases
Carbon
H C
C C
C
T A C
O
C
H
C
O
H
Pyrimidines
O O P O
(one carbon ring)
Hydrogen O P O ~21Å
O
Oxygen
O H
C O
C C Thymine T
H C C
G C C C H
Phosphorus C C
O
O
H
C
O P O
O C Cytosine
Nitrogen O P O O
O H C C Purines
C O (two carbon rings)
H C C
C G C
O
C
C
H
―Backbone‖ C C H O
O
O
O P O ~3 Å
O P O
Adenine A
O
O P O O H
C O
C C
G Guanine
O
Phosphate
H C
C C
C
A T C
O
C
C
H
O
H O Covalent Bonds:
5’ H O P O Oxygen
C O 1’ O P O O Nitrogen
Hydrogen
H C C O H C C
C C C O
3’
Deoxyribose
H C C
C C
G C C
O
C
H
C
H
(sugar) 3’ end ~11 Å 5’ end

15. DNA Nucleobase Triplets Encoded in Decimal & Quaternal Number Bases (In RNA, T = U (Uracil))4
First quaternal (triplet) symbol position
0 1 2 3
T C A G
0 000 TTT 16 100 CTT 32 200 ATT 48 300 GTT T0
Phe F
1 001 TTC 17 101 CTC 33 201 ATC Ile I 49 301 GTC C1
0T Leu L Val V
2 002 TTA 18 102 CTA 34 202 ATA 50 302 GTA A2
Leu L
Second quaternal (triplet) symbol position
3 003 TTG 19 103 CTG 35 203 ATG Met2 M3 51 303 GTG G3
Third quaternal (triplet) symbol position
4 010 TCT 20 110 CCT 36 210 ACT 52 310 GCT T0
5 011 TCC 21 111 CCC 37 211 ACC 53 311 GCC C1
1C Ser S Pro P Thr T Ala A
6 012 TCA 22 112 CCA 38 212 ACA 54 312 GCA A2
7 013 TCG 23 113 CCG 39 213 ACG 55 313 GCG G3
8 020 TAT 24 120 CAT 40 220 AAT 56 320 GAT T0
Tyr Y His H Asn N Asp D
9 021 TAC 25 121 CAC 41 221 AAC 57 321 GAC C1
2A
10 022 TAA 26 122 CAA 42 222 AAA 58 322 GAA A2
Stop1 Gln Q Lys K Glu E
11 023 TAG 27 123 CAG 43 223 AAG 59 323 GAG G3
12 030 TGT 28 130 CGT 44 230 AGT 60 330 GGT T0
Cys C Ser S
13 031 TGC 29 131 CGC 45 231 AGC 61 331 GGC C1
3G Arg R Gly G
14 032 TGA Stop1 30 132 CGA 46 232 AGA 62 332 GGA A2
Arg R
15 033 TGG Trp2 W 31 133 CGG 47 233 AGG 63 333 GGG G3
1) Triplets 10, 11, & 14 serve only as stop codes (no amino acid encodings) 2) Triplets 15 & 35 encode amino acids W and M, respectively
3) Triplet 35 does “double duty” as the universal “start transcription" code 4) Amino acid names shown in their standard 3- and 1-letter codes
Note also that the sum of triplet values 10+11+14 (the stop codes) equals 35 (the start code)!

16. This slide is an adaptation of an idea originated with Dr. LeeSpetner, from his book “Not By Chance”
Room for Evolution: The DNA ―Condominium‖ View
DNA Triplet = Binary Sextet = "Room Address" Value
(Base 2 (Binary) = Base 4 = DNA Nucleobase) Binary Digit #
0 1
st nd rd
1 = "Floor" 2 = "Condo" 3 = "Room" 1 Lower Upper
Floor
0 = 00 = T 0 = 00 = T (North) 2 Even Odd
3 North South
1 = 01 = C 1 = 01 = C (East) "Condo"
4 East West
2 = 10 = A 2 = 10 = A (South)
5 North South
Room
3 = 11 = G 3 = 11 = G (West) 6 East West
North
(DNA)
T = 00
G = 11 C = 01 T
G C
A = 10
3 = G = 11 0 A 00
2 = A = 10 West East
(Base 4)
3 1 11 01 (Base 2)
1 = C = 01 2 10
0 = T = 00
South
Four floors, four "condos“/floor, four rooms/condo = 4×4×4 = 64. 64 triplets thus uniquely addresses all 64 DNA "condo rooms.”
For example: ATG = 2034 = 1000112 = 2nd Floor (102), North Condo (002), West Room (112)

17. ADP-ATP Phosphorylation
ATP
Inorganic Phosphorus (Pi) + Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Energy
Tiny amount of heat
(Increased entropy)
H N H
N C
O O O C N
H C
H O P O H H O P O P O N C C
C O N
H C C
O H O H O H
C C
H O O H
Water (H2O) + Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP )
(energy “stored” in oxygen-phosphorus phosphoranhydride bond)
F0F1 ATP Synthase
(ATP “generator”) Type PgUp (or right click/previous) to reset!
To animate, type PgDn (or left click)!

18. H
ATP -ADP Hydrolysis
Adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) + Water (H2O)
H N H
N C
O O O C N
H C
H H H O PH O P O P O C N C C
O N
O H C C
O H O H O H
C C
H O O H
Inorganic Phosphorus (Pi) + Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Energy
Energy released: 30.5 kJ (7.3 kcal) / mol
To animate, type PgDn (or left click)!
Type PgUp (or right click/previous) to reset!

19. Energy Conversion and Entropy
The Pendulum:
Potential Energy Simple Energy Converter Kinetic Energy
Max Max
Min Min
Cell metabolic processes, monitored As heat energy ( ) from friction
by the brain, maintain a continuous in the hinge and against the air
supply of potential energy, keeping dissipates, the pendulum swings
the system alive, far from equilibrium slow down, and eventually stops

20. Life’s Primus Motor:
Photosynthesis,
Origin of most Earthly Life ―fuel‖!

21. Assimilated Bacterium: Chloroplast
N
Imports: Photon Energy + 6 H2O + 6 CO2
Light Reactions:
Photosystem II Dark Reactions:
Electron Transport Calvin-Benson Cycle
Photo System I (Reductive Pentose
Electron Transport Phosphate Cycle)
Exports: 6 O2 + C6H12O6 (Glucose)

22. Why (Most) Plants Are Green
100
Reflected Green
―White‖ Light
(all wavelengths)
C C
C N N C
% absorbtion
Mg
C N N C
C C
Absorbed Wavelengths
(aided by chlorophyll, kinetic light energy is converted to Transmitted Green
potential energy, stored in carbohydrate chemical bonds)
0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
← Ultraviolet Wavelength (nm) Infrared →

23. Flower Power—Photosynthesis
Photon hits chlorophyll molecule
Chloroplasts: 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + thylakoid = C6H12O6 (Glucose) + 6 O2
(located inside Energy grana)
Carbon dioxide (from air
Candy Factories via stomata) to chloroplast
Chlorophyll captures energy,
used to split H2O and to drive
cyclic reactions inside stroma,
building various carbohydrates Stroma
Thylakoid
Thylakoid
Lumen (PS I/II)
membrane
H
H H O H H
H Grana (Thyla-
H O C C C C C C
H koid ―stacks‖)
O
Glucose O O H O
H H H Inner
(C6H12O6) Outer membrane
membrane
Manufactured carbohydrates are transported to
where they are needed by the plant (organism)

24. Thylakoid (Light) Reactions
Photons
Photophosphorylation
Photosystem II Photosystem I
Excited
Energy Levels
From/To
Fd
(Ferredoxin) Stroma
pQ (Dark)
(Plastoquinone) Fd
bound Reactions
Cytochrome
C C
FAD
C C
pC C N N C (Fd Soluble)
C N N C
Mg (Plastocyanine) Mg
Depleted C N N C C N N C
C C C C
Oxygen Chlorophyll Molecule (only porphyrin ring shown, and move-
(to air) ment added to visualize how electrons get excited to higher
energy levels). ATP is synthesized by F0F1 ATP Synthase,
driven by hydrogen protons, descending a pH gradient.

25. Stroma (Dark) Reactions CO2
From Air
Carbohydrate
Synthesis
Regeneration
Glyceraldehyde- Ribulose
Reductive Pentose
3-Phosphate Phosphate Cycle
Bisphosphate
From/To
Also known as named after its discoverers,
Thylakoid
(Light)
Calvin-Benson Cycle
Reactions
Reduction Carboxylation ―Rubisco‖
(Ribulose Bisphosphate
Carboxylase-Oxidase)
3-Phospho-
Glycerate
From Roots

26. Microbiology,
Cell Chemistry

27. Cell Membranes—Living ―Walls‖
HOH Pi
ADP
ATP
Polar (hydrophilic, attracts water) “heads”
form phospholipid bilayers
Non-polar (hydrophobic, repels water) “tails”
with embedded transport proteins
Na+K+ ATPase
Gated (Ion Pump)
Uniport Symport Antiport Channel Extracellular matrix +
Non-polar interior ~60 mV
Cotransports Cytosol
_
Passive (“down hill” ion gradients), require no Active (“against” ion gradients),
additional energy (“facilitated diffusion”) require additional energy (ATP)
Channel gate on/off action may be
electrically or chemically controlled

28. Mitochondrion—Cell Powerhouse
Glycolysis
CO2
Inter-membrane Space
High H+ concentration (Acidic, low pH)
Pyruvate
Inorganic Outer Membrane
Phosphorus
TCA Cycle
(PI)
Adenosine
TriPhosphate
(ATP)
Adenosine
DiPhosphate
(ADP)
Cristae
Matrix Inner Membrane
Low H+ concentration (Alkaline (base), high pH)
Nucleoids in matrix has unique circular mitochondrial DNA,
predominantly (1 000:1) inherited from the female egg cell

29. ATP Production Sites
Energy Source:
Electrochemical Charge (pH) Gradient, created by
High Energy Free Electrons
ADP and Pi
(Phosphorus,
Inorganic)
TCA Electron Transport,
(Kreb’s) Oxidative Phosphorylation,
Cycle F0F1 ATP Synthase
Glycolysis:
Glucose to
Pyruvic Acid
Mitochondrion
ATP ATP ATP
Energy stored in chemical bonds (oxygen-phosphorus)

30. The Citric Acid (TCA) Cycle
NAD+
H
H O
ATP H OH ATPOHH NAD+
NAD+
O C O O C O
O C O
H+ H
+
Cell Cytoplasm
H2O
Pyruvate Acetate
CO2
+
Citrate Isocitrate
NAD+
Glycolysis H2O
Inter-membrane space
NADH
CO2
NAD+
Oxaloacetate
Complex I
-ketoglutarate+
NAD
NADH
NAD+ NADH
H+
CO2
NADH
Malate
FAD Complex II Succinate
GDP ADP
O C O Lungs GTP ATP
H2O
Fumarate
Cell Energy
Mitochondrial Matrix

31. H2O
Electron Transport ―Staircase‖
―High energy‖ free
electrons (from food)
e– Energy level differences used to ―pump‖
e– hydrogen protons (H+) against a charge
H+
+ gradient, maintaining an ―ion pressure‖
which in turn is used to synthesize ATP
from ADP — spontaneous energy flows
Inner Membrane
Complex I
Mitochondrial
are coupled to forced energy flows.
Complex II
Complex III
_ At end of transport chain, now ―low
Complex IV energy‖ electrons, with one O- and
two H+ ions, form H2O (pure water)
+

32. H+ H+ H+ H+H+ H+ H+ e- e- e- e- e-
Electron & Proton Transport
Inter-membrane Space (+ side)
H+ H+ H+
H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
H+ H+ H+
H+ H+ H+
H+ H+ H+ H+
H+ H+ H+ H+ H+
H+ H+ H+
H+
Complex I Complex II Complex III Complex IV
C
H+
e- e- H+
Fe S- e- e- H+
H+ -
Fe S e- e- Q
H+
H+ e- e-
H+
H+
QH2
e- e- Q e- e-
Q -
Fe S Cu+ Cu2+
FADH2
FMNH2 QH2 QH2
e- e-
FAD e- e-
FMN H+ H+
H+ H+
H+ H+
H+ H
O O
Succinate Fumarate+2H+ H+ H+
H
NAD+ (FAD from Citric Acid Cycle)
NADH+ H+ H+ H+
From To H+
Citric Acid Cycle H+ H+
Mitochondrial Matrix (- side)

33. H+ H+ H+
F0F1 ATP Synthase (Nano Motor)
Inter-membrane Space H+ H+
High H+ concentration (Acidic, low pH) H+ H+ H+
H+ H+
H+
H+ H+ H+ H+
H+ H+ 25 nm H+ H+
H+
H+ H+
H+ H+ H+ H+
H+ ―Rotor‖ H+ H+
H+ H+ H+ H+
H+
F0: Motor, H+
proton ―fuel‖ ―Stator‖
Protein ―shaft‖
F1: Generator, Reaction site
Catalytic sites ADP + Pi
H+
H+ H+
H+ H+
ATP + H2O
H+
H+
H+
Mitochondrial Matrix H+ H+ H+
Low H+ concentration (Alkaline (base), high pH)

34. F0F1 ATP Synthase (Principle)
Transmembrane Hydrogen protons
transporter protein (three for each ATP)
―falling down‖ the
charge gradient
―Open‖
ADP/Pi/ATP
―antiport‖
F1 ―generator‖ Torque ―pumping up‖
―Stator‖ catalytic sites energy to activation
phosphorylation conformation level (stored in ATP)
reaction site changes
―Tight‖ ―Loose‖
Hydrogen protons are
Note: “Turbine shovels” exist only in this ―pumped back up‖ by
slide (only to represent the F0 protein “rotor”) complexes I, II, and IV

35. Structural Strength—Collagens
Endoplasmic Fibre ( < 1 mm) tensile strength ~ 9 000 g
Reticulum (stronger than reinforced concrete)
(ER) Lumen
Collagen Fibre
Three precursor -chains…
(bundle of fibrils)
~ 70 nm
(loose terminal propeptides)
Procollagen
~1 mm
Self-assembly
Collagen Fibril
(bundle of ~300 molecules)
Collagen also contains:
Glycine
Hydroxylysine
Hydroxyproline
Self-assembly
~300 nm
~1.5 nm
Procollagen
peptidase
Secreted enzyme removes Collagen Molecule
out of cell propeptides
(triple helix -domains)

36. Cytoskeleton: Actin Filaments
3 4
Mg++
G-Actin monomer, ATP and Mg++ + ATP
─
sitting in the gap between 2 and 4
1 2
~5 nm
Actin monomer gaps align toward the negative end of the fila-
ment, spiraling along the long axis (thirteen monomer units per
full helical turn), growing faster at the positive end.
~35 nm
+ ─ ~7 nm

37. Cytoskeleton — Microtubules
and tubulin, equal polarity, with a
3-D structure, form heterodimers: + ─
Non-covalently bonded into a linear array, with
-tubulin at negative, -tubulin at positive end,
with the end growing slower than end,
forming sheets, which curl up into tubules.
25 nm 8 nm
15 nm + ─
Again, 13 units per helical turn…

38. Cytoskeleton: Myosin Filaments
Actin
binding
sites Myosin bundles up into filaments:
Myosin II
protein structure
Bi-polar thick Myosin filament in muscle cell Sarcomere:

39. H
Marvelous Molecular Motors
HO
HOH
ADP Pi Pi
ADP ATP ATP
Kinesin payload examples: Payload vesicle Kinesin Structure
(membrane bound)
 Organelles (Mitochondria)
Vesicle
 Acetylcholin (Nerve Cells) binding β-tubulin
binding
 Chromosomes (at Mitosis) sites
sites
 Much more
_
+ “Walks” toward negative, 8 nm steps
Other Important Motor Protein Families
Dynein (also walks on microtubules, from negative to positive)
Myosin (binds to Actin filaments, paramount in muscle cells)
Myosin Muscle Cell Muscle Cell
ATP Generator Microtubules Actin Filaments
Filaments Structure Power Cycle

40. Skeletal Muscle Structure
Attached Muscle
to Tendon (bundle of
(collagen) Cells)
Cell (Fibre),
10-100 μm bundle of
Myofibrils
More than one nucleus
Isolated
Myofibril
Sarcomere
2.5 μm (contraction
unit)
1.5 μm
Thick (myosin) filament Sliding
Actin and
Myosin
Thin (actin) filament filaments

41. ADP
Muscle Cell Power Cycle
ADP Pi Pi
ATP ATP HOH HOH
Relaxed muscle myosin cannot bind to actin, as the binding
sites are blocked—by protein tropomysin—and must first be
unblocked (accomplished by the regulator protein troponin).
Signal receptor molecules open Ca+ ion channels, resulting in
troponin release, which exposes the actin binding sites.
Myosin now binds to actin, and the myosin head bends (by
“spending” ATP ), and the attached actin filament slides along!
Relax signals close the Ca+ ion channels, resulting in removal
of troponin, allowing tropomysin to reblock the actin binding
sites. The myosin heads retract, and the cycle may repeat.
Bi-polar thick Myosin filament (in muscle cell Sarcomere)
Actin filaments attached to and pulled back by very strong titin protein “springs”

42. Life: Mind Over Matter…
Physiology Energy ATP Cell Chemistry
Brain (conscious Liver converts Actin and myosin
mind) “willing” lactate (from muscles) filaments separated
muscle to contract to glucose (stored) and relaxed
Nerve action (electric) Liver releases Na+/K+ ion flow
potential moves from glucose into blood across axon (nerve
brain to muscle to muscle cells cell) membranes
Nerve signal Muscle cell converts Release of
transmission glucose to pyruvate neurotransmitter
(via synapses) (through glycolysis) (acetylcholin)
Muscle cell Mitochondria uses Muscle receptor
membrane pyruvate (TCA cycle), molecules (proteins)
depolarization converts ADP to ATP. open Ca+ ion channels
Sarcomere ATP hydrolized to ADP, Myosin binds to actin,
contraction releasing work energy performs work by
commences and lactate (to liver) pulling actin filament

43. Cycles, Cycles…
Everywhere!

44. A World Wide Web…
Mammals,
Birds, Fishes
Insects Carnivorous
Insects, Spiders
Carnivorous
Mites, Spiders
Carnivorous Carnivorous Oligochaetae
Springtails Roundworms (Earthworms)
Collembola Nematoda Protista,
Acari (Mites)
(Springtails) (Roundworms) Protozoa
Fungi (Mildew,
Bacteria
Mushrooms)
Interdependencies, anyone?
Plants, Roots,
Organic Waste

45. NuclearNew Clear Energy Fusion
Energy
Recycled:
H2O, CO2, O2
(low energy: high entropy)
Mitochondrion Chloroplast
Plant Manufacture:
Vegetabilia evolving Cyanobacteria evolving
Carbohydrates
into animalia… (high energy: low entropy) into vegetabilia…
Simultaneous Independent Co-dependency Evolution!

46. Symbiosis… or Single Entity?
Photosynthesis Respiration
CO2 + H2O O2 + Carbohydrates Carbohydrates + O2 H2O + CO2
Input
H2O Output
Water O2
Output Input
Carbohydrates
Input
CO2 Output
Carbon dioxide
Oxygen Plants, Carbohydrates, Most
algae, other organic other living
Energy Output Input
some bacteria molecules organisms
Survival,
Chemical
Nuclear fusion energy Propagation,
bond energy
(See Matter/Energy Cycle) Useful (?) Work
Photosynthesis

47. Glucose/Lactic Acid Cycle
O2 CO2
glucose glucose
Lungs
glucose-6P glucose-6P
glycogen NADH ATP glycogen NADH ATP
pyruvate pyruvate
Liver, Muscles
lactate lactate
Liver Blood Muscles

48. A-Huffin’ and a-Puffin’…
Oxygen O2 Inhaled gases exchanged in alveoli Exhaled
From Plants C N
C
Fe
C
N C To Plants
C N N C
C C
Carbonic
Anhydrase
(dehydrates HCO3)
Lungs Erythrocytes
(Red Blood Cells)
Tissues No nucleus (no DNA)—stems from bone marrow
Chlorine ion
(for electroneutrality) Carbon
Carbonic Dioxide
Bicarbonate To Lungs Anhydrase (from cells)
(hydrates CO2) Water
Hydrogen ion
To Cells ~7µm

49. Life Loves Looping the Loop…
Two Haploid Gametes 23
Sperm & Ovum: 46/2 Chromosomes each
23
Meiosis
(germ cell division)
Fertilization
(chromosome addition)
23
46
46
One Diploid Zygote
23+23 Shuffled Chromosomes
Consenting Adults
13
~5 10 (50 trillion!) cells,
2*23 Chromosomes each
Mitosis
(body cell multiplication)
Cell Growth,
Differentiation Local Entropy?
(subtraction!)

50. Some Really Close Relatives…
Homo sapiens sapiens 0
1
Pan troglodyte (Chimp)
2
3
Gorilla gorilla
4
† Sivapithecus 5
† Ramapithecus
6
7
Pongo pygmaeus (Orang)
Earlier 8
Ancestors
Hylobates lar (Gibbon) 9
―Old World‖ Monkeys 10
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
% DNA
Million years ago differences

51. Text,
Concept,
“Artwork,”
Graphics,
Animations:
Henry Norman
MicroTech Consulting
Tagaytay City
Philippine Islands
googleplus/henry.ko.norman
Copyright © 2011 Henry Norman