Fire Protection, Fire Detection & Fire Extinguishing and SOLAS Requirements by Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer, International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh.
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Fire Fighting and SOLAS Requirements
1. Fire Protection, Fire Detection
and
Fire Extinguishing
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
2. FIRE
WHAT IS FIRE?
Fire is a chemical process, which involves burning of
any substance (combustion).
The combustible material that burns with the help of
oxygen result in the production of heat & light, is
called FIRE
4/7/2014 2
Fire is not always harmful but only
when it goes out of control.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
3. FIRE HAZARDS / SOURCES
• Short Circuits (faulty electrical wires and
switchboards)
• Naked Lights
• Explosive and fire works
• Unmindful Smoking
• Radiation
• Mechanical heat & spark
• Spontaneous combustion
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
4. 4/7/2014 4
• Mechanical sparks from grinding, chipping
or welding friction or funnel sparks are low-
energy sparks which may start a
smoldering fire
• Electric sparks, sparks from electrostatic
discharge and high energy mechanical
sparks may ignite flammable vapors
• Electric arc welding
Sparks
• Hotplates
• Heating pipes
• Exhaust manifolds
• Faulty machinery
• Electric light bulbs
Hot surfaces
• Smoking materials
• Oil-fired boilers
• Incinerators
• Hot work such as flame cutting and gas
welding.
Flames or smoldering sources
ExamplesType of Sources
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
5. 4/7/2014 5
• Substances liable to self-heat
(usually due to oxidation)
• Fibrous material soaked in organic oils
such as vegetable oils, the oils used in
paints or hydraulic oils.
• Rotting vegetable matter
• Chemicals or organic materials contaminated
with an oxidizing agent such as sewage
treatment tablets
• Mineral oils and carbonaceous materials are
liable to self heating if external heating is
applied first
• Metal dwarf – especially if contaminated with
oil and rags
Spontaneous combustion
• Overloaded wiring or equipment with a
short circuit or a short to earthElectrical overheating
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
6. 4/7/2014 6
TYPES OF FIRES
As of new definitions of IMO, May 2007, there are 6
types of fire onboard ships:
Class A: Fires that involve flammable solids such as
wood, cloth,paper and some plastics.
Class B: Fires that involve flammable liquids or
liquifiable solids such as petrol, oil, paint and some
waxes and plastics (BUT NOT cooking fats or oils).
Class C: Fires that involve flammable gases such as
methane propane hydrogen
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
7. 4/7/2014 7
Class D: Fires that involve combustible metals such
as sodium, magnesium, and potassium.
Class E: Fires that involve any of the materials found
in Class A and B fires: BUT ALSO with the
introduction of an electrical appliances, wiring, or other
electrically energized objects in the vicinity of the fire,
with a resultant electrical shock risk if a conductivity
agent is used to control the fire.
Class F: Fires involving cooking fats and oils.
The high temperature of the oils when on fire far
exceeds that of other flammable liquids making
normal extinguishing agents ineffective
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
8. 4/7/2014 8
FIRE TRIANGLE
To understand how fire
extinguishers work, you
need to understand a
little about fire.
Fire is a very rapid
chemical reaction
between oxygen and a
combustible material,
which results in the
release of heat, light,
flames, and smoke.
8
HEAT/ENERGY
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
9. 4/7/2014 9
FIRE TRIANGLE
For fire to exist, the following
four elements must be
present at the same time:
Enough oxygen to sustain
combustion,
Enough heat to raise the
material to its ignition
temperature,
Some sort of fuel or
combustible material, and
The chemical reaction (FIRE)
9
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
10. 10
The components of the fire tetrahedron: fuel, heat, oxygen and
chemical chain reaction
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
11. 11
Don’t Make a Fire Triangle!
Understanding the three sides of the fire
triangle, and being able to recognize them in
everyday situation is the key to fire
prevention.
FUELFUEL
Remember:
Where there is fuel and air keep heat away
Where there is air and heat keep fuel away
Where there is heat and fuel keep air away
NEVER COMPLETE THE FIRE TRIANGLE !
114/7/2014
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
12. 4/7/2014 12
FIRE SPREAD
Fire spreads by
• CONDUCTION: transfer of heat through solid
body.
• CONVECTION: through the motion of heated
matter, i.e. through the motion of smoke, air,
gases etc. produced by fire.
• RADIATION: heat radiation is the transfer of heat
from a source without a material substance
being involved.
12
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
13. Conduction
Transfer of heat through a solid body such as
metals as a very good conductor of heat.
Since most ships are constructed by metal, heat
transfer by conduction is a potential hazard.
Fire can easily move from one compartment to
another, one deck to another, and one
compartment to another because of heat
conduction.
Heat is being conducted to the adjoining spaces by
the metal deck and bulkhead, then the bulkhead
paint is blistering (extremely hot) because
vapourization has already begun.
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
14. 14
CONDUCTION
An example of conduction: The temperature along the rod rises because
of the increased movement of molecules from the heat of the flame.
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
16. Radiation
Heat radiation is the transfer of heat from a source
across the space or travels outward from the fire in
the same manner as light in straight lines to
produce vapour and then igniting the vspour.
When contacts a body, it is absorbed, reflected or
transmitted. Absorbed heat increases the
temperature of the absorbing body.
Heat radiates in all directions unless it is
obstructed
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
17. 17
Radiation: The transmission of energy as an electromagnetic wave
without an intervening medium.
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17
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
19. Convection
The transfer or carries of heat through a liquid or
gaseous body such as movement of smoke, hot air and
heated gases produced by fire.
The replacement of hot and cool air to that particular
point resulting in reheated and raised the temperature
thus create a fire
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
20. 20
CONVECTION
Convection: The transfer of the heat energy by the movement of heated
liquids or gases.
204/7/2014
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
22. Fire hazards in engine room
Combustible liquids – FO, DO, LO
Oil leaks & oil soaked insulation
Hot surfaces – exhaust pipes, engine parts
overheating
Defects in lagging
Hot work – welding, cutting, oxy acetylene
Auto ignition – oil dripping on hot surface auto-
ignition, e.g. oil dripping on hot surface
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
23. Fire hazards in galley
Combustible liquids – cooking oil, hot fat
Hot surfaces - ovens, frying pans, flues
Defective electrical connections
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
24. Fire hazards in accommodation
Combustible materials - furnishing, personal effects
Matches and cigarette smoking
Defective or overloaded electrical systems
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
25. Fire hazards from cargoes
Self-heating cargo & spontaneous combustion
Oxidizing cargoes and organic peroxides
Compressed flammable gas
Pyrophoric cargoes
flammable liquids and solids
substances liable to react with
Themselves
Water
Other cargoes
Materials of the ship
Explosives
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
26. Four phases of fire development
Ignition (incipient)
Developing (surfaces fire)
Absolute fire (fire in depth in solids)
Burning out
To consider;
Temperature of normal fire such as coal, wood or
hydrocarbon fires, and the temperature in
burning metals
Effect of temperature rise on the rate of the
chain reaction - fire intensity
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
27. 4/7/2014 27
FIRE DETECTION
Fire detection systems are compulsory in ships which have periodically
unattended machinery spaces.
A fire detection system consists of the following elements:
Human observation
Manual fire alarms
Automatic Fire detectors-smoke, flame,heat (gas, H2S)
Combinations of the above
Fire detection system requirements are detailed in SOLAS CHAPTER II-2
Human observation relies on the human senses:
Sight
Sound
Smell
Taste
Touch Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
28. 4/7/2014 28
METHOD OF FIRE DETECTION:
Sight- Infra red flame detectors, sensing flicker patterns,
smoke detectors using light sources in “go” or “no go” light
transmission and reception.
Sound-not really yet!
Smell and Taste- combustion products entering an
ionized chamber.
Touch- Heat detectors, including absolute temperature
and rate of rise temperatures.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
29. AUTOMATIC FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS
Automatic fire detection systems, when combined with
other elements of an emergency response and
evacuation plan, can significantly reduce property
damage, personal injuries, and loss of life from fire in the
workplace. Their main function is to quickly identify a
developing fire and alert building/Office occupants and
emergency response personnel before extensive
damage occurs. Automatic fire detection systems do this
by using electronic sensors to detect the smoke, heat, or
flames from a fire and providing an early warning.
4/7/2014 29
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
30. Manual Fire Detection - Pull Stations
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Manual fire detection is the oldest method of detection. In the
simplest form, a person yelling can provide fire warning. Onboard a
ship, however, a person's voice may not always transmit throughout
the structure and machinery sound. For this reason, manual alarm
stations are installed. The general design philosophy is to place
stations within reach along paths of escape. It is for this reason that
they can usually be found near exit doors in corridors and large
rooms.
The advantage of manual alarm stations is that, upon discovering the
fire, they provide occupants with a readily identifiable means to
activate the building fire alarm system. The alarm system can then
serve in lieu of the shouting person's voice. They are simple devices,
and can be highly reliable when the building is occupied. The key
disadvantage of manual stations is that they will not work when the
building is unoccupied. They may also be used for malicious alarm
activations. Nonetheless, they are an important component in any fire
alarm system. A manually operated device used to initiate an alarm
signal.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
31. Automatic Detectors – Spot type
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Spot Type Detector. A device in which the detecting Element is concentrated at a
particular location. Typical examples are Bimetallic detectors, fusible alloy
detectors, certain pneumatic rate-of-rise Detectors, certain smoke detectors, and
thermoelectric detectors.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
32. Automatic Detectors – Photoelectric
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Light Scattering Smoke Detection. The principle of using a
light source and a photosensitive sensor arranged so that the
rays from the light source do not normally fall onto the
photosensitive sensor. When smoke particles enter the light
path, some of the light is scattered by reflection and refraction
onto the sensor. The light signal is processed and used to
convey an alarm condition when it meets preset criteria.
Hochiki SLR-24V detector
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
33. Automatic Detectors – Ionization
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Ionization smoke detectors use an ionization chamber and a
source of ionizing radiation to detect smoke. This type of smoke
detector is more common because it is inexpensive and better at
detecting the smaller amounts of smoke produced by flaming fires.
Inside the ionization detector is a small amount (perhaps 1/5000th
of a gram) of Americium-241. The radioactive element americium
has a half-life of 432 years, and is a good source of alpha
particles.
An ionization chamber is very simple. It consists of two plates with
a voltage across them, along with a radioactive source of ionizing
radiation.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
34. Ionization Smoke detector
Ionization Smoke Detection. The principle of using a
small amount of radioactive material to ionize the air
between two differentially charged electrodes to sense
the presence of smoke particles. Smoke Particles
entering the ionization volume decrease the
conductance of the air by reducing ion mobility. The
reduced conductance signal is processed and used to
convey an alarm condition when it meets preset criteria.
4/7/2014 34
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
35. Automatic Detectors – Ionization
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Ionization Smoke detectors
The alpha particles generated by the americium have the following property: They
ionize the oxygen and nitrogen atoms of the air in the chamber. To "ionize" means
to "knock an electron off of." When you knock an electron off of an atom, you end
up with a free electron (with a negative charge) and an atom missing one electron
(with a positive charge). The negative electron is attracted to the plate with a
positive voltage, and the positive atom is attracted to the plate with a negative
voltage (opposites attract, just like with magnets). The electronics in the smoke
detector sense the small amount of electrical current that these electrons and ions
moving toward the plates represent.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
36. Ionization Smoke detectors
When smoke enters the ionization chamber, it disrupts this
current -- the smoke particles attach to the ions and
neutralize them. The smoke detector senses the drop in
current between the plates and sets off the horn.
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
37. Smoke Detectors
Ionization Detectors
The ionization detector contains a small
radioactive source that is used to charge
the air inside a small chamber. The
charged air allows a small current to cross
through the chamber and complete an
electrical circuit.
When smoke enters the chamber, it
shields the radiation, which stops the
current and triggers an alarm.
These detectors respond quickly to
very small smoke particles (even
those invisible to the naked eye) from
flaming or very hot fires, but may
respond very slowly to the dense
smoke associated with smoldering or
low-temperature fires.
4/7/2014 37
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg.
Lecturer, International Maritime Academy,
Bangladesh
38. Smoke Detectors
Photoelectric Detectors
In a photoelectric smoke detector, a
light source and light sensor are
arranged so that the rays from the light
source do not hit the light sensor. When
smoke particles enter the light path,
some of the light is scattered and
redirected onto the sensor, causing the
detector to activate an alarm. These
detectors react quickly to visible smoke
particles from smoldering fires, but are
less sensitive to the smaller particles
associated with flaming or very hot
fires.
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg.
Lecturer, International Maritime Academy,
Bangladesh
39. 4/7/2014 39
Smoke detectors must not operate below 2% obscuration
per metre, but must activate before 12.5% obscuration.
Heat detectors must not operate below 540C but must
operate before 780C.
However, in certain cases the heat detector limits may be
increased by 300C
Type AREA ( MAX) DISTANCE
APART
Distance
From
Bulkhead
HEAT 37m2 9m 4.5m
SMOKE 74m2 11m 5.5m
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
40. 4/7/2014 40
Smoke and heat
detectors must
also be sited to
avoid stratification:
that is the detector
must not be
blanketed by layers
of hot air.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
41. 4/7/2014 41
In this case, the
increasing
convection air
currents have
created a flow of
combustion
products across
the detectors.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
42. 4/7/2014 42
As shown,
detector heads
must be
positioned to
allow easy
passage of
combustion
products in all
fire scenarios
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
43. Automatic Detectors – Heat/Thermal
4/7/2014 43
Heat Detector. A fire detector that detects either abnormally high
temperature, or rate of temperature rise, or both.
Heat detectors are the oldest type of automatic fire detection device. They
began development of automatic sprinklers in the 1860s and have
continued to the present with proliferation of various types of devices.
Heat detectors that only initiate an alarm and have no extinguishing function are
still in use. Although they have the lowest false alarm rate of all automatic fire
detector devices, they also are the slowest in fire detecting. A heat detector is best
situated for fire detection in a small confined space where rapidly building high-
output fires are expected, in areas where ambient conditions would not allow the
use of other fire detection devices, or when speed of detection is not a prime
consideration.
Heat detectors are generally located on or near the ceiling and respond to the
convected thermal energy of a fire. They respond either when the detecting element
reaches a predetermined fixed temperature or to a specified rate of temperature
change. In general, heat detectors are designed to operate when heat causes a
prescribed change in a physical or electrical property of a material or gas.
Heat detectors can be sub-divided by their operating principles:Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
44. Automatic Detectors – Fixed Temp.
4/7/2014 44
Fixed-Temperature Detector. A device that responds when its operating
element becomes heated to a predetermined level.
Fixed-temperature heat detectors are designed to alarm when the
temperature of the operating elements reaches a specific point. The
air temperature at the time of alarm is usually considerably higher
than the rated temperature because it takes time for the air to raise
the temperature of the operating element to its set point. This
condition is called thermal lag. Fixed-temperature heat detectors
are available to cover a wide range of operating temperatures -
from about 135'F (57'C) and higher. Higher temperatures detectors
are also necessary so that detection can be provided in areas
normally subject to high ambient temperatures, or in areas zoned
so that only detectors in the immediate fire area operate.
Heat Detector
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
45. 4/7/2014 45
HEAT DETECTION
BI METALLIC STRIP
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
46. Heat Detectors
Heat detectors are normally used in
dirty environments or where dense
smoke is produced. Heat detectors
may be less sensitive, but are more
appropriate than a smoke detector
in these environments. The most
common heat detectors either react
to a broad temperature change or a
predetermined fixed temperature.
4/7/2014 46
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg.
Lecturer, International Maritime Academy,
Bangladesh
47. Heat Detectors
Heat detectors use a set of
temperature-sensitive resistors called
thermistors that decrease in resistance
as the temperature rises. One
thermistor is sealed and protected from
the surrounding temperature while the
other is exposed. A sharp increase in
temperature reduces the resistance in
the exposed thermistor, which allows a
large current to activate the detector's
alarm.
4/7/2014 47
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg.
Lecturer, International Maritime Academy,
Bangladesh
48. Automatic Detectors – Rate-of-Rise
4/7/2014 48
Rate-of-Rise Detector. A device that responds when the temperature rises at a
rate exceeding a predetermined value
One effect that flaming fire has on the surrounding area is to rapidly
increase air temperature in the space above the fire. Fixed-
temperature heat detectors will not initiate an alarm until the air
temperature near the ceiling exceeds the design operating point. The
rate-of-rise detector, however, will function when the rate of
temperature increase exceeds a predetermined value, typically
around 12 to 15'F (7 to 8'C) per minute. Rate-of-rise detectors are
designed to compensate for the normal changes in ambient
temperature that are expected under non-fire conditions.
Hochiki DSC-EA Heat Detector
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
49. 4/7/2014 49
HEAT DETECTION
RATE OF RISE:
TWO BI METALLIC STRIPS
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
50. Automatic Detectors – Combination
4/7/2014 50
Combination Detector. A device that either responds to more than one of the fire
phenomena or employs more than one operating principle to sense one of these
phenomena. Typical examples are a combination of a heat detector with a smoke detector
or a combination of rate-of-rise and fixed temperature heat detector. This device has listings
for each sensing method employed.
Combination detectors contain more than one element which responds to fire. These
detectors may be designed to respond from either element, or from the combined partial or
complete response of both elements. An example of the former is a heat detector that
operates on both the rate-of-raise and fixed-temperature principles. Its advantage is that the
rate-of-rise element will respond quickly to rapidly developing fire, while the fixed-
temperature element will respond to a slowly developing fire when the detecting element
reaches its set point temperature. The most common combination detector uses a vented air
chamber and a flexible diaphragm for the rate-of-rise function, while the fixed-temperature
element is usually leaf-spring restrained by a eutectic metal. When the fixed-temperature
element reaches its designated operating temperature, the eutectic metal fuses and releases
the spring, which closes the contact.
Hochiki DCD Series
Fixed Temp/Rate of
Rise Heat Detector
Hochiki
Photoelectric/Heat
Smoke Detector
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
51. Automatic Detectors – Flame
4/7/2014 51
Flame Detector. A radiant energy-sensing detector that detects the radiant energy
emitted by a flame.
Radiant Energy-Sensing Fire Detector. A device that detects radiant energy,
such as ultraviolet, visible, or infrared, that is emitted as a product of combustion
reaction and obeys the laws of optics.
A flame detector responds either to radiant energy visible to the human eye
(approx. 4000 to 7700 A) or outside the range of human vision. Similar to the
human eye, flame detectors have a 'cone of vision', or viewing angle, that defines
the effective detection capability of the detector.
With this constraint, the sensitivity increases as the angle of incidence decreases.
Such a detector is sensitive to glowing embers, coals, or flames which radiate
energy of sufficient intensity and spectral quality to actuate the alarm. Each type of
fuel, when burning, produces a flame with specific radiation characteristics. A flame
detection system must be chosen for the type of fire that is probable. For example
an ultraviolet (UV) detector will respond to a hydrogen fire, but an infrared (IR)
detector operating in the 4.4 micron sensitivity range will not. It is imperative
therefore; that a qualified fire protection engineer is involved in the design of these
systems, along with assistance from the manufacturer's design staff.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
52. Automatic Detectors – Flame
4/7/2014 52
Due to their fast detection capabilities, flame detectors are generally
used only in high-hazard areas, such as fuel-loading platforms,
industrial process areas, hyperbaric chambers, high-ceiling areas, and
atmospheres in which explosions or very rapid fires may occur. Because
flame detectors must be able to 'see' the fire, they must not be blocked
by objects placed in front of them. The infrared-type detector, however,
has some capability for detecting radiation reflected from walls.
Hochiki HF-24 Flame Detector
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
53. Flame Detectors
Flame detectors are line-
of-sight devices that look
for specific types of light
(infrared, visible,
ultraviolet) emitted by
flames during combustion.
When the detector
recognizes this light from
a fire, it sends a signal to
activate an alarm.
4/7/2014 53
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg.
Lecturer, International Maritime Academy,
Bangladesh
54. 4/7/2014 54
INFRA RED
DETECTOR
Detects radiation in
a particular narrow
band –”flame
flicker”
Can be confused by
flickering lights,
hence built in time
delay.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
55. 4/7/2014 55
This detector senses
the ultra violet
spectrum of a flame
and is less sensitive
to false alarms.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
56. Automatic Detectors – Linear Type
4/7/2014 56
Line-Type Detector. A device in which detection is continuous along a path.
Typical examples are rate-of-rise pneumatic tubing detectors, projected beam
smoke detectors, and heat sensitive cable.
Projected Beam-Type Detector. A type of photoelectric light obscuration
smoke detector wherein the beam spans the protected area.
Photoelectric Light Obscuration Detection. The principle of using a light
source and a photosensitive sensor onto which the principal portion of the source
emission is focused. When smoke particles enter the light path, some of the light
is scattered and some of the light is absorbed, thereby reducing the light reaching
the receiving sensor. The light reduction signal is processed and used to convey
an alarm condition when it meets preset criteria.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
57. Automatic Detectors – Air Sampling
4/7/2014 57
Air Sampling-Type Detector. A detector that consists of a piping or tubing
distribution network that runs from the detector to the area(s) to be protected. An
aspiration fan in the detector draws air form the protected area back to the detector
through air sampling ports, piping, or tubing. At the detector, the air is analyzed for
fire products.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
58. Installation
For fire detection devices to give a prompt warning
of a fire, they must be appropriate for the location
you want to protect .
Detector selection
Fire detectors should be selected based on the
burning characteristics of the materials present
and the nature of location they will be used to
protect.
4/7/2014 58
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
59. Detector selection 1
Smoke detectors
Ionization or photoelectric smoke detectors are designed
to identify a fire during its smoldering or early flame
stages and will meet the needs of most areas containing
primarily wood, paper, fabric, and plastic materials.
During combustion, these materials produce a mixture of
smoke types with detectable levels of both large and
small smoke particles. Smoke detectors are suitable for:
Indoor areas with low ceilings such as offices, closets,
and restrooms.
Areas that are relatively clean with minimal amounts of
dust and dirt.
Areas that contain solid fuels like wood, paper, fabric,
and plastic materials.
4/7/2014 59
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
60. Detector selection 2
Heat detectors
Heat detectors are ideal for areas where flammable
gasses and liquids are handled or any area where a fire
will quickly cause a large change in the surrounding
temperature. Heat detectors are also suitable for:
Dirty, dusty or smoky environments.
Indoor areas without winds or drafts that can prevent
heat from reaching the detector.
Manufacturing areas where large quantities of vapors,
gases, or fumes may be present.
Areas where particles of combustion are normally
present, such as in kitchens, furnace rooms, utility rooms,
and garages or where ovens, burners or vehicle exhaust
gases are present.4/7/2014 60
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
61. Detector selection 3
Flame detectors
Flame detectors are best for protecting:
Areas with high ceilings and open-spaces, such as
warehouses and auditoriums.
Outdoor or semi-enclosed areas, where winds or
draughts can prevent smoke from reaching a heat or
smoke detector.
Areas where rapidly developing flaming fires can occur,
such as petrochemical production, fuel storage areas,
paint shops, and solvent areas.
Environments that are unsuitable for other types of
detectors.
4/7/2014 61
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
62. General guidelines for placing fire
detectors
Put at least one detector in each room, storage area, and
hallway. You may need more than one detector per room for
those that exceed the manufacturer's spacing requirements.
For example, if your detector is rated for 30 feet, install
detectors so they are evenly spaced with no more then 30 feet
between detectors.
Place the detector as close to the center of the ceiling as
possible when only one detector is required in a room or
space.
Put at least one detector in each closet, elevator and other
enclosed spaces.
Place a detector at the top of each flight of stairs.
4/7/2014 62
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
63. Placing Fire Detectors
Place the detectors in the
path of the air flow toward
the return air duct when
air supply or return ducts
are present in a room or
space.
Place all smoke detectors
at least three feet from
ceiling fans.
4/7/2014 63
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg.
Lecturer, International Maritime Academy,
Bangladesh
64. Maintenance and testing
Over time, dust, dirt, and other foreign material can build up
inside a detector’s sensing elements, resulting in reduced
sensitivity, which can limit the amount of warning time given
during a fire. Dirty or dusty detectors can also result in
unwanted alarms that can desensitize occupants to the alarm
system or produce more serious behavior (such as
disconnecting the system altogether).
To avoid malfunctions and unwanted alarms and to make sure
your fire detection system will perform as expected in the
event of a fire, you are required to:
Operate and maintain your system in a working condition,
making sure it is always turned on, except during repairs or
maintenance.
4/7/2014 64
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
65. Maintenance and testing
Test and adjust fire detectors and fire detection systems
often to ensure that they operate correctly and maintain
reliability. Detectors found to be unreliable and/or with
reduced sensitivity must be replaced or cleaned and
recalibrated.
Have a qualified person service, maintain and test all fire
detection systems, including cleaning and necessary
sensitivity adjustments.
Have fire detectors cleaned on a regular basis as
necessary to assure their proper operation.
4/7/2014 65
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
66. Maintenance and testing
All fire detection equipment must be returned to
normal operation as soon as possible after being
tested, used, or accidentally activated.
`Note: You are also required to have spare
detection devices and components readily
available in the workplace or from a local
supplier to ensure prompt restoration of the
system.
4/7/2014 66
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
67. 4/7/2014 67
TESTING A SMOKE
DETECTOR
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
68. Notification/ Alarming Appliances
4/7/2014 68
Notification/ Alarming Appliance. A fire alarm system component
such as a bell, horn, speaker, light or text display that provides
audible, tactile, or visible outputs, or any combination thereof.
Audible Alarming Appliance. A notification appliance that alerts by
the sense of hearing.
Visible Alarming Appliance. A notification appliance that alerts by the
sense of sight.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
69. Fire Alarm Circuit Classes
4/7/2014 69
Class. Initiating device circuits, notification appliance circuits, and
signaling line circuits shall be permitted to be designated as either Class
A or Class B, depending on their performance during nonsimultaneous
single circuit fault conditions as specified by the following:
(1) Initiating device circuits and signaling line circuits that transmit an alarm or
supervisory signal, or notification appliance circuits that allow all connected
devices to operate during a single open or a nonsimultaneous single ground fault
on any circuit conductor, shall be designated as Class A.
(2) Initiating device circuits and signaling line circuits that do not transmit an
alarm or supervisory signal, or notification appliance circuits that do not allow
all connected devices to operate beyond the location of a single open on any
circuit conductor, shall be designated as Class B.
An open or ground fault condition shall result in the annunciation of a trouble
signal at the protected premise within 200 seconds as required in 4.4.7
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
70. Class B Initiating Device Circuit
4.7K
EOLR
4.7K
EOLR
Class B Notification Appliance Circuit
Class B Circuits
4/7/2014 70
End of line supervision resistors are
required to supervise the integrity of
the loop.Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
71. Single open circuit condition causes a
trouble on the panel and renders all
devices beyond the fault inoperative.
Class B Initiating Device Circuit
4.7K
EOLR
4.7K
EOLR
Class B Notification Appliance Circuit
Class B Circuits
4/7/2014 71
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
72. Class A Initiating Device Circuit
Class A Notification Appliance Circuit
Class A Circuits
4/7/2014 72
End of line supervision resistors are not
necessary as the loop returns to the
panel and is driven from both ends.Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
73. Class A Initiating Device Circuit
Class A Notification Appliance Circuit
Class A Circuits
4/7/2014 73
Single open circuit condition causes a trouble on the panel. All
devices on the loop remain operative.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
74. Analog Addressable Sensor - An initiating device that transmits a signal
indicating varying dAddressable Device - A fire alarm system component
with discreet identification that can have its status individually identified or
that is used to individually control other functions.
egrees of condition as contrasted with a conventional or addressable
initiating device, which can only indicate an off/on condition.
Signaling Line Circuit (SLC) - A circuit or path between any combination of
circuit interfaces, control units, or transmitters over which multiple system input
signals or out put signals or both are carried.
SLC Interface - A system component that connects a signaling line circuit
to any combination of initiating devices, initiating device circuits,
notification appliances, notification appliance circuits, system control
outputs and other signaling line circuits.
Protocol - A language for communicating between control panels and
their proprietary devices.
Additional Fire Alarm Terminology
4/7/2014 74
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
75. Conventional control panels range in size from 1 zone
to over 100 zones.
Zones typically consist of some or all of the initiating
devices in an area or floor of a building.
Some control panels zone capacity is expandable
while others are not, limiting its usefulness if a facility
adds additional buildings or rooms.
Comparing System Types
To better understand today’s newer technology, a firm understanding of the types
of systems available is necessary. The three most popular types of systems
installed today are:
•Conventional
•Addressable
•Analog Addressable
Conventional Systems
4/7/2014 75
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
76. Conventional Systems
4/7/2014 76
Zone 1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone 2
FIREFIRE
SILENT KNIGHT
FIREFIRE
SILENT KNIGHT
FIREFIRE
SILENT KNIGHT
FIREFIRE
SILENT KNIGHT
FIREFIRE
SILENT KNIGHT
FACP
NAC 1
Multiple devices are combined
into a single zone. Zones can
contain 30 or more devices.
4.7K
EOLR
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
77. Conventional Systems
4/7/2014 77
Care must be taken when laying
out zones to comply with code
requirements.
Zone 1
4.7K
EOLR
Zone 2
FIREFIRE
SILENT KNIGHT
NAC 1
4.7K
EOLR
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
78. Conventional Systems
4/7/2014 78
Wiring must be installed in a
supervised manner either Class A,
or Class B with an EOLR.
Zone #1
4.7K
EOLR
4.7K
EOLR
Zone #2
NAC #1
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
79. Conventional Systems
4/7/2014 79
Alarm conditions are annunciated
by zone only. Inspection is
required to determine the device.
Zone #1
4.7K
EOLR
4.7K
EOLR
Zone #2
NAC #1
FIRE!
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
80. Conventional Systems
4/7/2014 80
Trouble conditions are annunciated
by zone only. Inspection is required
to determine the cause.
4.7K
EOLR
Zone #1
4.7K
EOLR
4.7K
EOLR
Zone #2
NAC #1
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
81. 4/7/2014 81
A simplified view of
the layout of a fire
detection system,
featuring
normal/emergency
power supply,
UPS,Loop,Zone
Indicators, Alarms,
Test switch and Fire
Zones.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
82. 4/7/2014 82
CABLE LAYOUT
LOOP and LINE monitoring
LOOP MONITORING
The continuity of the cable is
checked by both circuits a-d
and b-c.
In the event of either cable
failing due to damage the
an alarm sounds.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
83. 4/7/2014 83
CABLE LAYOUT
LOOP MONITORING
Failure modes-damage
causes open or short circuit
on cables.
Short circuit, no
discrimination between faults
and FIRE activation.
Open circuit, fault alarm on
one wire
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
84. 4/7/2014 84
CABLE LAYOUT
LOOP MONITORING
In each case faults must be
examined immediately
Whilst the fault condition exists
subsequent fire detection is
inhibited
Easier for accurate fault
detection, discriminates
between fault and fire but
more expensive.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
85. 4/7/2014 85
Line monitoring: Damage to loop
Short circuit shuts down the system and gives Fire alarm.
Open circuit raises fault indication
Less reliable, harder to pinpoint faults but cheaper.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
86. C/E HANIF DEWAN 864/7/2014 86
FIRE EXTINGUISHING METHODS
Method of Extinguishing Fire:
• Starvation: Removing or Limiting fuel
•Smothering: Removing or Limiting Oxygen (Air)
•Cooling: Limiting or Decreasing Heat/Temperature
•Inhibition: Stopping/Breaking chemical reaction
which is building up heat and rise in temperature
(Exothermic Reaction)
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
87. C/E HANIF DEWAN 874/7/2014 87
Fire Extinguishing Agents
• COOLING: WATER
•SMOTHERING: FOAM, CARBON
DIOXIDE, SAND, FIRE BLANKET
•FLAME INHIBATORS: DRY CHEMICAL
POWDER (MONO-AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE),
HALON
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
88. 4/7/2014 88
FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS
All fire fighting systems are used to either:
Remove Heat
Remove Oxygen
Remove fuel
or
CHAINBREAK-stop the chemical reaction
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
89. 4/7/2014 89
FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS
Water acts by:-
Removing heat as it turns to steam.
Blanketing (excluding oxygen) when it turns to steam.
Water can only be used safely on fires of class ‘A’
and ‘C’ and to boundary cool to stop the spread of fire.
Water is electrically conductive therefore cannot be
used on class ‘E’ fires.
The use of water on board ship may be limited by
stability criteria (free surface effect).
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
90. 4/7/2014 90
FIRE MAIN
A sea water supply system to fire hydrants is fitted to every
ship. Several pumps in the engine room will be arranged to
supply the system, their number and capacity being dictated
by legislation (MCA for UK registered vessels as well as
LLOYDS RULES)
An emergency fire pump will also be located remote from the
machinery space and with independent means of power.
A system of hydrant outlets, each with an isolating valve,
located around the ship, and hoses with appropriate snap-in
connectors are strategically located together with nozzles.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
91. 4/7/2014 91
FIRE MAIN (Cont’d)
These nozzles are usually of the jet/spray type providing either
type of discharge as required. All the working areas of the ship
are thus covered, and a constant supply of seawater can be
brought to bear at any point to fight a fire.
While sea water is best used as a cooling agent in fighting Class
A fires it is possible, if all else fails, to use it to fight Class B fires.
The jet/spray nozzle would be adjusted to provide a fine water
spray which could be played over the fire to cool it without
spreading.
An international shore connection is always carried on board
ship. This is a standard size flange which is fitted with a coupling
suitable for the ship's hoses.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
95. 4/7/2014 95
The fire main has a number of dedicated fire pumps:
- Main fire pumps, located in the main machinery spaces.
- Emergency fire pumps remotely located and independently
powered.
- In addition, isolation valves are fitted so that the main fire
pumps and emergency fire pumps can independently
pressurise the fire main.
- Further isolation valves so that the accommodation and
main deck can be pressurised independently.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
96. 4/7/2014 96
Certain areas, such as the paint locker are protected
by manually operated spray systems, supplied by the
Fire main.
Tankers on specific operations, which may involve high
sulphur fuel, can be equipped with water drencher
systems to cover the accommodation and protect it
from hydrocarbon gas or H2S releases
Other specalised vessels provide manual water
curtains at lifeboat embarkation points.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
97. 4/7/2014 97
Automatic FRESH water spray
The automatic spray or sprinkler system provides a network of
sprinkler heads throughout the protected spaces. This system may
be used in accommodation areas, and in machinery spaces with
certain variations in the equipment used and the method of
operation.
The accommodation areas are fitted with sprinkler heads which
both detect and extinguish fires. Sprinkler head is closed by a
quartzoid bulb which contains a liquid that expands considerably
on heating.
When excessively heated the liquid expands, shatters the bulb and
water will issue from the sprinkler head. A deflector plate on the
sprinkler head causes the water to spray out over a large area.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
98. Automatic Fire Sprinklers
Fire sprinklers are most effective during the fire's
initial flame growth stage. A properly selected
sprinkler will detect the fire's heat, initiate alarm
and begin suppression within moments after
flames appear. In most instances sprinklers will
control fire advancement within a few minutes of
their activation. This will in turn result in
significantly less damage than otherwise would
happen without sprinklers.
4/7/2014 98
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
99. Automatic Fire Sprinklers
Sprinkler systems offer several benefits to building
owners, operators, and occupants. These benefits
include:
Immediate identification and control of a developing fire.
Immediate alert.
Reduced heat and smoke damage.
Enhanced life safety.
Design flexibility.
Enhanced Security.
4/7/2014 99
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
100. Automatic Fire Sprinklers
For most fires, water represents the ideal extinguishing
agent. Fire sprinklers utilize water by direct application
onto flames and heat. This action cools the combustion
process and prevents ignition of adjacent combustibles.
Sprinkler systems are essentially a series of water pipes
which are supplied by a reliable water supply. At selected
intervals along these pipes are independent, heat
activated valves known as sprinkler heads. It is the
sprinkler which is responsible for water distribution onto
the fire. Most sprinkler systems also include an alarm to
alert occupants and emergency forces when sprinkler
activation (fire) occurs.
4/7/2014 100
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
101. Automatic Fire Sprinklers
During the incipient fire stage, heat output is relatively
low and unable to cause sprinkler operation. As the fire
intensity increases, however, the sprinkler's sensing
elements become exposed to elevated temperatures
(typically in excess of 135-225°F/57-107°C)and they
begin to deform. Assuming temperatures remain high, as
they would during an increasing fire, the element will
fatigue after an approximate 30 second to 4 minute
period. This will release the sprinkler's seals allowing
water to discharge onto the fire. In most situations less
than 2 sprinklers are needed to suppress the fire. In fast
growing fire scenarios such as a flammable liquid spill, up
to 12 sprinklers may be required for control.
4/7/2014 101
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
102. 4/7/2014 102
HEAD is pressurised by
Fresh water
BULB keeps
valve closed.
Heat causes alcohol inside bulb to
expand, shatter bulb and water flows.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
104. 4/7/2014 104
SPRINKLER HEADS
The different colours denote different operating temperatures,
but the alcohol is the same, only the size of the air bubble
changes.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
105. Standard Sprinkler Head Styles
4/7/2014 105
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
106. Automatic Fire Sprinkler System
4/7/2014 106
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
107. Automatic Fire Sprinkler System
4/7/2014 107
Fire Pump & Jockey Pump
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
109. 4/7/2014 109
Typical low pressure
sprinkler system
NOT HIGH FOG
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
110. 4/7/2014 110
EXPANSION
Supply for up to 200 sprinkler
heads
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
111. 4/7/2014 111
HIGH FOG
Cool and smother, using the latent heat properties of water to
cool, and expansion into steam to temporarily remove oxygen.
Devised by Marioff, from an initial requirement by the Belgian
air force, Marioff converted a hydraulic system of 200 bar
pressure to water in 1974.
Development then followed on head technology, and pressures
have reduced drastically. The following slide shows a “GL”
approved hi fog system currently fitted to new build container
ships.
A single stage low pressure centrifugal pump, with a screw
inducer fitted in the eye takes suction direct from the domestic
fresh water tank.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
113. 4/7/2014 113
The detail shown right, features
the pump taking suction from
the fresh water tank.
The system is manually
operated locally or remotely.
Pump is fed via EMS.
All operations are controlled by
one panel, opening valves and
starting pump.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
114. 4/7/2014 114
Hi Fog droplets are extremely small, increased surface
area causes them to flash into steam, latent heat is
absorbed, steam generated displaces oxygen.
FOG
SPRINKLER-
DROPLETS
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
115. 4/7/2014 115
SMOTHERING
Removal of Oxygen
FOAM
Simple foam
installation,with
seawater mixing with
foam compound(usually
protein).
Not much to go wrong!
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
116. 4/7/2014 116
A simple CO2 driven foam system
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
117. 4/7/2014 117
Exact metering of
foam compounds
and water.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
118. 4/7/2014 118
Types of foam available for marine use:
1. Protein base ( PF)
2. Flouro protein foam (FP)
3. Film forming fluoro protein foam (FFFP)
4. Synthetic detergent foam
5. Alcohol resistant foam-chemical fires
6. Aqueous film forming foam ( AFFF)
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
119. 4/7/2014 119
Hi-Ex-limited use due to
lightness of foam-
convection currents easily
blow the foam away.Must
be delivered from
overhead nozzles
However you can breathe
in the mixture, and there is
a limited cooling and
smoke clearing effect.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
120. 4/7/2014 120
SMOTHER
INERT GASES to TEMPORARILY or PERMANENTLY remove OXYGEN
from the seat of the fire
Temporary-discharge of CO2 from storage
Permanent-use of Inert gas generator to blanket a space or cargo tank.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
122. 4/7/2014 122
The flammable range is
relatively narrow, so that
any new gas introduced
into the space will either
displace oxygen or
remove hydrocarbon
vapours.
This particular example is
for crude oil, but the
principle applies to all
hydrocarbon based fuels.
0
5 10 15 20
5
10
15
20
% O2 in mixture
%hydrocarbongasinthe
mixture
Inflammable zone
10%
2%
Inert
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
123. 4/7/2014 123
In the case of discharge of
CO2, the energy released as
the CO2 expands, plus the
smothering action of the
CO2, plus the smothering
action of smoke, temporarily
removes the O2 content
below 10%.
Note that human life may be
extinguished at any level
below normal oxygen level
0
5 10 15 20
5
10
15
20
% O2 in mixture
%hydrocarbongasinthe
mixture
Inflammable zone
10%
2%
Inert
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
124. 4/7/2014 124
In the case of inerting
hydrocarbon cargo tanks, inert
gas is produced from a
combustion unit, so that O2
content is typically 5%.
This is used initially to remove the
fuel vapour, and then permanently
to reduce O2 content during
loading/unloading operations. 0
5 10 15 20
5
10
15
20
% O2 in mixture
%hydrocarbongasinthe
mixture
Inflammable zone
10%
2%
Inert
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
125. 4/7/2014 125
CO2 Fixed Fire Extinguishing System for Machinery Space
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
126. CO2 System operation in Machinery Spaces
A Co2 system of machinery spaces consists of a bank of Co2 bottles that
can be operated from a remote place located away from the machinery
spaces. The system also consists of pilot Co2 cylinders which control the
activation of the bank of Co2 bottles. The Pilot cylinders are contained in a
control box and are normally kept disconnected. The system is connected
to the pilot cylinders and the control box with the help of steel wires or
flexible pipes. All these pipes are fitted with a quick action coupling. When
the system is to be activated, the coupling in plugged into the
corresponding socket. The valves of the pilot cylinders will be opened with
the help of the levers in the main CO2 control system.
- The CO2 from the pilot cylinders will open the system's main stop valve.
- The main stop valve has a piston which gets depressed due to the Co2
gas pressure and allows the pilot gas to flow to the bank of CO2 cylinders.
- This pilot gas operates the cylinders' valves. These valves are known as
Klem valves. All these valves have an actuator which gets operated by the
pilot pressure.
4/7/2014 126
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
127. - The detection of fire is done by various sensors installed in the machinery
spaces.Though the opening of control box operates an alarm, the main
decision for CO2 flooding is taken by the Chief engineer, after due
consultation with the master of the ship.
- Before releasing Co2 into the fire affected space, it should be made sure
that everybody is out of the place and total head should be counted.
- The place is fully enclosed i.e all skylights & ventilators are closed air-tight
and pumpsumps supplying fuel oil should also be stopped in order to
prevent re-ignition.
- Separate levers for each and every space are present inside the main
controlling cabinet. The operating of a particular lever activates the pilot
bottles, which helps in releasing the complete bank of bottles designated for
that place.
- With the opening of the master valve, Co2 is flooded inside the fire affected
space, which then smothers the fire with the help of blanket effect.
- Boundary cooling should be carried out.
4/7/2014 127
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
128. 4/7/2014 128
The mass of CO2
required is defined
under a typical
calculation as shown.
This calculation is for a
container ship, and is for
a multi purpose system
to cover a number of
spaces.
The mass carried is
sufficient to extinguish a
fire in the largest space.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
129. 4/7/2014 129
THE FOLLOWING THINGS TO BE CONSIDERED:
1. The mass of CO2 required obviously has to take up free space i.e. air
space in the area protected. An allowance is made for machinery (and
in this case, containers in the cargo hold) taking up space. The mixing
ratio allows for this difference in “permeability”.
2. Having calculated the volume required, the mass is now estimated and
this is translated into number of 45Kg or 48Kg bottles needed to
protect each space. A multi purpose release system is now used to
discharge the correct number of bottles for each space. One spare
bottle ( for the total system)is required.
3. Obviously the release mechanism has to be robust and reliable. A pilot
system is used to initiate the main release of bottles. The amount of
CO2 in the pilot system is not counted in the calculation.
4. CO2 release must be used in conjunction with other measures:
-Ventilation must be stopped, and
- ventilation flaps closed, to prevent CO2 escaping from the space.
- Quick closing valves are usually shut, to restrict supply of hydrocarbon
fuels, so all Main and power generation engines will be stopped.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
130. 4/7/2014 130
5. Consequently the vessel is helpless and you must summon help.
In addition, CO2 is a “one shot” system and if it does not work quickly IT
WILL NOT WORK AT ALL.
CO2 must be discharged as one MASS discharge, not individual bottles,
and within two minutes of proven evacuation.
There are strict rules to be observed about releasing CO2 into a
space and about re-entering the space afterwards.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
131. 4/7/2014 131
The system shown
features both pilot
and smothering
bottles.
Amount of pilot a gas
DOES NOT feature in
the calculation.
In this German flag,
GL approved system,
there is a built in time
delay of about 24
seconds between
operating the main
bottle release and
CO2 discharge
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
132. 4/7/2014 132
Release cabinets for the ER system are located outside the engine room door
and in the CO2 room.
Release cabinets for the hold system are located on the bridge and in the CO2
room
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
133. 4/7/2014 133
When the cargo hold system is discharged, ventilation is stopped
and the correct amount of bottles for each hold is AUTOMATICALLY
released
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
134. 4/7/2014 134
GERMAN FLAG, GL approved system!!
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
137. 4/7/2014 137
A method of
storage developed
in the 1980’s was
the use of
refrigerated low
pressure storage
in a single
container rather
than ambient high
pressure storage
in large amounts
of bottles.
A second
discharge is
available by using
the “hot gas” from
the refrigeration
circuit to boil the
remaining CO2 gas
out.
Capacity is 105% of storage
space in a “cold” discharge
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
139. 4/7/2014 139
Safe use of CO2 :-
Ventilation fans off, space sealed, machinery stopped, tanks
isolated.
Total head count.
CO2 released on master’s command.
Boundary cooling set up.
Space remains sealed until steady temperature drop recorded
over a period of 2 hours.
Safety of Re-entry:
B.A. team re-enter machinery space and damp down hot spots.
Re-entry should be from the top entrance.
Ventilation fans restarted (extraction fan).
Atmosphere tested with O2 meter throughout space
Boundary cooling should be continued to stop re-ignition
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
140. 4/7/2014 140
Cargo and container ships
monitor the holds using a
smoke extraction system,
that removes the
atmospheric contents of
the hold, and passes the
sample through a detector
located in the wheelhouse.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
141. 4/7/2014 141
In the event of a smoke alarm, the
ventilation system is stopped and the
three way sampling cocks are turned to
discharge CO2 back through the
sampling pipes to the hold.
CO2 is released as required.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
142. Co2 System for Cargo Space
The release mechanism of CO2 system in cargo spaces is same as that
of the machinery spaces. The only difference is that the cargo spaces
have a different type of fire detection system.
For detection of fire in cargo hold, a sample of air is drawn from all the
cargo holds by an extractor fan.This sample of air is passed through a
cabinet wherein a set of smoke sensitive sensors analyze the sample.
The sensors will detect any presence of smoke in the sample. As soon as
the sensor detects smoke in the sample, it activates the CO2 alarm
system of the ship. A part of the sample is also discharged to the
wheelhouse in order to cross-check the presence of smoke in the sample.
This can be done by smelling the smoke. The sample is later vented to
the air.
In order to check whether the extractor is extracting samples from the
holds, a small indicator propeller is fitted, which ensures that the samples
are taken.
4/7/2014 142
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
143. Checks on the CO2 system:
i. Pipes leading to the spaces should regularly be blown
with air to ensure that they are not blocked.
Ii. The level in the Co2 bottles should be checked on
regular basis. If in a particular check, the difference is
10% of the total volume, the bottle should be replaced as
soon as possible.
Iii. Sensors should be checked periodically.
Iv. Cabinet door alarms should also be checked on
regular interval of time.
V. All the pipings and connections at the CO2 bottles
should be checked regularly.
4/7/2014 143
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
144. 4/7/2014 144
OTHER METHOD OF SMOTHERING OF FIRES:
Smothering of a fire can also be achieved by using inert gas
produced on board ship.
In this case the inert gas is produced as required, and is low
pressure NITROGEN, which is the leftover by product of
combustion, as long as the Oxygen content is consistently less
than 10% maximum.
Effectively this rules out diesel engines and incinerators and leaves
1. Exhaust gases from a Marine boiler
2. Exhaust gases from a purpose built combustion unit
3. Exhaust gases from the AFTERBURNER of a gas turbine.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
147. 4/7/2014 147
System using exhaust gases
from a boiler on load
producing steam
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
148. 4/7/2014 148
This unit, sometimes called an
autonomous unit, burns diesel
oil to generate a very low
oxygen content in the exhaust
gases
It has no other function and is
very useful when there is an
an instant demand for inert
gas-
“ topping off”.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
149. The Oxygen Depleted Condition
No Fire can take Place even in the presence of Heat or Fuel
because there is not enough oxygen to support it
Safe Ship
NO FIRE
In absence of any one
side of the original
Fire Triangle, the risk
of a fire is non-
existent.
4/7/2014 149
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
150. The Flammability diagram
8 %
Inerted Condition
4/7/2014 150
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
151. The percentage of oxygen required to sustain combustion:
More than 11 %
What percentage of oxygen are required to maintain
in the cargo tanks ?
By law less than 8 %.
Some ports require a vessel to maintain less than 5 %.
A Cargo tank is considered “Inerted” when the oxygen content in the tank is
less than 8 % by volume
4/7/2014 151
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
152. 4/7/2014 152
CHAINBREAKERS
HALON
Still legal under IMO legislation
but not UK legislation ( or other
EU countries plus CANADA)
NOVEC 1230 is an approved
drop in replacement.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
153. 4/7/2014 153
CHAINBREAKERS
Originally only Halon, ( see MGN 258). Alternative environmentally friendly
gasses now available include:-
Novec 1230.
FM200.
Halotron 11 B.
These gasses act by blanketing (excluding oxygen at the seat of the fire)
and cooling but some (NOVEC1230) also disrupt the chemical chain
reaction of combustion.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
154. 4/7/2014 154
1. HALON is a CFC and so has the same OZONE depletion
affect as R11 and R12.
2. NOVEC 1230 is a HALON replacement, using roughly the
same pipeline layout, and same mass of fluid, with a slight
change in head detail, and with an ODP and GWP of 0.
3. FM 200 AND HALOTRON 11 require roughly 1.5-2 times as
much mass as HALON, with an ODP of 0 and a GWP of 1
4. PYROGEN has appeared briefly as a HALON substitute but
has since disappeared.
Dry powder is also a chain-breaker and in addition acts as a
smothering agent.
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
155. 4/7/2014 155
Water Foam Dry Powder CO2 Halocarbon
HAND HELD FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
156. Portable Fire Extinguishers
firemain and hose reel system
(manual actuation)
4/7/2014 156
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
157. 4/7/2014 157
Types of fire extinguishers
Different types of fire extinguishers are designed to
fight different types of fire. The most common types
of fire extinguishers are:
Water extinguishers
Foam extinguishers
CO2 (carbon dioxide) extinguishers
Dry chemical extinguishers
Fire blanket
C/E HANIF DEWAN 157
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
158. 4/7/2014 158
WATER EXTINGUISHER
Extinguish fire by cooling
the surface of the fuel to
remove the "heat"
element of the fire
triangle.
It is designed for Class
A (wood, paper, cloth,
rubber, and certain
plastics) fires only.
C/E HANIF DEWAN 158
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
159. 4/7/2014 159
WATER EXTINGUISHER
Important:
Never use water to extinguish flammable liquid
fires. Water is extremely ineffective at
extinguishing this type of fire and may make
matters worse by the spreading the fire.
Never use water to extinguish an electrical fire.
Water is a good conductor and may lead to
electrocution if used to extinguish an electrical
fire. Electrical equipment must be unplugged
and/or de-energized before using a water
extinguisher on an electrical fire.
C/E HANIF DEWAN 159
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
160. 4/7/2014 160
Foam Fire Extinguisher
Modern synthetic AFFF offers a
very effective means of
extinguishing fires that involve
both normal combustible
materials and flammable
liquids. AFFF, which stands for
Aqueous Film Forming Foam,
extinguishes Class A fires by
removing the HEAT and
cooling the fire and Class A, B &
C fires, by shutting off the
OXYGEN and suffocating the
fire.
C/E HANIF DEWAN 160
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
161. 4/7/2014 161
Foam Fire Extinguisher
With flammable liquids (Class B materials) , allow
the foam to gently flow over the surface of the
liquid moving the nozzle from side to side, until the
fire dies down.
With most Class A materials, you will often
find that although the flames have been
extinguished, the materials will continue to
smolder for quite some time, so it is important to
make sure that any ‘Hot Spots’ are completely
extinguished, as the fire may re-ignite.
C/E HANIF DEWAN 161
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
162. 4/7/2014 162
Carbon dioxide extinguishers
This type of extinguisher is filled
with Carbon Dioxide (CO2), a
non-flammable gas under
extreme pressure. These
extinguishers put out fires by
displacing oxygen, or taking away
the oxygen element of the fire
triangle. Because of its high
pressure, when you use this
extinguisher pieces of dry ice
shoot from the horn, which also
has a cooling effect on the fire.
C/E HANIF DEWAN 162
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
163. 4/7/2014 163
Carbon dioxide extinguishers
You can recognize this type
of extinguisher by its hard
horn and absent pressure
gauge.
CO2 cylinders are red and
range in size from five to 100
pounds or larger.
CO2 extinguishers are
designed for Class B, C, E
and F fires.
C/E HANIF DEWAN 163
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
164. 4/7/2014 164
Carbon dioxide extinguishers
Important:
CO2 is not recommended for Class A fires because they
may continue to smolder and re-ignite after the CO2
dissipates.
Never use CO2 extinguishers in a confined space while
people are present without proper respiratory protection.
Locations:
Carbon dioxide extinguishers will frequently be found in
industrial vehicles, mechanical rooms, offices, computer
labs, and flammable liquid storage areas.
C/E HANIF DEWAN 164
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
165. 4/7/2014 165
Dry chemical extinguishers
Dry chemical extinguishers put out
fires by coating the fuel with a thin
layer of fire retardant powder,
separating the fuel from the
oxygen. The powder also works to
interrupt the chemical reaction,
which makes these extinguishers
extremely effective.
Dry chemical extinguishers are
usually rated for class B and C fires
and may be marked multiple
purpose for use in A, B & E fires.
They contain an extinguishing
agent and use a compressed, non-
flammable gas as a propellant.
C/E HANIF DEWAN 165
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
166. 4/7/2014 166
Dry chemical extinguishers
ABC fire extinguishers
are red in color, and
range in size from five
pounds to 20 pounds.
Dry Chemical
extinguishers will
have a label
indicating they may
be used on class A,
B, E & F fires.
C/E HANIF DEWAN 166
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
167. 4/7/2014 167
Fire Blanket
Fires in small utensils containing cooking fats can be
extinguished by smothering with Asbestos blanket
or door mat (which has been wetted first!). Normally
use to extinguish class K type of fire.
C/E HANIF DEWAN 167
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
169. 4/7/2014 169
Using a fire extinguisher
The following steps should be followed when responding to
incipient stage fire:
Sound the fire alarm and call the fire department, if
appropriate.
Identify a safe evacuation path before approaching the fire.
Do not allow the fire, heat, or smoke to come between you
and your evacuation path.
Select the appropriate type of fire extinguisher.
Discharge the extinguisher within its effective range using the
P.A.S.S. technique (pull, aim, squeeze, sweep).
Back away from an extinguished fire in case it flames up
again.
Evacuate immediately if the extinguisher is empty and the
fire is not out.
Evacuate immediately if the fire progresses beyond the
incipient stage.
C/E HANIF DEWAN 169
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
170. 4/7/2014 170
Using a fire extinguisher
Most fire extinguishers operate using
the following P.A.S.S. technique:
1.PULL... Pull the pin. This will also
break the tamper seal.
2.AIM... Aim low, pointing the
extinguisher nozzle (or its horn or
hose) at the base of the fire.
Note: Do not touch the plastic
discharge horn on CO2
extinguishers, it gets very cold and
may damage skin.
3.SQUEEZE... Squeeze the handle to
release the extinguishing agent.
4.SWEEP... Sweep from side to side at
the base of the fire until it appears to
be out. Watch the area. If the fire re-
ignites, repeat steps 2 - 4.
C/E HANIF DEWAN 170
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
171. 4/7/2014 171C/E HANIF DEWAN 171
FOUR METHOD OF FIRE EXTINGUISHMENT
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
173. Provision for fire protection
Ship division - main vertical zones by thermal &
structural boundaries
Inert gas protection – tankers
Lockers – combustible materials
Use of flame retardant materials flame screens
and other devices for preventing the flame
passage
Use of steel
Provisions wrt fire main - diameter, pressure
(SOLAS minimum requirement)
4/7/2014 173
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
174. Basic principles
Division into main and vertical zones by thermal and
structural boundaries
Separate accommodation spaces from the remainder by
thermal and structural boundaries
Restricted use of combustible materials
Fire detection in the origin zone
Containment and extinction of any fire in the origin space
Protection – by means of escape / access for fire fighting
purposes
Readily available of fire-extinguishing appliances
Minimise possibility of ignition of flammable cargo vapour
4/7/2014 174
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
175. Bulkheads & decks
Divide vessel into number of separate divisions
Heat / flame must penetrate before can spread to
another compartment
Constructed from approved non combustible
material – steel with appropriate strength
But heat of intense fire can cause exposed steel to
wrap, buckle or fail
SOLAS & regulatory bodies have stringent rules on
this construction
4/7/2014 175
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
176. Class divisions
Ability of composite materials which are used as
load-bearing "A" or "B" class divisions to withstand
the applied loads during and at the end of fire
Adopted by the Organization
Additional tests on small specimens to determine
the high temperature strength properties of the
material.
Formed by bulkheads, decks, ceiling, lining
Non combustible materials capable preventing
smoke and flame passage when subject to
standard fire test for a specified duration
4/7/2014 176
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
177. Non-combustible material
Material which neither burns nor gives off
flammable vapours in sufficient quantity for self-
ignition when heated to approx. 750°C
Determined to the satisfaction of the
Administration by an established test procedure
Any other material is a combustible material
4/7/2014 177
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
178. Standard time – temperature curve
At the end of the first 05 min – 556oC
At the end of the first 10 min – 659oC
At the end of the first 15 min – 718oC
At the end of the first 30 min – 821oC
At the end of the first 60 min – 925oC
4/7/2014 178
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
179. A lass di isio ulkhead a d de k
Constructed from steel or other equivalent material
Suitably stiffened
Capable preventing passage of smoke and flammable
to the end of the one-hour standard fire test
Insulated with approved non-combustible materials
4/7/2014 179
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
180. A lass di isio ulkhead a d de k
Average temperature of unexposed side will not rise
more than:
139°C above the original temperature
180°C at any point including any joint, above the original
temperature
within the time listed below:
Class A-60 60 min
Class A-30 30 min
Class A-15 15 min
Class A- 0 0 min
The Administration may require a test of a prototype
(original sample) bulkhead or deck to ensure it meets
the above requirement for integrity and temperature
rise4/7/2014 180
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
181. B lass di isio ulkhead, de k, eili g o li i gs)
Constructed to capable preventing flame passage
until end of the first half hour of standard fire test
Insulated so that average temperature of the
unexposed side will not rise more than:
139°C above the original temperature
225°C at any point including any joint above the normal
temperature
within the time listed below:
Class B-15 15 min
Class B- 0 0 min
4/7/2014 181
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
182. B lass di isio ulkhead, de k, eili g o
li i gs o t/…
Constructed of approved non-combustible
materials
All materials entering into construction and
erection of B class divisions shall be non-
combustible
The Administration may require a test of a
prototype (original sample) division to ensure that
its meets the above requirements for integrity and
temperature rise
4/7/2014 182
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
183. Main vertical zones
Those sections which the hull, super structure and
deckhouses are divided by ‘A’ class divisions
mean length on any deck does not exceed 40
meters
Accommodation Spaces
Spaces used for public spaces, corridors, lavatories,
cabins, offices, hospitals, cinemas, games and
hobbies rooms, barber shops, pantries containing no
cooking appliances and similar spaces.
4/7/2014 183
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
184. Public Spaces
Public Spaces are those portions of the
accommodation which are used for halls, dining
rooms, lounges and similar permanently enclosed
spaces
Cargo Spaces
Cargo Spaces are all spaces used for cargo, cargo
oil tanks, tanks for other liquid cargo and trunks to
such spaces
Closed Ro-Ro Cargo Spaces
Spaces which are neither open ro-ro spaces nor
weather decks
4/7/2014 184
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
185. Ro-Ro Cargo Spaces
Spaces not normally subdivided and extending
to either a substantial length or entire length of
vessel in which motor vehicle with fuel in their
tanks for their own propulsion and/or goods
(packaged or in bulk, in or on rail or road cars,
vehicles (including road or rail tankers), trailers,
containers, pallets, demountable tanks or in or
on similar stowage units or other receptacles)
can be loaded and unloaded normally in a
horizontal direction
4/7/2014 185
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
186. Open Ro-Ro cargo spaces
Spaces that either open at both ends, or have an
opening at one end, and are provided with adequate
natural ventilation effective over their entire length
through permanent openings distributed in the side
plating or deck-head or from above, having a total
area of at least 10% of the total area of the space
side
4/7/2014 186
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
187. Machinery Spaces of Category A
(1 July 2002)
Spaces and trunks to such spaces which contain
either:
Internal combustion machinery used for main
propulsion
Internal combustion machinery used for other than
main propulsion where such machinery has an
aggregate total power output > 375 kW (500 hp)
any oil-fired boiler or oil fuel unit or equipment other
than boiler, such as inert gas generator, incinerator,
waste disposal units, etc
4/7/2014 187
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
189. Watertight doors
Design to prevent the water movement thru the doorway
Must match with bulkhead connected
3 classes of WTD:
Class 1 :manually operated hinged door
Class 2 :manually operated (with hydraulic assist once) sliding
doors
Class 3 : manually & power operating sliding door
Capable to close with listing 15° either sides
Capable to operate on both sides, not exceeding 90 seconds
To ensure operate easily, close properly & dogs operate
freely
4/7/2014 189
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
190. Fire dampers
Thin steel plate 3.2mm thick & suitable stiffened
Placed in ventilation duct, held in open position by
fusible link
Air temperature above 74 or 100°C will melt the fusible
link – closing damper
4/7/2014 190
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
191. INERT GAS SYSTEM
Sources:
Ships main or aux boiler uptakes
Generating plant burning diesel/light FO
Replace O2 contents on cargo surface outside of
flammable range
Accepted for fire smothering purposes in dry cargo
holds
14% CO2, 1% O2, 85% N2, remaining trace
elements
No cooling effect, reignition must avoided
4/7/2014 191
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
192. Inert gas system
Time allowed for complete extinction, sufficient cool
before dissipate gas and air entrance
Asphyxiating and toxic – NOx elements
Proper enclosed space permit required
Rate of production limited
4/7/2014 192
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
193. Nitrogen
Fire smothering agent
Fire / explosion preventive agent
In case others unacceptable – contaminated cargo
Gas with density slightly less than air
Concentration required higher than CO2
Temperature limited to -147°C (low critical)
4/7/2014 193
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
194. Fire main configurations
Must fulfill the followings:
Max discharge from 2 fire pumps up to 50 psi
Main line diameter from ” to ”
Branch line ½” to ½”
Protected against freezing
Provision for shore connection
Enough pressure from hydrant covering areas until
adjacent hydrant
4/7/2014 194
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
195. Other operation required
Maintaining cleanliness on board
Observances of smoking only in approved spaces
Keeping doors closed
Maintenance of fire appliances including fire
dampers
Regular fire drills and instructions
4/7/2014 195
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
197. Ship fire fighting organisation
Bridge - central control station
Master – full in charge
Fire officer/officers report to bridge and receive
instructions
4/7/2014 197
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
198. Information required by central control station
Time at fire alarm was given
Position and nature of fire
Confirmation that fire parties at their assembly
points & firemans outfits ready / available
Confirmation - fire main is pressurized
Report – initial attempts to extinguish fire using
portable extinguishers
Report – effect of fire on services e.g. lighting
Report - persons present / trapped – head count
4/7/2014 198
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
199. Information available on bridge
Drawing arrangement in convenient size for
ship, engine room & accommodation
Details – access & escapes from different zones
Details - fire-extinguishing equipment (fixed &
portable) for entire ship including storage
position of refills
Stability information
Details - survival equipment & its location
Stowage plans
Information on dangerous goods
4/7/2014 199
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
200. Methods of communication
available
Telephones
Loud hailers
Direct speech - bridge to MCR
Hand-held radio telephones
Messengers
4/7/2014 200
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
201. Damage control and fires containment
Bridge - closing watertight & fire doors
Stopping ventilation fans, closing of dampers on
funnel and other places
Closing all windows & portholes in
accommodation, galley and other spaces
Turning ship to best position relative to wind
direction for fire fighting
Bulkhead – boundary cooling
Using fire blankets as necessary
Maintaining fire-watch after fire extinguished
4/7/2014 201
Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
202. Monitoring and controlling ship stability
Calculating changes in GM due to weight of
extinguishing water and its free surface effect
Arranging pumping / draining of fire fighting water
from affected spaces including cutting holes in
ships side
Calculating - affect of cargo shifting (for cargo fires)
Assess – damage effect caused by spaces flooded
with sea water
Considering / possibilities - moving vessel to
shallow water or allowing for grounding
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
203. Organization of fire parties
Identification of each fire party
Identification of each member of fire party
Safeguards - keeping in contact with each person &
their position
Duties of each fire party
Reconnaissance team - equipped with portable
extinguishers
Fire hose team
Help, search and first-aid team
Technical team - checking lifts, closing fire dampers,
controlling ventilation fans and FO shut off valves, starting
emergency generator and fire pump, refilling used
extinguishers as required and preparing for gas flooding
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
206. Location & use of portable
extinguishers
Water
Foam
Dry powder
Carbon dioxide
Halon
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
207. Location & use of mobile extinguishers
Foam
Dry powder
Carbon dioxide
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
208. Location & use of fixed extinguishing
system
Fire hydrants, hoses & nozzles
Water sprinklers
Water sprays
Foam system
Carbon dioxide system
Halon system
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
209. Lo atio & use of fi e a ’s outfit
Learn how to don protective clothing quickly
Knowing where it is stowed / comprise
Checking & use of BA set
Checking & use of fireproof lifeline & familiar with
signal codes
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
210. Fire in cargo spaces
Location – in holds, tween deck or containers
Types – involving dangerous goods
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
211. Training for fire party members
Instruction of duties being assigned
Instruction of duties being allocated
Exercises – increase member s proficient including
first aid
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
213. Fire Protection, Detection and Extinguishing:
• This Chapter was totally reviewed in the Amendments
published on
December 2000 [Resolution MSC.99 (73)]
• Entry into force on the 1st of July 2002
Alterations:
• The new version focus the attention more on the processes
associated to fire scenarios than on the types of ships, as
previously.
• New Part E- Operational Requirements that deals
exclusively with the human factors, such as education, training
and maintenance issues.
• New Part F that establishes a methodology for the approval of
alternative or innovative designs and arrangements.
• Some technical details of the systems have been moved to
the International Fire Safety Systems (FSS) Code.
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
214. Fire Protection, Detection and Extinguishing:
PART A - GENERAL
• Regulation 1. Application
• Regulation 2. Fire safety objectives and
functional requirements
• Regulation 3. Definitions
PART B - PREVENTION OF FIRE & EXPLOSION
• Regulation 4. Probability of Ignition
• Regulation 5. Fire growth potential
• Regulation 6. Smoke generation potential and
toxicity
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
215. Fire Protection, Detection and Extinguishing:
PART C- SUPPRESSION OF FIRE
• Regulation 7. Detection and alarm
• Regulation 8. Control of smoke spread
• Regulation 9. Containment of fire
• Regulation 10. Fire fighting
• Regulation 11. Structural integrity
PART D - ESCAPE
• Regulation 12. Notification of crew and
passengers
• Regulation 13. Means of escape
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
216. Fire Protection, Detection and Extinguishing:
PART E - OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
• Regulation 14. Operational readiness and maintenance
• Regulation 15. Instructions, onboard training and drills
• Regulation 16. Operations
PART F - ALTERNATIVE DESIGN & ARRANGEMENTS
• Regulation 17. Alternative design and arrangements
PART G - SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS
• Regulation 18. Helicopter facilities
• Regulation 19. Carriage of dangerous goods
• Regulation 20. Protection of vehicle, special category
and ro-ro spaces
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
217. PART A - GENERAL
Reg. 1 – Application
1. Application
2. Applicable requirements to existing ships
3. Repairs, alterations, modifications and outfitting
4. Exemptions
5. Applicable requirements depending on ship type
6. Application of requirements for tankers
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
218. Reg. 2 - Fire safety Objectives and
Functional Requirements
1. Fire safety objectives
2. Functional requirements
3. Achievement of the fire safety objectives
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
219. Fire Safety Objectives
• Prevent the occurrence of fire and explosion;
• Reduce the risk to life caused by fire
• Reduce the risk of damage caused by fire to the
ship, its cargo and the environment
• Contain, control and suppress fire and
explosion in the compartment of origin
• Provide adequate and readily accessible means of
escape for passengers and crew
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh
220. Functional Requirements
• Division of the ship into main vertical and horizontal
zones with structural and thermal boundaries
• Separation of the accommodations from the remainder of
the ship with structural and thermal boundaries
• Restricted use of combustible materials
• Detection of any fire in the zone of origin
• Containment and extinguishing of any fire in the
compartment of origin
• Protection of the means of escape and access for
firefighting
• Fire firefighting appliances available and ready
• Minimize the possibility of ignition of flammable cargo
vapor
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Mohd. Hanif Dewan, Senior Engg. Lecturer,
International Maritime Academy, Bangladesh