1. BACTERIA

3. 1. Cell wall – keeps cell from bursting or collapsing due to osmotic changes (changes in water) a. The cell wall may also be surrounded by an organized capsule called a glycocalyx and/or by a loose jelly-like sheath called a slime layer. b. In parasitic forms, these outer coverings protect the cell from host defenses.

4. 5. Nucleoid region contains a circular loop of DNA 6. Plasmids are rings of DNA, used in reproduction 7. Ribosomes in cytoplasm synthesize proteins 2. Flagella is used for movement 3. Pilli (Fimbrae) help bacteria cling to surfaces 4. Prokaryotes do not have organelles or a membrane bound nucleus!

5. Cell Membrane – regulates what comes in and out of the cell Cell Wall – maintains shape and form Capsule – found in virulent bacteria, helps evade immune system What are the two blank areas?

6. Binary fission is the splitting of a parent cell into two daughter cells; it is asexual reproduction in prokaryotes. DNA makes a copy of itself, then cell splits II. Reproduction in Prokaryotes

9. TRANSFORMATION

11. Plasmid – an extra bit of DNA, used in sexual reproduction Plasmids are also used in genetic engineering Some bacteria form resistant endospores in response to unfavorable environmental conditions.

14. THERMOACIDOPHILE – thrives in super-hot, super-acidic conditions the red stuff on the rocks This is an archaebacteria. THE FUTURE BELONGS TO ARCHAE!

16. Bacteria Shape & Naming The Gram stain procedure (developed in the late 1880s by Hans Christian Gram) differentiates bacteria. a. Gram‑positive bacteria stain purple, whereas Gram‑negative bacteria stain pink. b. This difference is dependent on the thick (Gram-positive) or thin (Gram-negative) cell wall.

18. Gram Negative

19. Gram Positive

20. Bacteria Shapes Cocci – spheres Bacilli – rods Spirilla - spirals Staph – in clusters Strep – in chains

21. Streptococcus (spheres in chains) This is the bacteria that causes strep throat.

22. Identify Gram positive or Gram negative ? Identify shape as bacillus, cocci or spirilla?

23. Identify Gram positive or Gram negative ? Identify shape as bacillus, cocci or spirilla? (Anthrax)

24. Identify as Gram positive or Gram negative? Staphylococcus

25. Identify as Streptococcus or Staphylococcus? Strains are responsible for strep throat, and flesh eating bacteria

26. Identify as Streptococcus or Staphylococcus? Staph means “bunch of grapes” in Greek.

28. Tetanus Rigid muscles from tetanus infection Also known as “lockjaw”

29. Clostridium botulism Gram positive Causes food poisoning that is sometimes fatal A ll forms lead to paralysis that typically starts with the muscles of the face and then spreads towards the limbs.[1] In severe forms, it leads to paralysis of the breathing muscles and causes respirator y failure. In view of this life-threatening complication, all suspected cases of botulism are treated as medical emergencies, and public health officials are usually involved to prevent further cases from the same source.[1]

32. Bacillis Anthracis (Anthrax)

33. Bacillus (unknown strain)

34. E. Coli – what is the long thing at the end of each bacterium called?

35. Cocci, Bacillis or Spirilla Bacteria?

36. Salmonella

37. Name this Bacteria: (staphyl or strepto? coccus, bacillus or spirilla?)

38. Culturing Bacteria