Presentation from the Nesma autumn conference 2015 on November 12 in Utrecht

1. Thomas Fehlmann
Eberhard Kranich

2.  1981: Dr. Math. ETHZ
 1991: Six Sigma for Software Black Belt
 1999: Euro Project Office AG, Zürich
 2001: Akao Price 2001 for original contributions to QFD
 2003: SwissICT Expert for Software Metrics, ICTscope.ch
 2004: Member of the Board QFD Institute Deutschland – QFD Architect
 2007: CMMI for Software – Level 4 & 5
 2011: Net Promoter® Certified Associate
 2012: Member of the DASMA Board
 2013: Vice-President ISBSG
Dr. Thomas Fehlmann
 1981: Dr. Math. ETHZ
 1991: Six Sigma for Software Black Belt
 1999: Euro Project Office AG, Zürich
 2001: Akao Price 2001 for original contributions to QFD
 2003: SwissICT Expert for Software Metrics, ICTscope.ch
 2004: Member of the Board QFD Institute Deutschland – QFD Architect
 2007: CMMI for Software – Level 4 & 5
 2011: Net Promoter® Certified Associate
 2012: Member of the DASMA Board
 2013: Vice-President ISBSG

3. Eberhard Kranich
 Mathematics and Computer Science
 Emphasis on Mathematical Statistics
 Mathematical Optimization
 Theory of Polynomial Complexity of Algorithms
 Worked at T-Systems International GmbH in Bonn, Germany
 Six Sigma Black Belt for Software Development
 Software Quality Assurance Manager
 Member of the DASMA Board
 Mathematics and Computer Science
 Emphasis on Mathematical Statistics
 Mathematical Optimization
 Theory of Polynomial Complexity of Algorithms
 Worked at T-Systems International GmbH in Bonn, Germany
 Six Sigma Black Belt for Software Development
 Software Quality Assurance Manager
 Member of the DASMA Board

4. The Wonderful World of Agile
 Twelve Principles of Agile Software
1. Our highest priority is to satisfy the customer through early and
continuous delivery of valuable software.
2. Welcome changing requirements, even late in development. Agile
processes harness change for the customer's competitive advantage.
3. Deliver working software frequently, from a couple of weeks to a couple
of months, with a preference to the shorter timescale.
4. Business people and developers must work together daily throughout the
project.
5. Build projects around motivated individuals. Give them the environment
and support they need, and trust them to get the job done.
6. The most efficient and effective method of conveying information to and
within a development team is face-to-face conversation.
7. Working software is the primary measure of progress.
8. Agile processes promote sustainable development. The sponsors,
developers, and users should be able to maintain a constant pace
indefinitely.
9. Continuous attention to technical excellence and good design enhances
agility.
10. Simplicity – the art of maximizing the amount of work not done – is
essential.
11. The best architectures, requirements, and designs emerge from self-
organizing teams.
12. At regular intervals, the team reflects on how to become more effective,
then tunes and adjusts its behavior accordingly.

5. Scrum Development Cycle
Product Backlog
“User Stories”
Sprint Backlog
“Work Items”
Sprint Work Increment
of finished software
10 day
24h
Independent
Testing
passfail

6. The Approach
 Today’s Cost Estimation refers to
Well-Specified Requirements
 However, requirements detailed enough to under-
stand the functional scope (FUR) never existed
 Moreover, non-functional requirements (NFT) add
cost in a usually unpredictable way
 Cost of Agile Development is easier to predict
 Select Team Size
 Allocate number of Sprints
 Cost Budget?
| A QFD-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL

7. The Problem
 What will I get?
 From selected Team Size?
 And allocated number of Sprints?
| A QFD-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL
Product Backlog
“User Stories”
Sprint Backlog
“Work Items”
Sprint Work Increment
of finished software
10 day
24h
Independent
Testing
passfail

8. Tool – Architecture
NPS Priority
Kano Priority
AHP Priority
Kano Analysis
COSMIC
Count
Goal Interface
Size Interface
FUR
Deployment
QFD Transfer
Function
Cascaded Quality
Function Deployments
Combine
VoC Priority
New Lanchester
Story Card
Deployment
Planning Matrix
Test
Coverage
Test Interface
Effort
Prediction

9. Name Label Data Movement Sub-Process Description
Trigger
FunPros
Objects
Entry(E)
eXit(X)
Read(R)
Write(W)
1) E001 Search Criteria Enter search criteria T01 F001 D001 1
2) W001 Write Search Write search string to database F001 P001 1
3) R001 Get Result See matching results F001 P001 1
4) X001 Show Result Display results F001 D001 1
5) R002 Nothing Found Explain that no data matches search criteria F001 P001 1
6) X002 Show Error Message Explain it to the user F001 D001 1
CFP per Data Movement Type: 1 2 2 1
Total CFP: 6
Move TypeData Movements
Let’s Develop a Simple Cloud App
 Search for something
 Get a response
 Or a reasonable error message
 Functional Size: 6 CFP
 COSMIC Function Points
1 Entry (E) + 2 eXit (X) + 2 Read (R) + 1 Write (W) = 6 CFP
User Search Process Data
1.// Search Criteria
Trigger
2.// Write Search
3.// Get Result
4.// Show Result
5.// Nothing Found
6.// Show Error Message

10. Set up the Team
 Developers can take story cards
 Sponsors & other Stakeholders cannot
 Typical Swiss Team
 With a few
Dutch members…
Nickname Full Name e-Mail Role
1) Fritz Fritz Wunderlich Fritz.Wunderlich@concertgebouw.nl Conductor
2) Susi Susanne Fast
3) Heidi Adelheide Van der Heide
Team Size: 3
Nickname Full Name e-Mail Role
Dr. Adriana Becherova Sponsor
Furz Friederich Weissalles Product Owner
Tom Thomas Fehlmann thomas.fehlmann@e-p-o.com Expert
Blönz Beat Lönz Administrator
Paul Paul Lewis Paul.Lewis@birmingham.co.uk Architect
Olly Oliver Schnyder Counter
Development Team
not taking story cardsSponsors & Stakeholders
Add Row Del Row

11. Set up Sprint Schedule
 Label each sprint according team’s preferences
 Plus a short description if needed
 Set the Start Date
 Add free “Relax” days between sprints
 Add sprint duration
Start Date: 2015-10-26 Montag, 26. Oktober 2015
Sprint ID Label Description Relax Start Date Duration End Date
1) #01 - Overture Overture Planning Sprint 2015-10-26 Montag, 26. Oktober 2015 5.0 Days 2015-10-30 Freitag, 30. Oktober 2015
2) #02 - Allegretto Allegretto Functionality 2015-11-02 Montag, 2. November 2015 5.0 Days 2015-11-06 Freitag, 6. November 2015
3) #03 - Scherzo Scherzo Just some stuff 2 Days 2015-11-11 Mittwoch, 11. November 2015 3.0 Days 2015-11-13 Freitag, 13. November 2015
4) #04 - Finale Finale Additional Stuff, not to be tracked 2015-11-16 Montag, 16. November 2015 5.0 Days 2015-11-20 Freitag, 20. November 2015
Average Sprint Duration: 4.5 Days
Sprints
Add Row Del Row

12. Get the Goal Profile
 Get the Business Driver’s Goal Profile
 From some AHP, Kano or NPS Voice of the Customer
 Will be used for focusing development towards lean &
agile targets
2015-10-14
File: Sheet Name: Business Drivers Start Col 5 Language English
Attributes Goal Profile
Y.a Target Group A y1 Target 1 Attribute 1.1 Attribute 1.2 Attribute 1.3 0.54
y2 Target 2 Attribute 2.1 0.57
Y.b Target Group B y3 Target 3 Attribute 3.1 Attribute 3.2 0.39
y4 Target 4 Attribute 4.1 Attribute 4.2 Attribute 4.3 0.49
Interface to QFD Deployment Goal Profile
..QfdNpsPriority.xlsm
Business Drivers
1
Customer
Orientation
Lean
Six Sigma
Agile
Processes
Project
Estimations
Transfer
Functions
Quality Function Deployment for Software
Thomas M. Fehlmann
Euro Project Office AG
E: info@e-p-o.com
H: www.e-p-o.com

13. Get the User Stories
 User Stories in the Grant-Rule-format
 As a functional user …
 I want to get something done …
 such that certain quality
characteristics are met …
 so that I get a specific value or benefit
File:
As a … [functional user] I want to … [get something done] such that …[quality characteristic] so that … [value or benefit]
1) Q001 Search Data Database User find data matching my search criteria I can use it I know when data exists
2) Q002 Answer Questions Database User know whether some data exists I can create it I know when data doesn't exist
3) Q003 Keep Data Safe Database User make sure my data is safe it cannot be deleted I can retrieve it if necessary
Interface to COSMIC Count
..StoryCardsSearchCount.xlsm
User Stories
1
Customer
Orientation
Lean
Six Sigma
Agile
Processes
Project
Estimations
Transfer
Functions
Using the COSMIC Counting Tool
Thomas M. Fehlmann
Euro Project Office AG
E: info@e-p-o.com
H: www.e-p-o.com
User
Functional
Process Data
1.// Entry
Trigger
2.// Write Search
3.// Get Result
4.// Show Result

14. Story Cards
 Story cards are used to split user stories into work
items that fit into one sprint
 This sample project searches some data store
Story Card for Search Data Test is
Ready
Draft is
Ready
Review
Done
Final-
ized
Appro-
ved
Func-
tional
9 9 9 9 9 9
Q001-01F: Basic functionality
4
Name:2
#1 - Overture
Business Impact:
Functional Size:
Story Points:
Accepts search criteria, searches for data and returns results
Sprint:
Fritz
As a Database User I want to find data matching my search criteria such that
I can use it so that I know when data exists
User Search Process Data
1.// Search Criteria
2.// Write Search
3.// Get Result
4.// Show Result
Story Card for Search Data Test is
Ready
Draft is
Ready
Review
Done
Final-
ized
Appro-
ved
Func-
tional
9 9 9 9 9 9
Q001-02Q: Make it look good
2
Name:3
#1 - Overture
Business Impact:
Functional Size:
Story Points:
Error handling in case nothing found, explaining why it failed
Sprint:
Heidi
y4: Target 4: 3y2: Target 2: 4y1: Target 1: 1
As a Database User I want to find data matching my search criteria such that
I can use it so that I know when data exists
User Search Process
1.// Search Criteria
4.// Show Result

15. The Story Card Table
 You can assign story cards to user stories
 Assigning the card to some team member and sprint
 Recording the Story Points assigned
 Specifying which data movements are covered
 Plus Step to Completion and
 Impact on Business Drivers
Responsible Scheduled for Effort Size Functional Coverage
Card ID Label Description ID Developer Sprint StP CFP Data Movement
Testready
Draftready
Reviewdone
Finalized
Approved
Functional
y1:Target1
y2:Target2
y3:Target3
y4:Target4
Refactored
Last Update
1) Q001-01F Basic functionality Accepts search criteria, searches for data and returns results Q001 Search Data 1 Fritz #1 - Overture 2 4 X001,R001,W001,E001 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 2014-12-06
2) Q001-02Q Make it look good Error handling in case nothing found Q001 Search Data 2 Heidi #1 - Overture 3 2 X001,E001 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 4 3 2 2014-11-26
3) Q002-02F Safe data retrieval Cloud security Q002 Answer Questions 2 Susi #2 - Allegretto 8 2 X002,R002 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 2015-11-02
4) Q002-03Q Show what happens Keep user informed about search progress Q002 Answer Questions 3 Susi #3 - Scherzo 13 2 X002,X001 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 3 2014-12-06
5) Q002-04F New Idea Gorgeous look for search results Q002 Answer Questions 4 Fritz #4 - Finale 5 1 2014-11-26
6) Q003-01Q Colorful Allow color selection based on personal preferences Q003 Keep Data Safe 1 Heidi #3 - Scherzo 2 2 X001,R001 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 1 6 2014-12-06
7) Q003-03Q Bill for services Payment portal for frequent searches Q003 Keep Data Safe 3 Heidi #4 - Finale 3 6 1 2015-11-02
8) Q003-04Q Something else High reliability data movements Q003 Keep Data Safe 4 Susi #4 - Finale 13 4 X001,R001,W001,E001 3 1 1 2014-12-06
49 16 Completion Rate: 63% 7% 19% 9% 13% 9% 6% 10 5 2 9 26 2015-11-02
StP for FUR: 41 Completion Weights: 10% 30% 15% 20% 15% 10% StP for NFR: 34
Six Steps to CompletionStory Cards Requirement Impact on Business Drivers
Total Story Points (StP) / Function Points (CFP):
User Stories
Add Card Hide Card Unhide PublishClear

16. The Initial Buglione-Trudel Matrix
y4: Target 4
Functional
Coverage
(ISO/IEC 19761)
Business
Drivers
Business Driver Goal Profile /
Achieved Response Profile
Story Cards
Convergence Gap
1.00
Functional
Story Cards
y1: Target 1
y2: Target 2
User Story
Priorities
y3: Target 3

17. Mid-Term Buglione-Trudel Matrix
y4: Target 4
Functional
Coverage
(ISO/IEC 19761)
Business
Drivers
Business Driver Goal Profile /
Achieved Response Profile
Story Cards
Convergence Gap
0.69
Functional
Story Cards
y1: Target 1
y2: Target 2
User Story
Priorities
y3: Target 3

18. The Final Buglione-Trudel Matrix
y4: Target 4
Functional
Coverage
(ISO/IEC 19761)
Business
Drivers
Business Driver Goal Profile /
Achieved Response Profile
Story Cards
Convergence Gap
0.06
Functional
Story Cards
y1: Target 1
y2: Target 2
User Story
Priorities
y3: Target 3

19. Responsible Scheduled for Effort Size Functional Coverage
Card ID Label Description ID Developer Sprint StP CFP Data Movement
Testready
Draftready
Reviewdone
Finalized
Approved
Functional
y1:Target1
y2:Target2
y3:Target3
y4:Target4
Refactored
Last Update
1) Q001-01F Basic functionality Accepts search criteria, searches for data and returns results Q001 Search Data 1 Fritz #1 - Overture 2 4 X001,R001,W001,E001 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 2014-12-06
2) Q001-02Q Make it look good Error handling in case nothing found Q001 Search Data 2 Heidi #1 - Overture 3 2 X001,E001 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 4 3 2 2014-11-26
3) Q002-01Q Do even more Speech output Q002 Answer Questions 1 Heidi #2 - Allegretto 5 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 3 7 2014-12-06
4) Q002-02F Safe data retrieval Cloud security Q002 Answer Questions 2 Susi #2 - Allegretto 8 2 X002,R002 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 2014-11-26
5) Q002-03Q Show what happens Keep user informed about search progress Q002 Answer Questions 3 Susi #3 - Scherzo 13 2 X002,X001 9 9 9 9 9 9 6 3 2014-12-06
6) Q002-04F New Idea Gorgeous look for search results Q002 Answer Questions 4 Fritz #4 - Finale 5 1 2014-11-26
7) Q003-01Q Colorful Allow color selection based on personal preferences Q003 Keep Data Safe 1 Heidi #3 - Scherzo 2 2 X001,R001 9 9 9 9 9 9 3 1 6 2014-12-06
8) Q003-02Q Fast Cache Q003 Keep Data Safe 2 Fritz #3 - Scherzo 8 2 X001,R001 9 9 9 3 3 2 1 3 2014-12-06
9) Q003-03Q Bill for services Payment portal for frequent searches Q003 Keep Data Safe 3 Heidi #4 - Finale 3 6 1 2014-11-26
10) Q003-04Q Something else High reliability data movements Q003 Keep Data Safe 4 Susi #4 - Finale 13 4 X001,R001,W001,E001 3 1 1 2014-12-06
62 18 Completion Rate: 67% 7% 21% 11% 13% 10% 6% 10 11 7 10 36 2015-11-02
StP for FUR: 49 Completion Weights: 10% 30% 15% 20% 15% 10% StP for NFR: 47
Six Steps to CompletionStory Cards Requirement Impact on Business Drivers
Total Story Points (StP) / Function Points (CFP):
User Stories
Add Card Hide Card Unhide PublishClear
Publish & Track Story Cards
 Publish
 Creates one PowerPoint Slide per Story Card
 Previously checking for updates on the PowerPoint
Story Cards
 Allowing the team to interact with the Excel tool
through their personal Story Cards

20. Summary Project
 At the end, the NFR add
to total cost in a
predictable way
 Total Business Impact 38
 This QFD Matrix can be
predicted without
knowing the details what
NFR need to be added to
the project
| A QFD-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL
User Stories
GoalProfile
SearchData
AnswerQuestions
KeepDataSafe
AchievedProfile
Q001
Q002
Q003
y1 Target 1 0.54 1 9 0.57
y2 Target 2 0.57 4 6 1 0.52
y3 Target 3 0.39 3 4 0.41
y4 Target 4 0.49 3 6 1 0.49
Solution Profile for User Stories: 0.36 0.64 0.68 Convergence Gap
TotalBusiness Impact: 38 0.38 0.66 0.65 0.06
0.10 Convergence Range
0.20 Convergence Limit
Business Drivers
Deployment Combinator
Business Drivers

21. User Stories
GoalProfile
SearchData
AnswerQuestions
KeepDataSafe
AchievedProfile
Q001
Q002
Q003
y1 Target 1 0.53 1 9 0.50
y2 Target 2 0.54 4 6 1 0.56
y3 Target 3 0.43 4 3 0.40
y4 Target 4 0.49 3 6 1 0.52
Solution Profile for User Stories 0.38 0.71 0.60 Convergence Gap
TotalBusiness Impact: 38 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.05
0.10 Convergence Range
0.20 Convergence Limit
User Stories
Deployment Combinator
Business Drivers
Cost Prediction Process
 Sample Prediction QFD 1. Understand Business
Drivers; profile them
2. Collect User Stories
and express their
functionality by UML
Sequence Diagrams
3. Guess the QFD Matrix
by a QFD Workshop
4. Count total Business
Impact in the Matrix
Cells – here: 36
| A QFD-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL

22. A More Sophisticated Project
 The Kitchen Helper
 Build a system to
prepares fridge
and other kitchen
appliance to cook
a meal according
a selected recipe
 Use IoT
technology
| A QFD-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL
Application Boundary
Functional
Objects
hosting a
total of
eight
Functional
Processes
Grocery Shop
Boiling Plates
Kitchen
User
Kitchen
Controls
Oven &
Steamer
Recipe Portal
Collect Recipes
Identify Food
Kitchen Inventory
Execute Recipe

23. Customer’s Needs
 The define the Business Drivers that make this
project successful, use Analytic Hierarchy Process
 Or any other Voice of the Customer Tool such as
Net Promoter Survey or Go to the Gemba
| A QFD-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL
Top Business Drivers Attributes Profile
A Grocery Shop A03 Customer Loyalty Customer come back Find special food 0.28 0.31
B Cooking Community B01 Collect New Recipes Be special Make it essential 0.49 0.54
B02 Promote Specialities Recipes promote high-yield food 0.25 0.27
C Kitchen Constructor C02 Willing to Recommend A special kitchen 0.34 0.37
D Kitchen User D01 Surprise Friends Feel cool Kitchen helper helps! 0.29 0.32
D04 Get High Esteem Earn praise Make friends envious 0.51 0.560.92
Top Business Drivers
Business Drivers

24. User Stories
| A QFD-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL
Name Label As a … [Functional User] I want to … [get something done] Such that …[quality characteristic] So that … [value or benefit]. To
1) Q001 CollectRecipes Kitchen User collectrecipes Ican selectone thatinterests me my family and guests are impressed E001 Enter New Recipe F001
2) Q002 Identify Food Kitchen User identify food components My shopping listis accurate the recipes use correctcomponents E007 Search for Food F002
3) Q003 Search Recipes Kitchen User find new recipes Ican selectone thatinterests me my family and guests are impressed E004 Search Recipe F001
4) Q004 Manage Inventory Kitchen User know what's in my kitchen Ican getrid ofobsolescentfood before itdecays E013 Mark Obsolescence F003
5) Q005 Shopping List Kitchen User geta shopping list Ibuy everything that's needed Ican cook my recipe E010 RequestShopping List F003
6) Q006 Cooking Process Kitchen User startcooking my appliances know whatI'm doing the can help me doing itright E014 SelectRecipe F004
7) Q007 Process Control Kitchen User execute the cooking process heatand treatmentis correct boiling pans don'toverspill E015 Execute Cooking Process F004
8) Q008 Remember Kitchen User remember whatIcooked lasttime for my family or guests they won'tgetweary ofmy recipes E021 Recall Cooked Recipe F004
Entry Movement used
User Stories
Add Row Del Row

25. Functional Vision – 60 CFP
| A QFD-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL
21 Entry (E) + 17 eXit (X) + 13 Read (R) + 9 Write (W) = 60 CFP
Kitchen User Collect Recipes Recipe Database Recipe Portal Identify Food Food Database Grocery Shop Kitchen Inventory Inventory Database
1.// Enter New Recipe
Enter
2.// Store Recipe
3.// Read Recipe
4.// Modify Recipe
5.// Delete Recipe
6.// Show Recipe
7.// Recipe Statistics
8.// Search Recipe
Search
9.// Search Recipe
10.// Matching Recipes
11.// Propose Recipes
12.// Select Recipes
13.// Store Recipes
14.// Browse Recipes
15.// Show Recipes
16.// Search for Food
Food
17.// Search for Food ID
18.// Food ID Match

26. Initial Buglione-Trudel Matrix
| A QFD-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL
D04: Get High Esteem
D01: Surprise Friends
C02: Willing to Recommend
Functional
Coverage
(ISO/IEC 19761)
0.05
Business
Drivers
Business Driver Goal Profile /
Achieved Response Profile
Story Cards
Convergence Gap
0.70
Functional
Story Cards
A03: Customer Loyalty
B01: Collect New Recipes
User Stories
User Story
Priorities
B02: Promote Specialities
Q001
Collect Recipes
Q002
Identify Food
Q003
Search Recipes
Q004
Manage Inventory
Q005
Shopping List
Q006
Cooking Process
Q007
Process Control
Q008
Remember

27. Final Buglione-Trudel Matrix
| A QFD-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL
D04: Get High Esteem
D01: Surprise Friends
C02: Willing to Recommend
Functional
Coverage
(ISO/IEC 19761)
0.05
Business
Drivers
Business Driver Goal Profile /
Achieved Response Profile
Story Cards
Convergence Gap
0.07
Functional
Story Cards
A03: Customer Loyalty
B01: Collect New Recipes
User Stories
User Story
Priorities
B02: Promote Specialities
Q001
Collect Recipes
Q002
Identify Food
Q003
Search Recipes
Q004
Manage Inventory
Q005
Shopping List
Q006
Cooking Process
Q007
Process Control
Q008
Remember

28. Cost Prediction including NFR
 FUR yield 60 CFP
 Assume 4.25 PDR (h/CFP)
 60 * 4.25 = 255 h
 NFR to FUR = 2.0
 Means 2 times more StP
for NFR than for FUR
 77 Impact instead of 73
 Therefore NFR add
60*2.0 * 77/73 = 127 CFP
 This yields 4.25 * 127  538 h
 Total 255 h + 538 h = 793 h
| A QFD-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL
144 h/Sprint = 6 Sprints
User Stories
GoalProfile
CollectRecipes
IdentifyFood
SearchRecipes
ManageInventory
ShoppingList
CookingProcess
ProcessControl
Remember
AchievedProfile
Q001
Q002
Q003
Q004
Q005
Q006
Q007
Q008
A03 Customer Loyalty 0.31 1 9 1 3 1 0.33
B01 Collect New Recipes 0.54 9 1 3 0.54
B02 Promote Specialities 0.27 3 1 3 1 1 0.25
C02 Willing to Recommend 0.37 3 6 1 3 0.35
D01 Surprise Friends 0.32 1 1 5 1 0.27
D04 Get High Esteem 0.56 2 1 1 3 3 9 0.59
Solution Profile for User Stories 0.56 0.13 0.17 0.47 0.29 0.27 0.22 0.45 Convergence Gap
TotalBusiness Impact: 77 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.06
0.10 Convergence Range
0.20 Convergence Limit
User Stories
Deployment Combinator
Top Business Drivers

29. Predicting Cost of NFR
| A QFD-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL
Project Vision
Functional
Requirements
Evolving
Non-Functional
Requirements
Functional
Size
Contingency
due to Scope
Creep and NFR
Project Requirements & Constraints e.g., target duration, available skills, risk
True NFR
e.g. technology,
training
Convert to Functional
Size related Effort
e.g. productivity
benchmarks, % reuse
Unit Cost
e.g. hardware,
staff rates
Staff Rates
X X
X
Project Overhead
=
=
=
+
+
Total Project Cost
Adapted from the Guideline on Non-Functional & Project Requirements (cosmic-sizing.org) by Frank Vogelezang
Evolving
Non-Functional
Requirements
NFR
Extension
Factor

30. Conclusion
 Cost Estimation without knowing the
Customer’s Needs is only incidentally correct
 Simply because all “Change Requests” originate from
customer’s need and the product’s business drivers
 Embracing Agile seriously allows predicting project
cost much better and simpler than traditional cost
estimation techniques
 By predicting the agile software development process
 Not the product!
 It’s still benchmarking but at higher granularity,
relying on the team, the environment, and agility
| A QFD-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL

31. Open Questions
 How stable are Story Points used for calibration?
 It is known that they grow bigger towards the end of a
project; however, we need them at the vision stage
 How well predict experts the QFD Cost Matrix?
 Understand the means of teams to create value?
 Is the QFD Cost Matrix measurable?
 For instance, using history?
 Or by some Six Sigma technique like Design of
Experiments (DoE)?
| A QFD-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL

32. Your Questions?
| A QFD-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL

33. Kanban for Software
| A QFD-BASED MANAGEMENT TOOL

34. The Initial Kanban Table
 The Kanban table shows progress
 Definition of Done according Six Steps to Completion
Backlog
Q001: Search Data
Q003: KeepData Safe
Story Cards for Sprint #01 - Overture
SusiHeidiFritz
Delivers Functionality
Six Steps
to Completion
Test is
Ready
Size: 4 CFP
Effort: 13 StP
Draft is
Ready
Size: 0 CFP
Effort: 0 StP
Review
Done
Size: 0 CFP
Effort: 0 StP
Finalized
Size: 0 CFP
Effort: 0 StP
Approved
Size: 2 CFP
Effort: 8 StP
Size: 12 CFP
Effort: 33 StP
Size: 0 CFP
Effort: 0 StP
Waiting…
Size: 0 CFP
Effort: 8 StP
Q002: AnswerQuestions

35. Intermediate Kanban Table
 The Kanban table shows progress
 Definition of Done according Six Steps to Completion
Backlog
Q001: Search Data
Q003: KeepData Safe
Story Cards for Sprint #01 - Overture
SusiHeidiFritz
Delivers Functionality
Six Steps
to Completion
Test is
Ready
Size: 4 CFP
Effort: 13 StP
Draft is
Ready
Size: 0 CFP
Effort: 0 StP
Review
Done
Size: 0 CFP
Effort: 0 StP
Finalized
Size: 0 CFP
Effort: 0 StP
Approved
Size: 2 CFP
Effort: 8 StP
Size: 12 CFP
Effort: 33 StP
Size: 0 CFP
Effort: 0 StP
Waiting…
Size: 0 CFP
Effort: 8 StP
Q002: AnswerQuestions

36. The Final Kanban Table
 The Kanban table shows progress
 Definition of Done according Six Steps to Completion
Backlog
Q001: Search Data
Q003: KeepData Safe
Story Cards for Sprint #01 - Overture
SusiHeidiFritz
Delivers Functionality
Six Steps
to Completion
Test is
Ready
Size: 4 CFP
Effort: 13 StP
Draft is
Ready
Size: 0 CFP
Effort: 0 StP
Review
Done
Size: 0 CFP
Effort: 0 StP
Finalized
Size: 0 CFP
Effort: 0 StP
Approved
Size: 2 CFP
Effort: 8 StP
Size: 12 CFP
Effort: 33 StP
Size: 0 CFP
Effort: 0 StP
Waiting…
Size: 0 CFP
Effort: 8 StP
Q002: AnswerQuestions