This lecture was facilitated by Dr. John Roberts from the Dalton Nuclear Institute of Manchester University.

1. Immobilisation and Storage of Nuclear Waste Dr John Roberts Dalton Nuclear Institute The University of Manchester NI Rough Guide to the Nuclear Industry 2010

4. Worldwide Nuclear Industry

5. UK Radwaste Sources

6. UK Radwaste Volumes

7. Nuclear Fuel Cycle Return to customers for final disposal Enrichment Conversion Uranium Ore Natural Uranium All plant requires final decommissioning Recycle Fuel (MOX) Electric Power Reactor Transport Reprocessing Spent Fuel Storage Waste Management Fuel Fabrication Recycled Uranium

9. Magnox Fuel Assembly 1 fuel rod per assembly, Magnox cladding, U metal fuel

10. PWR Fuel Assembly 264 fuel rods per assembly, Zircaloy cladding, UO 2 fuel

11. AGR Fuel

12. Pebble Fuel

14. Storage Pond Dungeness storage pond, Kent

15. Storage Pond THORP storage pond at Sellafield

16. Water Shielding

19. Challenges of Radioactive Waste

20. Total Waste Volume 2007

21. Waste by Activity Total conditioned waste volumes from each business activity Total volume 1,750,000 m 3 57% Commercial Reprocessing 30% Commercial Reactors 9% Research & Development 2% Ministry of Defence 1% Medical & Industrial <1% Fuel Fabrication & Uranium Enrichment

22. LLW

23. Low Level Waste

24. LLW Container

25. LLW Repository near Drigg

26. LLW Repository near Drigg

27. ILW

28. Magnox Fuel Assembly 1 fuel rod per assembly, Magnox cladding, U metal fuel

29. Magnox De-canning

30. Magnox Swarf

31. Magnox Swarf

32. Solid Waste

33. Transport of Drums

34. Testing of Drums

36. Results

37. HLW

38. Vitrification of HLW

39. Storage of Canisters

40. Nuclear Power Generation 80 year lifetime use of electricity for 1 person generates this much high level waste

41. Dounreay

42. Dounreay Shaft

44. Dounreay Shaft 1984

45. Borehole Plan

46. Shaft Platform - Schematic

47. Shaft Platform - Actual

49. Waste Retrieval Plant

57. NDA Sites

58. Hunterston A

60. Hunterston ILW Store

61. Hunterston ILW Store

62. Sellafield

64. Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory

65. Multibarrier Concept

66. Spent Fuel Canister

67. Phased Disposal Concept

68. Underground Access

69. Vault Concept

70. Very-Deep Borehole Disposal

71. Drill the first stage of the borehole Insert the casing. Pour in the cement basement. Drill the next stage of the borehole. Insert the casing. Pour in the cement basement Drill the next stage of the borehole Constructing the Borehole And so on, down to > 4 kms 0.6 - 0.8 m diameter Constructing the Borehole Drill the first stage of the borehole Insert the casing Pour in the cement basement Drill the next stage of the borehole Insert the casing Pour in the cement basement Drill the next stage of the borehole And so on, down to > 4 km

72. Placement of Canisters Insert the casing Insert the canisters Pour in the grout and allow it to set Placement of Canisters Insert the casing Insert the canisters Pour in the grout and allow it to set

73. Separation of Canisters Insert Bentonite clay Insert another stack of canisters Repeat until the bottom km of the borehole is filled 4 kms Separation of Canisters Insert Bentonite clay Insert another stack of canisters Repeat until the bottom km of the borehole is filled

74. Sealing the Borehole Pour in some backfill (crushed granite) Insert heater and seal the borehole Pour in more backfill and seal the borehole again 3 km deep (topmost canister) Fill the rest of the borehole with backfill Sealing the Borehole 3 km deep (topmost canister) Pour in some backfill (crushed granite) Insert heater and seal the borehole Pour in more backfill and seal the borehole again Fill the rest of the borehole with backfill