Veterinary Rehabilitation Techniques for Post-Op Recovery

12 DECEMBER 2010 Dedicated to Animal Health Care

REHABILITATION
b)Promoting post-operative recovery
c)Co n s e r vat i ve m a n a g e m e nt o f
orthopedic or neurological patients.
d)Treating severely debilitated patients.
e)Aiding weight loss in obese patients
We will now go through the various
treatment modalities of physical
rehabilitation. Physical rehabilitation

in Veterinary Patients
can be classified into:
1. Cryotherapy/hypothermia: Cold
therapy is used to manage acute phase
of tissue injury.Cryotherapy is used to
treat post operative inflammation,
musculo skeletal trauma, muscle spasm,
and to minimize secondary inflam-
mation following therapeutic exercise.
Tripathi S.D, Lokhande D.U, Adsul P.B, Jodumoni Kachari, Satyawan Agivale, Zenobia Chinoy Ice packs, ice massage with homemade
popsicles, running cold water over
The field of veterinary surgery has had a as cattle, goats, sheep etc. It is primarily
affected tissue, cold water immersion or
tremendous progress in the last quarter used to treat orthopedic and cold compression can be used. However
of 20th century. Procedures like neurological diseases and encompasses a towel should be applied over the
or thopedic implants and spinal the use of physical or mechanical agents affected site to protect the skin. These
surgeries are increasingly becoming such as applications can be done for 15-20
common. Ideally post-operative minutes and repeated every 4 hours
a) Light
orthopedic care has consisted of 6-12 upto 72 hours
weeks of cage rest. While most surgeons b) Thermotherapy
2. Heat therapy/hyperthermia: It is
have felt the outcome of fracture c) Water
healing or other procedure as used in management of chronic injuries
d) Electricity such as in reducing joint stiffness and
acceptable; with recent interest in
e) Massage increasing connective tissue elasticity
rehabilitation; it has become obvious
that a lot needs to be done to enhance f) Exercise and before stretching or exercise. An
the functional mobility of the veterinary g) Provision of appropriate bedding insulating layer is applied to the
patient as well (Fossum, 2002). People material. affected area. Then commercially
are now keeping pets not just for fad or Advances in veterinary medicine have available packs or hot towel are secured
societal show off, but they consider led to a longer life expectancy for most to the affected part by means of straps
them to be a part of their family. It is not domestic pets. This in turn has resulted for 15-20 minutes every 4 hours. It
infrequent to find owners ready to move in increased number of animals with should not be used in acute
heaven and earth for the welfare of their chronic discomfort such as dege- inflammation or in animals with
pets. This has also led to development of Fig.1: A great Dane undergoing NMES nerative joint disease, arthritis etc. decreased or absent sensation, poor
certain lifestyle diseases such as obesity thermoregulation or bleeding disorders
There are a lot of owners who do not
in pets. Owners now demand a similar such as in animals with DIC, deficiency
What is rehabilitation? rehabilitation, physical therapy or want to euthanize their pets or even
level of physical therapy as is available of von will brand's factor etc.
Derived from the Latin word rehabilitor, physiotherapy. their sheep or goat due to emotional or
for humans. It is now more than ever the
it simply means to restore ability. Some religious reasons; because of such 3. Therapeutic ultrasound: It is used
veterinary team's duty to use all the However, it is not just restricted to pet
conditions. The application of physical for treatment of chronic tendonitis,
modalities at their disposal to return the of the other colloquial terms which are a n i m a l s b u t a l s o i nvo l ve s t h e
rehabilitation modalities can provide an
pets to their former level of activity now being used are canine or feline rehabilitation of domestic animals such limited range of motions secondary to
excellent option for treatment and
symptomatic relief of such patients; tissue contractions, Myositis, Bicipital
especially so in countries like India tendonitis, Muscle spasms. It can also be
used in wounds of upto 2 weeks after

Fish Net Hook Retrieval From
where religious/emotional fervor far
out-weighs logical or economic injury or chronic wound or also for
decisions. Physical rehabilitation used in phonophoresis is which is nothing but
conjunction with standard medical and enhanced delivery of topically applied
surgical treatment with proper pain drugs by means of ultrasound. After

Esophagus
management can facilitate early and clipping of the hairs and application of
more complete recovery from surgery coupling gel frequencies of 1 MHz for
and trauma. It can also prolong the lives, depths upto 2-5 cms and 3 MHz for
reduce pain and improve the quality of superficial lesions can be used for 5
life of patients suffering chronic,
minutes daily upto 10 days. Therapeutic
incurable orthopedic, musculoskeletal,

of Turtle neuromuscular conditions. USG should not to be used in cases of
tumors, acute inflammation, infection or
It can be used for
painful areas.
a)Treating patients with chronic
osteoarthritis. Contd in page 4
Tripathi S.D, Lokhande D.U, Adsul P.B,
Jodumoni Kachari, Satyawan Agivale,
Zenobia Chinoy & Cooper J.K.
Fig.No.1: Fish net hook after removal
Fishing activity has played a very significant role in
endangering the existence of turtles in the world. This is
especially true in fresh water turtles which get entangled in
the fish hook nets lowered in brackish water lagoons or fresh
water lakes or ponds.
Case history and presentation:
An adult fresh water turtle was presented to the B.S.D.P.H. for
animals at Parel, with a nylon string protruding from its mouth.
The person who had brought it to the hospital said that he had
found it near a lake in a very sedate condition. The turtle was
sent for X-ray which revealed a J- shaped hook in the
esophagus close to its entry at the thoracic region. The turtle
was immediately anaesthetized with ketamine @32 mg/kg
Fig.No.2: D.V.X-ray showing fish net hook
body weight intramuscularly. After induction of anaesthesia
US Patent No : US 6, 984, 406 B2
the neck was extended. A slight pressure towards the thoracic mannanase : 800,000 U/kg (minimum)
EU Patent No : EP1292669
end of the esophagus caused a protrusion of the fish hook. A
small incision was made on the protrusion and the fish hook
was retrieved. The skin and sub-cutis was sutured together by In Broilers: 500 gms. per ton of feed
means of 2-0 nylon. The turtle was administered injection Benefits - Better performance, enhanced
availability of SBM, 3% (ME)
ampicillin and cloxacillin at the dose rate of 25 mg/kg down specification (reduction).
intramuscular b.i.d for 5 days. The turtle recovered Decreased fecal viscosity
: 20 kg pack

uneventfully and resumed its normal life In Layers: 400 gms. per ton of feed
Benefits - Improved egg production and
Summary: egg weight, 2% (ME) down
Retrieval of fish net hook from the esophagus of a turtle is specification (reduction).
described in the present paper.
Department of surgery and radiology, Bombay veterinary
college, Parel-Mumbai Fig. No.3: Turtle after complete recovery

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December 2010 | Page 02

Man, let not thy ‘superiority'
be misused
Q fever
Query Fever an abortion. Placental retention for 2 to
5 days and agalactia have also been
reported. Clinical signs including fever,
anorexia, mild coughing, rhinitis and
God seems to have drawn a line, keeping man on one side and Asif iqbal, N.M.Kamili humans, and is used to distinguish acute increased respiratory rates occur in
all animals on the other. As a lay man understands, it is not from chronic infections. Q fever has experimentally infected sheep but have
merely motor faculty or superior intelligence, or, intelligence that Introduction been found worldwide, except in New not been reported in natural infections.
could be transmuted into practical intellect or what may be called Q fever is a highly contagious zoonotic Zealand. Experimentally infected cats develop
disease caused by the intracellular Transmission fever, lethargy and anorexia that last for
wisdom that has given man an edge in this world. An explanation pathogen Coxiella burnetii. This
C.burnetii can be transmitted by several days. Experimentally infected
by a sage that MAN stands for 'Maya', 'Atmic vision' and organism is an obligate intracellular mice may have pneumonia, hepatitis or
aerosols or direct contact; it is also
'Nirvana', perhaps, could make the point more clear. Maya pathogen and has been traditionally splenomegaly, depending on the route
spread by ingestion. Infections in
enables man to change from the raw entity he is, when he is born, placed in the family Rickettsiaceae; of inoculation. Large numbers of
animals can persist for several years and
however, recent phylogenetic studies organisms are found in the placenta,
to one of a reformed individual through his logical interpretation, possibly lifelong. Organisms localize in
have demonstrated that C. burnetii is fetal fluids, aborted fetus, milk, urine and
education and distinction between what is good and what is not; the mammary glands, supramammary
more closely related to Legionella, feces. Asymptomatic seropositive and
lymph nodes, uterus, placenta and fetus
Atmic vision enables Francisella and Rickettsiella. This
in animals; bacteria can be shed in milk, seronegative animals, as well as
man to know about his organism is now classified in the family
the placenta and reproduc tive symptomatic animals, may shed
Coxiellaceae and order Legionellales in
limited role in this world discharges during subsequent organisms.
the gamma subdivision of Pro-
and the responsibility he pregnancies and lactations. C. burnetii Post Mortem Lesions
teobacteria.The disease is also known as
can also be found in the feces and urine,
has for other creatures; Coxiellosis or Abattoir Fever. Although
and in the semen of bulls. Sexual Placentitis is a characteristic sign in
and Nirvana enables this infection was first described in the ruminants. The placenta is typically
transmission has been demonstrated in
1930s, it is still poorly understood. Many leathery and thickened, and may
the self or atma of man domesticated and wild animals
mice. Ticks may be important in
contain large quantities of white-yellow,
to prepare mentally to transmission among wildlife, and can
including mammals, birds, reptiles and creamy exudate at the edges of the
also spread infections to domesticated
lose his earthly identity arthropods can carry C. burnetii. In most
ruminants. In addition, C. burnetii has cotyledons and in the inter-
and merge painlessly cases, the infection is asymptomatic, but cotyledonary areas. In some cases, the
been found in lice, mites and parasitic
abortions or stillbirths can occur in exudate may be reddish-brown and
with the universe. ruminants. In sheep, 5-50% of the flock
flies. Most human infections are
fluid. Severe vasculitis is uncommon, but
associated with cattle, sheep and goats,
The mighty lord of may be affected. Both symptomatic and
and often occur when the animal gives thrombi and some degree of vascular
the jungle, before man asymptomatic animals shed C. burnetii inflammation may be noted. Fetal
birth and are usually infected via
in large quantities at parturition. pneumonia has been seen in goats and
could, perhaps, even take shape, the burly elephant, in front of Shedding can also occur in feces, milk
aerosols, but transmission may also
cattle and may occur in sheep; however,
which man is puny in size, and the intelligent and loyal dog, no occur by the ingestion of unpasteurized
and urine. These organisms persist in the lesions in aborted fetuses are
milk or other contaminated material. In
doubt have their own strengths which man cannot match. But it the environment for long periods and
addition, transmission has been usually non-specific.
is the distinct trinity of 'Maya', 'Atmic vision' and 'Nirvana' that can be spread long distances by the Diagnostic Tests
documented in blood transfusions and
wind. Human outbreaks can result from
have, perhaps, given the unassailable edge to man. Does it mean the inhalation of aerosolized organisms.
can probably occur by sexual contact. C. burnetii can be detected in vaginal
that man can do what he wants and be a law unto himself. His Persistent (dormant) infections can discharges, the placenta, placental fluids
More often, sporadic cases occur in
occur in humans; these organisms may and aborted fetuses (liver, lung or
code of ethics, vis-à-vis all other living creatures in the world, people who are occupationally
be reactivated by immunosuppression stomach contents), as well as milk, urine
including the floral element, dictate that he just have to live a life exposed. These cases tend to result from
or other factors. C. burnetii is highly and feces. Organisms are not shed
exposure to parturient ruminants;
of humility and follow the path of 'live-and-let-live'. When a man however, cats, dogs, rabbits and other
resistant to environmental conditions continuously in milk and colostrum. In
deviates himself from this path, he called being “worse than an and is easily spread by aerosols; the placenta, organisms can be
species have also been implicated.
infectious airborne particles can travel identified in exudates or areas of
animal”, meaning that he goes down in the hierarchical order of Although Q fever is usually
up to 11 miles. Viable organisms can be
asymptomatic or mild in humans, a few inflammation with a modified
achievement, physically and mentally, falling below the level of found for up to 30 days in dried sputum, Ziehl–Neelsen, Gimenez, Stamp, Giemsa
people develop serious disease.
animals. Pneumonia or hepatitis may occur in
120 days in dust, 49 days in dried urine or modified Koster stain; C. burnetii is an
from infected guinea pigs, and for at acid-fast, pleomorphic, small coccoid or
In fact, no animal is the enemy of man, including a snake; it is acute cases, and chronic infections can
least 19 months in tick feces. At 4-6°C
result in endocarditis or a wide variety of filamentous organism. This organism is
defensively ruffled only when it feels threatened. May be, (39-43°F), organisms can survive for 42 not usually detected by Gram stains.The
other diseases. C. burnetii forms unusual
animals like crocks seek a prey of man, like it treats any other spore-like structures that are highly
months in milk and 12 to 16 months in presence of organisms, together with
moving creature, with no extra venom harboured towards man. wool. serological tests and clinical findings
resistant to environmental conditions.
It is for the wisdom of man to decide and accordingly arrange for This organism also has two distinct C. burnetii is highly resistant to physical may be adequate for a diagnosis at the
antigenic phases, phase I and phase II. a n d c h e m i c a l a g e n t s . Va r i a b l e flock or herd level. Bacterial identity can
what form of interaction he would have with what category of susceptibility has been reported for be confirmed by immunohisto-
Phase I and II cells are morphologically
animals. Man has already evolved the rules of the game since identical, but differ in some biochemical hypochlorite, formalin and phenolic chemistry or capture ELISA. PCR
time immemorial. Is it for him not to trespass into the arena of characteristics including their disinfectants; 0.05% hypochlorite, 5% techniques are also available in some
greed and destroy his other friendly player – not an adversary – lipopolysaccharide (LPS) composition. peroxide or a 1:100 solution of Lysol® laboratories. Fresh, frozen or paraffin-
Organisms isolated from infected may be effective. C. burnetii is also embedded samples of blood, milk, feces,
the animal. susceptible to glutaraldehyde, ethanol, vaginal exudates, placenta, fetal tissue
animals or humans express phase I
antigens and are very infectious. g a s e o u s fo r m a l d e hyd e, g a m m a and other tissues can be tested by PCR.
Organisms expressing phase II antigens irradiation or temperatures of 130°C Serology may be more helpful in
are less infectious and are recovered (266°F) for 60 minutes. High screening herds than in individual
after the bacteria are passaged temperature pasteurization destroys animals. Some animals do not seem to
repeatedly in cell cultures or eggs. the organism. seroconvert, and others shed organisms
Experimentally infected animals first Infections in Animals before they develop antibodies.
produce antibodies to phase II antigens Animals can also remain seropositive for
Species Affected several years after an acute infection.
and later produce antibodies to phase I
C. burnetii can infect many species of Cross–reactions have been seen
antigens. A similar response occurs in
domesticated animals and wildlife; in between some strains of C. burnetii and
many species, the infection appears to Chlamydia in ELISA and immunoblot
be asymptomatic. Its reservoirs may be assays. C. burnetii can be isolated in cell
only partially known. Sheep, goats and cultures, embryonated chicken eggs or
cattle seem to be the most common laboratory animals including mice and
domesticated animal reservoirs. Wild guinea pigs; however, isolation is
rodents may be important reservoirs in dangerous to laboratory personnel and
some areas, and cats are suspected in is rarely used for diagnosis.
urban outbreaks. C. burnetii has also Treatment
been isolated from dogs, rabbits, horses,
pigs, camels, buffalo, deer, pigeons, Little is known about the efficacy of
swallows, parrots, crows, geese and antibiotic treatment in ruminants or
other mammals and birds. Antibodies other domestic animals. Prophylactic
have been found in coyotes, raccoons, treatment is sometimes recommended
opossums, badgers, jackrabbits, black to reduce the risk of abor tion.
bears, musk ox and other species. There Antibiotics may suppress rather than
are also reports of C. burnetii in fish and eliminate infections.
snakes. Prevention
Clinical Signs In a C. burnetii-free flock, introduction of
new stock should be minimized, and
The incubation period is variable; contact with wildlife should be
reproductive failure is usually the only prevented as much as possible. Good
symptom. Abortions generally occur tick control should also be practiced.
late in pregnancy. Many species are Prevention may be difficult, as this
susceptible to infection, but most organism can also be introduced on
species seem to be infected fomites or in aerosols over long
asymptomatically. Abortion, stillbirth, distances. In an infected flock, isolating
retained placenta, endometritis, infected pregnant animals and burning
infertility and small or weak offspring or burying the reproductive me-
can be seen in sheep, goats and cattle. mbranes and placenta can decrease
Most abortions occur near term. Several transmission. The amount of C. burnetii
abor tions may be followed by in the environment can also be reduced
uncomplicated recovery, particularly in by regular cleaning, particularly of areas
where animals give birth. Cleaning can
small ruminants; in other cases, the
be followed by disinfection with 10%
disease may recur yearly. In dogs and bleach. Antibiotics may be given
cats, infections have been associated prophylactically before animals give
with stillbirths and weak offspring. birth. Vaccines are not available for
Abortions and perinatal death occur domesticated ruminants in the United
after experimental (intraperitoneal) States but are used in some countries.
infection of pregnant mice. With the Vaccines may prevent infections in
exception of reproductive disease, calves, decrease shedding of organisms
animals are usually asymptomatic. and improve fertility in infected animals.
Goats sometimes have a poor appetite They do not eliminate shedding of the
and are depressed for 1 to 2 days before organism.

December 2010 | Page 03

Krishi Vigyan Kendra
The knowledge hub for rural farmer essential and quite helpful for effective
and efficient transfer of the
technology.
Front Line demonstration:
Krishi vigyan Kendra is a noble concept Narendra kumar, Anu Kuntal, Krishna Mohan first and foremost factor to be
developed by ICAR (Indian council of considered before conducting any Front Line Demonstration (FLD) is the
agriculture research) which is based on training programme. Depending upon field demonstration conducted under
technologies have to be assessed and (f ) To prepare different extension the close supervision of the scientists
theme of transfer of technology from models and verify these models in the need and categories of trainees, KVK
refined before their transfer and (ii) a because the technologies are
laboratory to farmer's field with respect the farmers field with their imparts mainly following three types of
programmed approach involving demonstrated for the first time by the
to agriculture, animal husbandry training:
various technology components participation to create confidence scientist themselves before being fed
floriculture, Bee keeping poultry among them. (a) Training to the practicing farmers
relevant to the farmers in varying into the main extension system of the
farming and allied subject. and farm women:
farming situations will be required for a To achieve the above mentioned state department of Agriculture in that
The transfer of new technology will perceptible change. The concept of objectives KVK. undertake following Training on different subjects were particular area. In this method newly
uplift the economic condition of rural technology assessment and refinement conducted by the scientists of the KVK released crop produc tion and
types of activities in the adopted
farmer. So that agriculture and allied is based on participatory mode as per the need of the local farmers of a protection technologies and its
villages:
activates become more profitable. As ensuring greater scientists-farmer particular area as well as the types of management practices are adopted in
per the recommendations of Mohan (1) Farm Advisory Service
linkage and access to agricultural trainees and different audio visual aids a block of two to four hectares in the
Singh Mehta committee during 1974, (2) Training programme for different are used to increase the efficiency of the
technologies generated by research farmer's field. Only critical inputs and
KVK were established in each district. categories of people. training. As the trainees are practicing
systems to the farming community. For training for this demonstration are
Gradually working guidelines are (3) Training programme for the farmers and farmwomen, more provided by Krishi Vigyan Kendra. In
this, the role of KVKs is of immense
prepared to make KVK more efficient extension functionaries. emphasis was given on the practical FLD both farmers and extension
importance for overall agricultural and
and know KVK emerged as knowledge (4) Front Line Demonstration than theory to improve their skill to functionaries are target audience.
rural development through its various
hub and light house for rural people. A change their attitude and increase their From the FLD, it is possible to generate
research and technology transfer (5) On Farm Testing (OFT)
lot of technology was generated knowledge for that particular topic. s o m e d a t a re l a te d to f a c to r s
through constant efforts of scientist to mechanisms. As per mandate of the Farm Advisory Services:
ICAR, KVK will operate under (b) Training to the rural Youth: contributing to higher yield and also
boost up the production of milk, meat, Krishi Vigyan Kendra also known as constraints of production under
egg and crops. But technologies so administrative control of State Farm Science Center. It provides This type of training was imparted to the
agricultural university, NGO or central rural youth (Both male and female) various farming situations. Front Line
generated in the research field are not solution to any problems related to Demonstration is conducted in a
t ra n s fe r re d t h ro u g h ex te n s i o n institute in the particular area. Different agriculture and allied subjects as and mostly those are left their education in
scientist from different discipline as per midway i.e. school dropouts. The main par ticular area after thorough
agencies of different state government. when faced by farmers of that particular discussion and consultation with the
It is observed that a lot of technologies the specific requirement of that locality. Interested farmers /persons can objective of this training is to provide
particular area is posted in the KVK as sufficient knowledge and skill regarding farmers of that locality. Depending
could not reach the farmer due to high get proper advices regarding the upon the requirement of that area
cost of adoption and lack of interest of subject Matter Specialist. Programme establishment of new entrepreneurship a new entrepreneurship so that they can
Co-coordinator head of the KVK Co- start their own business singly or highly efficient new proven
extension personnel / agencies. Hence on non traditional sector. The main technology with higher potentialities
the transfer of technology was not ordinates the work of all scientist for function of advisory service center is to collectively and generate some income
smooth functioning of the KVK as well for their livelihood. The main thrust is selected for this programme.
complete and effective. Later on KVK provide continuous and constructive Generally a field day is observed in the
were established for easy and active for benefit of the rural people of that advice along with sound theory and areas of this type of training are
par ticular area. Programme co- mushroom cultivation, bee keeping, demon-stration field when the crop is
participation of farmer through practical knowledge to the contact at maturity stage and interaction
training, demonstration and farm coordinator is also liaisoning with other villagers regarding agriculture and its preservation of fruits and vegetables,
broiler farming, goat rearing, tailoring, between the scientists, farmers and
testing. The KVKs, thus are the down-to- line department for co-ordinating and allied subjects for their cultural and
wool knitting, hand crafts and exotic extension functionaries takes place in
earth institutions committed to effective implementation of different economical improvement.
vegetable cultivation etc. for more the field. The crop is harvested in the
vocational training, transfer of latest programme of the KVK in adopted The objectives of the Farm Advisory
profit. In this training more emphasis presence of the interested group of
technologies, on farm research and village. Center is as follows: farmers so that they can visualize-the
thus, serving as the light house for was given on the practical aspects and
The objectives of all the activities (a) To study the socio economic status importance of new technology easily
overall rural development in the trainees were do the prac tical
undertaken by KVKs : of the villagers. themselves to get more confidence. The and effectively.
district.The activities of the KVK include (a) To demonstrate the new improved
technology assessment, refinement (b) To keep close relationship between scientists of the KVK provide knowledge On Farm Testing (O.F.T):
technology to the farmers as well as KVK. and villagers. regarding the availability of the raw Testing of any improved technology
and transfer, aiming to bridge the gap to the extension agencies directly in (c) To prepare individual farm model for materials as well as the marketing of along with the farmers practice in the
between the technology developed at the farmers field with their active farmer's field with active participation
the research institutions and its uplift of rural people. different product in that particular
participation. locality for the interested participants. of both the scientists and farmers is
adoption at the field level by the (d) To provide training and advice to the known as OFT. In this method two to
farmers through demonstration of (b) To identify the important problems rural people so as to enable them to (c)Training programme for the
of that area as per the need of the three improved varieties or two to
technology/ products etc. and training take part in the agricultural extension functionaries: In this group three improved technologies are
of farmers, rural youths and extension farmers and prioritization of the planning of the village, blocks as mostly government employees of tested in the same field so as to
personnel. identified problems as per their well as district. agriculture along with extension compare the results of these
importance. (e) Formation of farm club farm center functionaries of line department and treatments. As per the suggestions of
In view of continuous increase in the
number of districts, it is agreed to have © To collect feed back from the farmers or village committee for easy members of different NGOs operated in the farmers as well as local soil and
and extension agencies and to transfer of new information related that locality are trained in different climatic conditions the improved
one KVK in each district by the end of
communicate these massage to to agriculture to the villagers in aspects. The main objective of this type technology may slightly be modified
Xth plan. Realizing the importance of of training is to refresh the memory and by the scientists of KVK to get
technology assessment, refinement research scientists for modification short time.
of technology. up grade the knowledge and skill of the maximum return. All these activities of
and transfer, the Planning Commission Training programme for different extension functionaries by providing the KVK are undertaken as per the
has allocated Rs. 500 crores specifically (d) To impart training on different categories of people: suggestion and approval of the
topics to different group of the recent and new information regarding
for the establishment of new KVKs Training is one of the most important new techniques as well as new Scientific Advisory Committee. This
during Xth plan period. The DDG (AE) villagers. activities of Krishi Vigyan Kendra. committee consists of representative
approach of solving different problems
during the 11th EFC meeting of Xth (e) To provide new and important Training is planned and systematic faced by farmers of that locality. As the from the Vice-chancellor of State
plan, held in New Delhi on 30th Sept. information to the extension effort to increase the knowledge, extension functionaries of different Agricultural University or Director of
2003 out lined the importance of two agencies and NGOs for wider improves the skill and change the the Institute, representative from the
department act like a bridge between Indian Council of Agricultural
issues in the context of the present circulation in that locality to improve attitude of a person towards a particular the scientists and villagers, the
scenario of agriculture in India- (i) the their economic condition. subject. Training need assessment is the refinement of the knowledge is highly Contd in page 4

Aflatoxicosis in Poultry
Kshemankar shrman range of 8 to 12% in feed grains quantity of aflatoxin B1 can produce Diagnosis of Aflatoxicosis Antifungal compounds such as salts of
Anil Giri encourages fungal growth. Poor morbidity and mortality; 500-1,000 ppb The clinical histor y, gross and acetic acid, propionic acid, formic acid,
harvesting practices, improper storage reduce weight gain, feed efficiency; and microscopic lesions are important in benzoic acid and gentian violet can be
Introduction and less than optimal conditions during 200-500 ppb can cause immune cases of aflatoxicosis. use to prevent the growth of fungi.
Aflatoxicosis is responsible for huge transport and marketing also depression. The disease course can be Gross pathological findings included Mould inhibitors like aluminosilicates
financial losses to poultry industry contributes to mycotoxin production. acute to chronic, depending upon dose, enlarged necrotic liver with pale bind with inactive aflatoxin and prevent
every year. It represents one of the duration of exposure and age of the necrotic lesions and distended gall
They usually appear on cereals (maize, its absorption in the GIT. Such aflatoxin-
serious diseases of poultry, livestock and bird. Acute disease is seen if young ones b l a d d e r. O t h e r l e s i o n s i n c l u d e
bajra, barley, corn, millet, oats, rice, contaminated feeds should only be
other animals. Aflatoxins are group of are given high amounts (1,000 ppb of haemorrhage in the muscles, skin and
sorghum, wheat), cottonseeds, peanuts used after decontaminating, using
closely related mycotoxins that are toxic Aflatoxin B1) of aflatoxin. Chronic form intestinal tract; fluid around the heart,
and soybeans. They also grow easily on of disease is seen in birds older than 5 various methods causing physical
and commonly found in poultry feed. enlarged pale kidneys and anemia. removal or chemical inactivation of
cakes like ground nut cake, cottonseed weeks of age that are given low level of
Avian species especially chicks, Microscopically, the liver shows fatty toxins in feed. Moreover, dietary
cake and coconut cake etc. aflatoxin for several weeks.
ducklings and turkey and quail poults change, swollen hepatocytes and bile additives such as activated charcoal,
are susceptible for its toxicity. In our country this problem is more Clinical signs: duct hyperplasia. phenobarbital, cysteine, glutathione,
recorded in the months of rains and Basically, aflatoxins are hepato-toxic
Aflatoxins are produced by several Detection of aflatoxins in feed: betacarotene and selenium are found to
thereafter because of easy presence of and damages to the liver, in addition
fungi: Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus favorable environmental conditions. Several methods are available for be effective in the reducing aflatoxicosis
parasiticus and Penicillium puberulum. they are also immuno-suppressants, in poultry.
Susceptibility: detection of aflatoxins in the feed, viz
However, only A. flavus and A. Parasiticus and carcinogenic. They simulate
All species and ages of poultry can be culture of organism on SDA media, High Treatment:
are economically important. The word Chronic respiratory disease, infectious
affected by this disease. Duration of performance liquid chromatography Although prevention is better than cure,
Afla comes from Aspergillus flavus bursal disease (IBD), fatty liver syndrome
exposure, age and level of aflatoxins in (HPLC), Enzyme linked Immunosorbant but if this disease occurs in the farm it
where "A" represents Aspergillus and and malabsorption syndrome in birds.
feed are major determinant factors. Assay (ELISA) and M ini-column can be treated by increasing vitamin (A,
"fla” for flavus. The most common and Clinical signs may vary from general
toxic aflatoxin is aflatoxin B1 followed Generally younger age groups are more c h ro m a to g ra p hy. A m o n g t h e s e D, E, K and B-complex) and mineral
unthriftiness to high morbidity and
by B2, G1 and G2. The cause of this susceptible than mature flocks. In available methods ELISA is commonly content (particularly selenium) of feed.
mortality. Aflatoxin cause economic
disease in poultry has been attributed poultry, ducks are the most sensitive to used test in the field conditions, as it is Toxic binders can also be given in the
aflatoxins, followed by turkey, broiler losses to poultry industry by way of
to the ingestion of various feeds decreased feed intake, loss of weight simple, accurate and economical feed which prevent absorption of toxins
contaminated with causative fungus. and layers. According to experts, there is method for detection. in GI tract. Apart from these measures
no safe level and risk depends on the gain, decreased egg production, lower
Predisposing factors: hatchability, poor carcass quality and Prevention of aflatoxins : increasing use of liver tonics and herbal
amount of aflatoxins and other
High temperature, humidity and un- increased mortality. Because of their Effort should be made to prevent the immunomodulaters may also help in
mycotoxins in the feed. The Food and
seasonal rains are some of the Drug Administration (FDA) of United immunosuppressive nature they make growth of fungus in feed. Grains should alleviating the disease in the flock.
contributing factors in the tropical States has set a maximum allowable bird more susceptibility to diseases like never be stored unless its moisture Dept of Pharmacology and Toxicology
regions; they encourage fungal growth level of aflatoxins at 20 ppb. Aflatoxins co c c i d i o s i s, co l i s e p t i ce m i a a n d content is less than 14 %. Fungal growth College of Veterinary Sci-ence & Animal
and subsequently aflatoxin production. are immuno-depressant and salmonellosis; further the affected flock in feed can also be reduced by addition Husbandry, Jabalpur** Technical
Moisture content exceeding the safe carcinogenic. 1.0 ppm or greater become refractory to vaccination. of antifungal compounds. Manager Uttara Feeds Ltd.

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