8. Kalala speakes:
•
“kingwana ”
It is his own distinct
linguistic features. He
uses this language to
children & adults he
meets in the street,
market place.
10. • Kinds of social factors : social distance,
status , formality and functional
• Characteristics of the users or
participants.
• Kalala’s own linguistic repertoire.
• Repertoire of the person he is talking to.
The factors that lead Kalala to choose one
code rather than another are :
11. Any variety or code
could carry the
affective message.
Note:
12. The important factors in
language and code choice in a
large speech communities:
Certain
social
factors
Who are
talking to
Typical
interaction
Topic
Function
Social
context of
the talk
13. Domains of language use:
A domain involves ;
• Typical interaction
between
• Typical participants
in
• Typical settings.
15. Table 2.2 Domains of language use
Domain Addresses Setting Topic Variety/
code
Family Parent Home family party ……..
Friendship Friend Beach Play beach
tennis
……..
Religion Priest Church Sunday liturgy …….
Education Teacher School Math problem ………..
Employment Employer Workplace Apply for a job ……..
17. Domains Varieties / codes
Home / family Portuguese
Church / religion Portuguese
Work / employment English
School / education English
Maria’s four domains and varieties or code
appropriate to each :
18. Figure 2.1 Appropriate code choice in different domains
among the Portuguese community in London
19. Useful to a new comer
Describe which code or codes are selected
Domains & varieties
The figure 2.1 illustrate :
Pattern of language
Not an account of go through in selecting
code
Add other domain
Comparing pattern of code choice
Comparing the varieties in similar domains
20. • Social distance
• Status
• Formality
• Function
Now : remember the social factors
affecting code choice:
25. • H & L varieties
• H & L varieties complete each other
• No one use H variety in everyday
conversation
Three feature of diglassia in narrow
sense :
26. L H
Contrastive H & L varieties Area:
distinct function + +
distinct varieties for same
language
+ +
everyday conversation + -
different pronunciation + +
different vocabulary + +
different grammar + +
writing Odd common
27. Attitudes to H vs L in a diglossia
situation:
Complicated
30. Diglassia is ;
• Characteristics of speech
communities
• not characteristics of individuals
Note:
31. Relationship between diglossia & bilingualism
DIGLOSSIA
BILINGUALISM
1. Both diglossia &
bilingualims +
2. Bilingualism without
diglossia -
3. Diglossia without
bilingualism -
4.Neither diglossia nor
bilingualism
32. Diglassia use as broader sense ( H) L is not crucial
Diglassia Has complementary
functions of L & H
H has prestige
Diglassia is Generalized to cover
any situation of L&H
H is learned at school
Diglassia is used for different
functions
L is learned in the home
Diglassia is used as classic or
narrow sense
L is used in oral literature
H is standard & codified grammar
Diglossia in bilingual communities:
33. Polyglossia :
The term polyglossia has been used
for situation where a community
regularly use more than two
languages .
e.g. Kalala’s linguistics repertoire
34. Changes in a diglossia situation:
L & H varieties exist side by side
gradually displace the other
e.g. England was diglossic in the broad
sense:
English French English
Language of the
peasant …
High society
language
English displaced
French
Ox Boeuf Beef
35. Note:
Diglossia or polyglossia use to describe
complementary code use in all
communities.
In all speech communities people use
different varieties or code in formal as
opposed to informal situation.
In multilingual situation the code selected
are generally distinct language.
36. Code-switching or Code-Mixing:
In linguistics code-switching occurs
when a speaker alternates between
two or more languages or
language varieties in the context of
a single conversation.
37. Code-switching features:
Occurs within a domain or social situation
Relates to particular participant
Signal speaker’s ethnic identity &
solidarity with the addresses
Might be used as an interjection or
linguistic tag
38. Code-switching features:
It is motivated by the identity &
relationship between participant
Reflects a change in social factors
Expresses affective rather than
refrrential meaning
Express disapproval
39. Code-switching features:
It is not possible to predict when it
will occur
Means of conveying approval or
disagreement about previous messages
Occurs in utterances
People often unaware of the fact that
they code switch
