This presentation is on the thesis topic "A Multiband PIFA Antenna for Mobile Devices".

1. A MULTIBAND PIFA ANTENNA
FOR MOBILE DEVICES
Presented By :
Under the Guidance of :
Naveen Kumar
Garima Saini
M.E. ECE (Regular 2011)
Assistant Professor , ECE Deptt.
NITTTR, Chandigarh
NITTTR, Chandigarh

2. Outline

Introduction


Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) Structure


Antennas for Mobile Handheld Devices
Comparison between various antenna structures
Literature Survey

Inferences Drawn

Problem Definition

Objectives

Design Methodology

Simulations & Results

Conclusion

Future Scope

Publications

References
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

3. Introduction
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

4. Introduction

An Antenna converts electromagnetic radiation into electric current, or
vice versa.

Need of Antenna :

For transmission and reception of the radio signal.

Antennas are required by any radio receiver or transmitter to couple its
electrical connection to the electromagnetic field.

For electromagnetic waves carry signals through the air (or through
space) at the speed of light with almost no transmission loss.

Wireless performance is completely dependent on a high performance
antenna design and implementation.
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

5. Antennas for Mobile devices

The type of antenna that is used with a particular type of phone is normally
determined by dimensional considerations and specific absorption rate (SAR)
regulations.

One has to make some kind of compromise among volume, impedance
bandwidth and radiation characteristics of an antenna while making the smallest
possible antenna.

Antenna used in mobile handheld devices supporting several frequency bands
can have one of the following structure :

Single band Antenna

Multiband Antenna

Reconfigurable antenna
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

6. Antennas for Mobile devices (Contd.)
Following are main types of antennas used in cellular phones:

External Antennas



Monopoles (whips)
Helical
Internal Antennas

Microstrip antennas (MSA)

Planar inverted-F antennas (PIFA)
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

7. Comparison Table
Antenna
Type/
Parameters
Monopole
Slot
Microstrip
Patch
PIFA
Radiation
Pattern
Omnidirectional
Roughly Omnidirectional
Directional
Omnidirectional
Gain
High
Moderate
High
Moderate to high
Modeling &
Fabrication
Modeling is somewhat
difficult
Fabrication on PCB can be
done.
Easier to fabricate
and model
Easier fabrication
using PCB
Applications
Radio Broadcasting,
vehicular antenna
Radar, Cell Phone base
stations
Satellite
Communication,
Aircrafts
Internal antennas of
Mobile phones
Merits
Compact size,
Low fabrication cost
and simple to
manufacture, Large
bandwidth support
Radiation characteristics
remains unchanged due to
tuning, Design simplicity
Low cost, Low
weight, Easy in
integration
Small size, Low cost,
Reduced backward
radiation for
minimizing SAR
Problems
Difficult fabrication at
higher frequencies
(>3GHz)
Size constraint for mobile
handheld devices
No bandpass
filtering effect,
surface-area
requirement
Narrow bandwidth
characteristic
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

8. Planar Inverted-F Antenna
(PIFA)

PIFA is also referred to as short-circuited
microstrip antenna due to the fact that its structure
W
resembles to short-circuit MSA.

The shorting post near the feed point of PIFA
Ground Plane
structure is a good method for reducing the
antenna size, but this result into the narrow
impedance bandwidth which is one of the
limitations.

Radiating Patch
h
L
Feed point
By varying the size of the ground plane, the
bandwidth of a PIFA can be adjusted and
optimized.

Lp
Wp
Typical PIFA Structure
The location and spacing between two shorting
posts can be adjusted accordingly.
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December 14, 2013

9. Basic Equation
Lp + Wp = λ/4
(1)
Where Lp is Top patch length
Wp is Top patch Width
λ is wavelength corresponding to resonant frequency
When
W/Lp=1 then
Lp + h = λ/4
When
(2)
W=0 then
Lp + Wp + h = λ/4
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(3)
December 14, 2013

10. Effect of Parameter Variation in
PIFA
Parameters
Effects
Length
Determines resonance frequency
Width
Control impedance matching
Height
Control Bandwidth
Width of shorting plate
Effect on the anti-resonance and increase bandwidth
Feed
position
from Effect on resonance frequency and bandwidth
shorting plate
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

11. Literature Survey
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December 14, 2013

12. Literature Survey [1]
1.pdf
Rashid Ahmad Bhatti, Ngoc-Anh Nguyen, Viet-Anh Nguyen and Seong ook Park, “Design of
a Compact Internal Antenna for Multi-Band Personal Communication Handsets”, IEEE
Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, Page(s):1-4, 2007.
●
Authors proposed a compact multiband antenna with reduced height.
●
Proposed antenna operates at DCS, PCS, UMTS, WiBro, ISM/Bluetooth and WLAN 5
GHz bands.
●
F-shaped slot is created on the top radiating patch and its dimensions are optimized to
enhance band coverage of 5 GHz band.
●
The total volume of the antenna is 1.5 cm3.

Conclusion :
●
Use of extra shorting strip enhances bandwidth at lower band while slot on the patch
enhances bandwidth at higher band. The height of the PIFA is less compared to
conventional structures thus, reducing overall volume.
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

13. Literature Survey [2]
2.pdf
A. Cabedo, J. Anguera, C. Picher, M. Ribo and C. Puente , “Multiband Handset Antenna
Combining a PIFA, Slots, and Ground Plane Modes”, IEEE Transactions On Antennas
And Propagation, Vol. 57, No. 9, Page(s): 2526 – 2533, 2009.

Authors proposed PIFA structure along with slots on the ground plane.

Antenna covers low frequencies (GSM 850/900) & high frequencies (DCS, PCS,
Bluetooth, UMTS).

Three slots are used which has two functions mainly i.e. to tune the ground plane
resonance at low frequencies & to act as parasitic radiator at high frequencies.
Conclusion

:
Use of slots on ground plane enhances bandwidth both at low & high frequencies
without increase in the volume of the antenna.
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

14. Literature Survey [3]
3.pdf
Sinhyung Jeon, Hyengcheul Choi, and Hyeongdong Kim, “Hybrid Planar Inverted-F
Antenna with a T-shaped slot on the ground plane”, ETRI Journal, Vol. 31, No. 5,
Page(s): 616-618, 2009.
●A
novel antenna was proposed by authors. The structure make use of T-shaped ground
plane along with rectangular patch to achieve resonance at desired frequencies.
●The
frequency bands covered by the antenna are DCS, WiBro, Bluetooth and S-DMB
bands.
Conclusion
●The
:
structure of top patch is simple in construction and introduction of T-shaped slot on
ground plane resulted in resonance at 2.4 GHz band with enhanced bandwidth coverage.
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

15. Literature Survey [4]
4.pdf
H.F. Abu Tarboush, R. Nilavalan, T. Peter and S.W. Cheung, “Multiband Inverted-F
Antenna With Independent Bands for Small and Slim Cellular Mobile Handsets”,
IEEE Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, Vol. 59, No. 7, Page(s): 2636 – 2645,
2011.

Proposed antenna design have independent control on the resonant frequency bands
which are UMTS(2.09 GHz), m-WiMax(3.74 GHz) & WLAN (5 GHz).

The structure consists of slotted radiator supported by shorting walls and small
ground plane.
Conclusion

:
Ground plane of the antenna has minimal effect on performance and it is also not
too sensitive to human hand and phone housing.

Electronics components can be placed closer to the antenna resulting in overall size
even more compact and thin.
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

16. Literature Survey [5]
5.pdf
C. Picher, J. Angueral, A. Andújar, C. Puente1, and S. Kahng, “Analysis of the Human
Head Interaction in Handset Antennas with Slotted Ground Planes”, IEEE Antennas
and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 54, No. 2, Page(s): 36 – 56, 2012.
●Authors
studied and analyzed different configurations of slotted ground plane for human
head interaction.
●Results
showed that the slots on the ground plane are useful in increasing bandwidth
coverage and efficiency of the antenna structure.
●Authors
observed that interaction of human head with the antenna adds losses to antenna
affecting efficiency and radiation patterns.
Conclusion
●Analysis
:
showed that PIFA with two open ended slots performs well as compared to PIFA
without slots covering more number of frequency bands.
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

17. Inferences Drawn

Now-a-days more and more radios are being integrated into single wireless
platform to allow maximum connectivity and ever increasing need of having
several functionalities in devices.

Multiband antenna approach using PIFA structure results in size reduction, low
SAR values, enhanced bandwidth coverage and good gain. These can be achieved
by employing several techniques to modify the basic structure and using ground
plane to support the main patch.

PIFA is also good choice to be used for LTE and WiMAX bands as for MIMO
applications, antennas small in size with good isolation are required.
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

18. Problem Definition

Single-band antenna supports only one or two frequencies of wireless service. And these
days more & more wireless standards are being supported by the devices. So they
employ several antennas for each standard.

This leads to large space requirement in handheld devices.

One foreseen associated problem with the antenna design for such devices is to cover 4G
LTE bands while still covering DCS 1800, PCS 1900, UMTS 2100, WiMAX and
WLAN/Bluetooth bands.

Thus, due to space constraints in mobile devices, covering multiple bands with a single
antenna structure is the need of the hour.

Therefore, the thesis work is directed to make a multiband antenna and it can be
achieved by using low profile antenna structures like PIFA with additional features to
enhance the bandwidth coverage and other important performance parameters.
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

19. Objectives
The objectives of the Thesis work are as follows:
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December 14, 2013

20. Design Methodology
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December 14, 2013

21. Selection of Design Parameters

PIFA structure is designed using HFSS software keeping some parameters in view
Parameter
Value (mm)
Parameter
Value (mm)
Lg
70
Wg1
1.2
Wg
40
Lg2
22
Lp
25
Wg2
2
Wp
15
L1
36.7
Ls
3.8
L2
11.5
Ws
2.4
L3
27.3
H
1.6
L4
55
Lg1
12
L5
13
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22. Simulations & Results
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23. Proposed Designs

Proposed Design 1

Proposed Design 2

24. Proposed Design 1
L1
L2
L3
Wgs
Lgs
Ws
Ls
Wp
Lp
Lg
h
Wg
Detailed Dimensions
3D View in HFSS

25. Detailed Dimensions
Parameter
Value (mm)
Parameter
Value (mm)
Lg
58
H
1.6
Wg
40
Lgs
14
Lp
25
Wgs
a1.5
Wp
15
L1
36
Ls
4
L2
21.9
Ws
3.4
L3
15.6

26. Return Loss (S11)

27. Gain (dB)

28. 3D Radiation Pattern

29. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
(VSWR)

30. Proposed Design 2
L1
L2
L3
Lg1
Ws
L5
Lg2
Ls
Wp
Feed
Wire
Wg2
Lp
Wg1
Lg
Top
Patch
L4
Ground
Plane
h
Wg
Detailed Dimensions
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
3D View in HFSS
December 14, 2013

31. Detailed Dimensions
Parameter
Value (mm)
Parameter
Value (mm)
Lg
70
Wg1
1.2
Wg
40
Lg2
22
Lp
25
Wg2
2
Wp
15
L1
36.7
Ls
3.8
L2
11.5
Ws
2.4
L3
27.3
H
1.6
L4
55
Lg1
12
L5
13

32. Return Loss (S11)
1311 MHz
2834 MHz
5172 MHz
5596 MHz
5.40 GHz
1900 MHz
2.40 GHz
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33. Gain (dB)
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34. 3D Radiation Pattern
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December 14, 2013

35. Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
(VSWR)
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December 14, 2013

36. Validation of Results
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December 14, 2013

37. Validation of Results
Antenna
Volume
Resonant
Design/
(mm3)
Gain (dB)
% Efficiency
Frequencies
Frequency Bands Covered
(η)
Parameters
Design in [10]
1500
1.8 GHz, 2
2.41, 2.86, 91, 92, 90 & 87
DCS
(1710-1880
MHz),
PCS
GHz , 2.4 GHz
3.43 & 4.14 respectively
(1880-1990 MHz), UMTS (1900-
& 5 GHz
respectively
2200 MHz), WiBro (2300 - 2390
MHz), ISM / Bluetooth (2.4 - 2.48
GHz) and WLAN (5.1-5.9 GHz)
Proposed Design
1425
1.94 GHz, 2.42
2.63, 4 & 96.9,
96.1
GHz & 5.42
6.18
GHz
respectively respectively
92.67
& GPS L1 band (1575.42 MHz),
GLONASS-M L1 band (1602
MHz), DCS (1800 MHz), PCS
(1900 MHz), UMTS (2100 MHz),
Wi-Fi/Bluetooth (2.4 GHz), 4G
LTE (1.7 GHz, 2.3 GHz & 2.6
GHz), & WLAN (5.2 GHz).
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38. Conclusion
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December 14, 2013

39. Conclusion
There are few conclusions that can be drawn from this thesis work:

The designed multi-band antenna, built on PIFA structure, is very sensitive to any
changes to the dimensions of the structure including the ground plane.

Ground plane of the antenna is used as a radiator resulting in overall size reduction
and improvement in the operating bandwidth.

There is 5% reduction in overall volume of the proposed antenna as compared to
design in [10].

Also there is significant improvement in gain and radiation efficiencies at obtained
resonant frequencies.
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

40. Future Scope of the Work

The antenna prototype can be developed which can be used to study the
performance of the antenna with human interaction and investigate the Specific
Absorption Rate (SAR) value by employing human model testing.

The antenna structure can be placed inside a handheld device casing and it can be
analyzed using an Anechoic chamber.

The design proposed in this thesis work can be extended for supporting MIMO
applications for the devices which supports LTE and WiMAX technologies.
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

41. Publications

Naveen Kumar, Garima Saini, “A Novel Low Profile Planar Inverted-F Antenna
(PIFA) for Mobile Handsets”, International Journal of Scientific and Research
Publications (IJSRP), Volume 3, Issue 3, March 2013.

Naveen Kumar, Garima Saini, “A Compact Planar Inverted-F Antenna with
Slotted Ground Plane”, International Journal of Electronics & Communication
Technology (IJECT), Volume 4, Issue 2 Ver. 3, Page(s): 399-401, June 2013.

Naveen Kumar, Garima Saini, “A Multiband PIFA with Slotted Ground Plane for
Personal
Communication
Handheld
Devices”,
International
Journal
of
Engineering Research and Development (IJERD), Volume 7, Issue 11, Page(s): 7074, July 2013.
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December 14, 2013

42. References
1) Kin-Lu Wong, “Planar Antennas for Wireless Communication”, Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Chapter: 2, Pages: 26-65, 2003.
2) C. Rowell, E.Y. Lam, “Mobile-phone antenna design”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 54, No. 4, Page(s): 14 – 34, 2012.
3) W. Geyi, Q. Rao, S. Ali, and D. Wang, “Handset Antenna Design: Practice and Theory”, Progress in Electromagnetic Research Journal
(PIER), Vol. 80, Pages: 123–160, 2008.
4) Hang Wong, Kwai-Man Luk, Chi Hou Chan, Quan Xue, Kwok Kan So, Hau Wah Lai, “Small antennas in Wireless Communications”,
Proceedings of the IEEE Journal, Vol. 100, No. 7, Page(s): 2109 – 2121, 2012.
5) R. Vaughan, “Model and results for single mode PIFA antenna”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Vol. 4,
Page(s): 4028 – 4031, 2004.
6) Taeho Son, “Feeding point determination for PIFA type mobile phone handset internal antenna”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society
International Symposium, Vol. 1A, Page(s): 475 – 478, 2005.
7) J.A. Ray, S.R.B. Chaudhuri, “A review of PIFA technology”, IEEE Indian Antenna week (IAW), Page(s): 1 – 4, 2011.
8) Y. Belhadef, N. Boukli Hacene, “PIFAs antennas design for mobile communications”, 7 th IEEE International Workshop on Systems, Signal
Processing and their Applications, Page(s): 119 – 122, 2011.
9) Hassan Tariq Chattha, Yi Huang, Xu Zhu, and Yang Lu, “An empirical equation for predicting the resonant frequency of planar inverted-F
antennas”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol.8, Page(s): 856 – 860, 2009.
10) Rashid Ahmad Bhatti, Ngoc-Anh Nguyen, Viet-Anh Nguyen and Seong ook Park, “Design of a Compact Internal Antenna for Multi-Band
Personal Communication Handsets”, IEEE Proceedings of Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference, Page(s):1-4, 2007.
11) Viet-Anh Nguyen, Manh-Tuan Dao, Yun Tack Lim, and Seong-Ook Park, “A Compact Tunable Internal Antenna for Personal
Communication Handsets”, IEEE Antennas And Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol. 7, Page(s): 569 – 572, 2008.
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

43. References Contd.
12)
Ya-Chung Yu and Jenn-Hwan Tarng, “A Novel Modified Multiband Planar Inverted-F Antenna”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol.
8, Page(s): 189 – 192, 2009.
13)
J. Cho, C.W. Jung and K. Kim , “Frequency-reconfigurable two-port antenna for mobile phone operating over multiple service bands”, IEEE Electronics
Letters, Vol. 45 No. 20, Page(s): 1009 – 1011, 2009.
14)
A. Cabedo, J. Anguera, C. Picher, M. Ribo, C. Puente, “Multiband Handset Antenna Combining a PIFA, Slots, and Ground Plane Modes”, IEEE
Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, Vol. 57, No. 9, Page(s): 2526 – 2533, 2009.
15)
H. Rhyu, J. Byun, F.J. Harackiewicz, M.J. Park, K. Jung, D. Kim, N. Kim, T. Kim, B. Lee, “Multi-band hybrid antenna for ultra-thin mobile phone
applications”, IEEE Electronics Letters, Vol. 45, No. 15, Page(s): 773 – 774, 2009.
16)
Chih-Hsien Wu and Kin-Lu Wong, “Ultra wideband PIFA with a Capacitive Feed for Penta-Band Folder-Type Mobile Phone Antenna”, IEEE
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 57, No. 8, Page(s): 2461 – 2464, 2009.
17)
Sinhyung Jeon, Hyengcheul Choi, and Hyeongdong Kim, “Hybrid Planar Inverted-F Antenna with a T-shaped slot on the ground plane”, ETRI Journal,
Vol. 31, No. 5, Page(s): 616-618, 2009.
18)
Houda Halheit, Andre’ Vander Vorst, “A Simple Wideband Antenna for Mobile Handset”, 3 rd IEEE European Conference on Antennas and Propagation,
Page(s): 553-555, 2009.
19)
Xingyu Zhang and Anping Zhao, “Enhanced-bandwidth PIFA Antenna with a Slot on Ground Plane”, Progress in Electromagnetic Research Journal
Symposium (PIERS) Proceedings, Page(s): 1268-1272, 2009.
20)
Qinjiang Rao and Dong Wang, “A Compact Dual-Port Diversity Antenna for Long-Term Evolution Handheld Devices”, IEEE Transactions on
Vehicular Technology, Vol. 59, No. 3, Page(s): 1319 – 1329, 2010.
21)
Jong-Hyuk Lim, Gyu-Tae Back, Young-Il Ko, Chang-Wook Song, Tae-Yeoul Yun, “A Reconfigurable PIFA Using a Switchable PIN-Diode and a FineTuning Varactor for USPCS/WCDMA/m-WiMAX/WLAN”, IEEE Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, Vol. 58, No. 7, Page(s): 2404 – 2411,
2010.
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

44. References Contd.
22)
Do-Gu Kang and Y. Sung, “Compact Hexaband PIFA Antenna for Mobile Handset Applications”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters,
Vol. 9, Page(s): 1127 – 1130, 2010.
23)
H.T. Chattha, Y. Huang, X. Zhu and Y. Lu, “Dual-feed PIFA diversity antenna for wireless applications”, IEEE Electronics Letters, Vol. 46, No. 3,
Page(s): 189 – 190, 2010.
24)
D. Kearney, M. John, M.J. Ammann, “Miniature Ceramic PIFA for UWB Band Groups 3 and 6”, IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, Vol.
9, Page(s): 28 – 31, 2010.
25)
Hattan F. AbuTarboush, R. Nilavalan, T. Peter and S. W. Chuang, “Small and Thin Inverted-F Antenna with Insensitive Ground Plane for Mobile
Handsets”, IEEE Loughborough Antennas and Propagation Conference, Page(s): 109 – 112, 2010.
26)
Wen Xing Li, Xing Liu, Si Li, “Design of A Broadband and Multiband Planar Inverted-F Antenna”, IEEE International Conference on Communications
and Mobile Computing, Page(s): 90 – 93, 2010.
27)
Yamina Belhadef, Nourediene Boukli Hacene, “Design of New Multiband Slotted PIFA Antennas”, International Journal of Computer Science Issues
(IJCSI), Vol. 8, No. 4, Page(s): 325-330, 2011.
28)
Jong-Hyuk Lim, Zhe-Jun Jin, and Tae-Yeoul Yun, “A Frequency Reconfigurable PIFA Using a PIN Diode for Mobile-WiMAX Applications”, IEEE
Intelligent Radio for Future Personal Terminals, International Microwave Workshop Series, Page(s): 1 – 2, 2011.
29)
David Kearney, Matthias John, and Max J. Ammann, “Miniature Ceramic Dual-PIFA Antenna to Support Band Group 1 UWB Functionality in Mobile
Handset”, IEEE Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, Vol. 59, No. 1, Page(s): 336 – 339, 2011.
30)
H.F. Abu Tarboush, R. Nilavalan, T. Peter, S.W. Cheung, “Multiband Inverted-F Antenna with Independent Bands for Small and Slim Cellular Mobile
Handsets”, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 59, No. 7, Page(s): 2636 – 2645, 2011.
31)
H.I. Hraga, C.H. See, R.A. Abd-Alhameed, D. Zhou, S. Adnan, I.T.E. Elfergani, F. Elmegri, P.S. Excell, “PIFA Antenna for UWB Applications with
WLAN Band Rejection using Spiral Slots”, Proceedings of the 5th European Conference, IEEE Antennas and Propagation, Page(s): 2226 – 2229, 2011.
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013

45. References Contd.
32) Dong-xiang Lv, Li-guo Liu, Ai-qun Long, “Research and Simulation Design on Ultrathin Tri-band RF Antenna”, 13 th IEEE International
Conference on Communication Technology, Page(s): 315-318, 2011.
33) C. Picher, J. Angueral, A. Andújar, C. Puente1, and S. Kahng, “Analysis of the Human Head Interaction in Handset Antennas with Slotted
Ground Planes”, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 54, No. 2, Page(s): 36 – 56, 2012.
34) Manoj K. Meshram, Reza K. Animeh, Ankur T. Pimpale, and Natalia K. Nikolova, “A Novel Quad-Band Diversity Antenna for LTE and
Wi-Fi Applications With High Isolation”, IEEE Transactions On Antennas And Propagation, Vol. 60, No. 9, Page(s): 4360 – 4371, 2012.
35) Y. K. Park and Y. Sung, “A Reconfigurable Antenna for Quad-Band Mobile Handset Applications”, IEEE Transactions On Antennas And
Propagation, Vol. 60, No. 6, Page(s): 3003 – 3006, 2012.
36) C.H. See, R.A. Abd-Alhameed, D. Zhou, H.I. Hraga, P.S. Excell, “Broadband dual planar inverted F-antenna for wireless local area
networks/worldwide interoperability for microwave access and lower-band ultra wideband wireless applications”, IET Microwaves,
Antennas & Propagation, Vol. 5 , No. 6, Page(s): 644 – 650, 2012.
National Institute of Technical Teacher's Training & Research, Chandigarh
December 14, 2013