Module 13

2.  Confucious once said, “I hear and I
forget. I see and I remember. I do and I
understand.”
 Constructivists agree with this quote.
They understand that the best way for
students to learn is for them to actively
participate in the learning process.

3.  The best way for students to learn is to
use critical-thinking skills to analyze a
problem. By doing this, they will create or
construct, their own understanding of a
topic or problem.

4.  Jean Piaget
 Jerome Bruner
 Lev Vygotsky
 John Dewey

5.  Piaget was a psychologist who developed the
cognitive learning theory after observing children
for many years.
 Piaget defined four cognitive stages:
› 1. Sensorimotor-when learning takes place primarily
through the child’s senses and motor actions.
› 2. Preoperational-when children begin to use symbols
and images and play pretend games.
› 3. Concrete Operational-Children begin to think
logically.
› 4. Formal Operation-This stage begins around age 12
and children begin to learn many facts and other
viewpoints besides their own.

6.  An American psychologist and
educator, Jerome proposed that
learning is an active process in which the
learner constructs new ideas or concepts
based on his current or past knowledge.
 Bruner felt that teachers needed to
encourage students through exploration
and learning through discovery.

7.  A Russian educational psychologist, Lev
Vygotsky developed social cognition.
 He believed that learning was influenced
drastically by social development.

8.  An educational psychologist,
philosopher, and political activist
advocating child-centered instruction.
 He believed that teachers need to
engage activities that the students could
relate to.
 He was a part of the movement called
progressive education. This movement
focused on educating the child as a
whole-mind, body, and socially.

9.  http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/piag
et.html
 http://www.phillwebb.net/topics/human
/Bruner/Bruner.htm
 http://www.sonic.net/~cr2/sociohis.htm