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1. REGIONALISM in INDIA
&
SEARCH FOR INDIAN-NESS
LECTURE 7
Image Source: http://movingcities.org/wordpress/wp-content/photos/hgh_caa12/120419-hgh-raj-rewal-150011_sv.jpg
[Online]
History of Architecture-II (AP-313)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Nipesh P Indian-ness
Search for Narayanan

2. WHAT IS REGIONALISM?
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

3. ARCHITECTURE WITHOUT ARCHITECTS
• 1964
– Exhibition at MoMA (NY)
– Revival/ curiosity of vernacular
– Appreciation for understanding
the vernacular
Hyderabad, Pakistan
Image Source: http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ88skCanoJZ-PduBFUJZ5LwPG_Dft0S9kJPwXuRj4lCbQQABWAPg
[Online]
BERNARD RUDOFSKY
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

4. “Cultivated the theoretical grounds of Vernacular Architecture”
1977
Image Source: http
http://www.overlookpress.com/media/catalog/product/cache/1/image/265x/5e06319eda06f020e43594a9c230972d/S/h/Sh
elterSignSymbolLrg_6.JPG [Online]
PAUL OLIVER SHELTER SIGN & SYMBOL
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

5. HASSAN FATHY VERNACULAR PRACTICE
Image Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gurna_Mosque_R01.jpg [Online]
“Fathy devoted more than half a century of his professional life to
bringing back to the vernacular mode building tradition endangered by
extinction due to the massive post war building activity”
Mosque, Luxor, Egypt (1948)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

6. HASSAN FATHY VERNACULAR PRACTICE
Craterre International Centre On Earthen Architecture (1984)
ADAUA Association pour le Développement d'une Architecture et d'un
Urbanisme Africains (1975)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
Image Source: craterre.org [Online]
Development Workshop (1973)

7. REGIONALISM – TOURISM & CULTURE
•
Modern Comfort
•
Traitional Craft
Modernism/Internationalism Vs Regionalism
“The polarity between internationalism which demands a global
relevance for its existence and regionalism which seeks meaning and
content under specific local conditions”
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

8. HOW TO DEFINE AN ARCHITECTURE FOR INDIA?
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

9. SYMBOLIC CLEANSING OF COLONIAL IDENTITY
Napoleon V to MKG
Image Source: http://www.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/cid_1157453941_SANGATH3.jpg [Online]
Renaming Roads
Removal of Statues
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

10. SYMBOLIC CLEANSING OF COLONIAL IDENTITY
King George V
Image Source: http://www.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/cid_1157453941_SANGATH3.jpg [Online]
Renaming Roads
Removal of Statues
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

11. REGIONALISM IN INDIA – HOW?
• Post-Independence India
– Nehruvian vision of a modern India
• Modernism in India
– Le Corbusier, Otto Königsberger etc.
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

12. REGIONALISM – IN INDIA
• Mahatma Gandhi
– Romance of the village
– “India lives in its villages”
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

13. REGIONALISM – IN INDIA
• Mahatma Gandhi
– Romance of the village
– “India lives in its villages”
• Revival of literature
– Sanskrit and the Vedas
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

14. REGIONALISM – IN INDIA
• Mahatma Gandhi
– Romance of the village
– “India lives in its villages”
• Revival of literature
– Sanskrit and the Vedas
• Nehruvian Nation building
– Glory to the past to revive the spirit
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

15. REGIONALISM – IN INDIA – Neo Traditionalism
• Study of Desert Cities
– Jaisalmer
• Study of Spatial Qualities of Vernacular Buildings
– Fatehpur Sikri
• Revival of Shilpaic Tradition
– Craftsman’s active participation with architect
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

16. REGIONALISM IN INDIA – LAURIE BAKER
Image Source: AUTHOR
• Understanding the local building techniques and reinventing
them
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

17. REGIONALISM IN INDIA – LAURIE BAKER
•
•
•
•
•
Use of refined brick masonry
On-site Laying of buildings
Extensive mason interaction
Low Cost
Innovation
“ Proposition of a Gandhian life-style”
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
Image Source: AUTHOR
– Filler Slab
– Rat Trap Bond

18. Concrete & Abstract*
Image Source: AUTHOR
Image Source: http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/03/b1/0d/29/ashok-hotel.jpg [Online]
REGIONALISM – IN INDIA
*REF: Suha Ózkan. Introduction: Regionalism within Modernism.
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

19. Image Source: http://www.indianetzone.com/photos_gallery/37/jaisalmer-city_8991.jpg [Online]
Morphology
Jaisalmer
1982 Asian Games Village
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
Image Source: http://www.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/PCD.2286.1012.0904.025.jpg[Online]
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – RAJ REWAL
CONCRETE

20. Image Source: http://media-cdn.tripadvisor.com/media/photo-s/01/10/71/40/our-breakfast-terrace.jpg [Online]
Terraces
Jaisalmer
1982 Asian Games Village
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
Image Source: http://www.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/PCD.2286.1012.0904.029.jpg[Online]
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – RAJ REWAL
CONCRETE

21. Street
Jaisalmer
1982 Asian Games Village
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness
Image Source: http://www.greatbuildings.com/gbc/images/PCD.2286.1012.0904.027.jpg[Online]
Image Source: http://fr.petrophoto.net/photo/normal/2096-jaisalmer-street.jpg [Online]
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – RAJ REWAL
CONCRETE

22. Image Source:
http://www.architecture.com/Images/RIBATrust/RIBALibrary/Collections/RecentAcquisitions/CharlesCorreaArchive/07Belapur-P-5-530x400pxV2.jpg [Online]
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
CONCRETE
Cluster
Artist Village, Belapur, Navi Mumbai (1983)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

23. CONCRETE
Cluster
Image Source: http://im.ft-static.com/content/images/421aed22-be91-11e2-bb35-00144feab7de.img [Online]
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
Artist Village, Belapur, Navi Mumbai (1983)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

24. REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
CONCRETE
Image Source: AUTHOR
Cluster
Artist Village, Belapur, Navi Mumbai (1983)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

25. REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
Space
Image Source: http://www.howard-hodgkin.com/photos/1992%20British%20Council_Delhi.jpg [Online]
ABSTRACT
British Council, New Delhi (1987)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

26. REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
ABSTRACT
Image Source: http://www.charlescorrea.net/ [Online]
Space
British Council, New Delhi (1987)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

27. ABSTRACT
Space
Image Source: http://www.uncubemagazine.com/uncube/magazine/art-1370943787794-32113010-8593-48f8-a04f0d4dbd8c0c13/DATA/IMAGES/dwg_Page_03.jpg [Online]
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
British Council, New Delhi (1987)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

28. ABSTRACT
Space
Image Source: http://im.ft-static.com/content/images/3ede2e80-be91-11e2-bb35-00144feab7de.img [Online]
REGIONALISM IN INDIA – CHARLES CORREA
British Council, New Delhi (1987)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

29. WHAT IS INDIAN ARCHITECTURE?
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

30. BUILDING A NEW INDIA
• 5 Year plans (Soviet Union’s centralized planning system)
– 1st – Agricultural Infrastructure
– 2nd – Industrial Development
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

31. BUILDING A NEW INDIA
• 5 Year plans (Soviet Union’s centralized planning system)
– 1st – Agricultural Infrastructure
– 2nd – Industrial Development
• Modernizing India
– Technical & Higher Education
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

32. BUILDING A NEW INDIA
• 5 Year plans (Soviet Union’s centralized planning system)
– 1st – Agricultural Infrastructure
– 2nd – Industrial Development
• Modernizing India
– Technical & Higher Education
“We were all impregnated with opportunities that lay ahead,
and with the idea that not only could you shape that form of
the physical environment, but also influence social life”
~ Joseph Stein
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

33. BUILDING A NEW INDIA
• Post-Partition Migration
– Housing and Infrastructural needs
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

34. BUILDING A NEW INDIA
• Post-Partition Migration
– Housing and Infrastructural needs
• Decentralized Industries
– Industrial Towns
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

35. BUILDING A NEW INDIA
• Post-Partition Migration
– Housing and Infrastructural needs
• Decentralized Industries
– Industrial Towns
• Higher Education Policies
– New Campuses
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

36. BUILDING A NEW INDIA
• Post-Partition Migration
– Housing and Infrastructural needs
• Decentralized Industries
– Industrial Towns
• Higher Education Policies
– New Campuses
• Extended Bureaucracy
– New Government offices
– Institutional Interventions
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

37. THE GANDHI NEHRU DEBATE
Urban Vs Rural
The village as
SELF-GOVERNING
NON-VIOLENT
CASTE-LESS
City as the epitome of
modernizing India
Essentially a self sustaining
entity
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

38. Vidhana Soudha, Karnataka (1956)
Image Source: http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/multimedia/multimedia0807/multimedia080700022/3276128-apanoramic-view-of-the-famous-vidhana-soudha--the-legislature-and-secretariat-building--architectur.jpg [Online]
SOCIALIST INDIA & PROVINCIAL ARCHITECTURE
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

39. Rabindra Bhawan, Habib Rehman (1961)
Image Source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_OXlGl_8FlY/TTMMmAxbWMI/AAAAAAAABdM/MANN5PY2Lr8/s1600/Rabindra%2BBhavan%2B1961%2Bview%2Bsmall.jpg [Online]
SOCIALIST INDIA & PROVINCIAL ARCHITECTURE
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

40. BILATERAL TIES WHICH GOT IN ARCHITECTS
American point four agricultural program got Albert Mayer,
who helped do the first masterplan of Delhi.
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

41. Image Source: http://farm1.static.flickr.com/129/400844969_55ff9e5031.jpg [Online]
BILATERAL TIES WHICH GOT IN ARCHITECTS
RBI Calcutta, John A Ritchie (Australia)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

42. TATA Centre, Calcutta, Holabird & Root (USA)
Image Source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_mZh3jzfEWBg/R3ugyPFPjNI/AAAAAAAAARg/EQKKh00vvNE/s400/tata-center.jpg
[Online]
BILATERAL TIES WHICH GOT IN ARCHITECTS
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

43. ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION
• 1913 – JJ School of Architecture
– Established in 1913, it was Asia's first architecture school
• 1941 - Department of Architecture of Delhi Polytechnic
– School of Planning and Architecture Delhi
• 1945 - AICTE
– All India Council for Technical Education, formed on RIBA
framework
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

44. ARCHITECTURAL EDUCATION
• 1949 – Bengal School
– 1952 Joseph Allen Stein (HOD)
• 1962 - CEPT
– Center for Environmental Planning and Technology – B V Doshi
& Bernard Kohn
– Christopher Alexander was a visiting faculty and work on
‘Pattern Language’ started by studying villages of India.
• 1972 – Piloo Mody & The Architects Act
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

45. WHAT IS THE ARCHITECTURE OF INDIA?
• Modernists’ Search for an Appropriate Architecture
– Chandigarh and Le Corbusier
– First generation post-Independence Indian Modernists
• Joseph Allen Stein and Delhi Experiments
– International yet Indian
• Architecture of the established firms/architects
• The Indian Mainstream
• Architecture of the informal
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

46. Image Source: AUTHOR
MODERNISTS’ SEARCH FOR AN APPROPRIATE ARCHITECTURE
Le Corbusier and the Chandigarh Experiment
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

47. Image Source: AUTHOR
MODERNISTS’ SEARCH FOR AN APPROPRIATE ARCHITECTURE
Le Corbusier and the Ahmadabad Association
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

48. Image Source: AUTHOR
MODERNISTS’ SEARCH FOR AN APPROPRIATE ARCHITECTURE
First generation post-independence modernists - Doshi
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

49. Image Source: AUTHOR
MODERNISTS’ SEARCH FOR AN APPROPRIATE ARCHITECTURE
First generation post-independence modernists - Doshi
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

50. Image Source: http://www.etablecdn.com/photo_uploads/user/snarula@i-a.in/center.jpg [Online]
JOSEPH ALLEN STEIN AND DELHI EXPERIMENTS
Moved away from the Corbusian hangover, IIC (1962)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

51. Image Source: AUTHOR
JOSEPH ALLEN STEIN AND DELHI EXPERIMENTS
Moved away from the Corbusian hangover, Ford Foundation Office (1968)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

52. Image Source: AUTHOR
JOSEPH ALLEN STEIN AND DELHI EXPERIMENTS
Moved away from the Corbusian hangover, Ford Foundation Office (1968)
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

53. THE IGNCA INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION
• Indira Gandhi National Centre for Arts
– 1986
• Symbol of Modern India
– Ambitions similar to that of Chandigarh
– 200 entries from 46 different countries
• Ralph Lerner won the competition
– Gautam Bhatia was placed 2nd
”From defining a new nation in 50s
to
finding the spirit of India in 80s”
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

54. Image Source: http://ignca.nic.in/images/ignca_new_building2.jpg [Online]
THE IGNCA INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

55. Image Source: http://www.jasbirsawhney.com/images/ignca-pic7.jpg [Online]
THE IGNCA INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness

56. REFERENCE
Suha Ózkan. Introduction: Regionalism within Modernism.
Jon Lang, Madhavi Desai, Miki Desai. 1997. Architecture and Independence.
s.l. : Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195639006.
Jon Lang. 2002. A Concise History of Modern Architecture in India. s.l. :
Permanent Black Publishers. ISBN 8178240173.
History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Regionalism and Search for Indian-ness