What are the fundamental Energy Laws?
There are some basic energy laws the ignorance of which lead us to make very big & avoidable mistakes, as global as peak oil or as individual as believing our salvation will come from 'free energy'. Not understanding the basic laws that govern energy also lead us to staying permanently confused & therefore open to being manipulated with regards to any new technology or 'new miracle fuel' that is proposed. No progress can be made in terms of future energy choices if the majority of the population cannot distinguish myth from science in these important areas, and in this class we aim to firmly lay the foundations for understanding energy, which are also the foundation of any good sustainable design.
1. + Module 4 of the PDC+++
PDC
+ + Energy & EcoTechnology
We dedicate this Module to the Mother &
Class Father of Integral Permaculture: Dana
Meadows & Howard Odum, two original
M4.3 pioneers who helped humanity make
Energy
great strides in understanding systemic
thinking, in all four quadrants.
What are the fundamental Energy Laws?
*
There are some basic energy laws the ignorance of which lead us to make very big &
avoidable mistakes, as global as peak oil or as individual as believing our salvation will
come from 'free energy'.
*
Not understanding the basic laws that govern energy also lead us to staying
permanently confused & therefore open to being manipulated with regards to any new
technology or 'new miracle fuel' that is proposed.
*
No progress can be made in terms of future energy choices if the majority of the
population cannot distinguish myth from science in these important areas, and in this
class we aim to firmly lay the foundations for understanding energy, which are also the
foundation of any good sustainable design.
2. M4.3 Energy * What are the
Fundamental Energy Laws?
What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws
The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation
The Second Law: Entropy always Increases
The dream of perpetual motion
The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
3. M4.3 Energy * What are the
Fundamental Energy Laws?
What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws
The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation
The Second Law: Entropy always Increases
The dream of perpetual motion
The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
4. Energy
Energy
Transformation
Process
The ability to do work…
and WORK is defined as any useful energy
transformation
one type of energy is transformed into another kind of energy, with some being
turned into a non-usable form (no longer has the potential to do further work)
5. WORK
1Joule = 1 Newton x 1 meter
1J= 1N x m = (kg x m/seg2) x m
6. Distinguish
There are two between Energy
basic FORMS SOURCES
of energy: & FORMS of
Potential Energy
& Kinetic
+ mixtures of • Thermal energy, thermal energy
the two in transit is called heat
• Chemical energy
• Electric energy
• Radiant energy, the energy
of electromagnetic radiation
• Nuclear energy
• Magnetic energy
• Elastic energy
• Sound energy
• Mechanical energy
• Luminous energy
• Mass (E=mc²)
7. energy SOURCES
• Solar energy
• Wind energy
• Bio energy
• Geothermal energy
• Tidal energy FORMS of energy
• Nuclear energy
• Hydroelectric energy
• Fossil fuels
• Thermal energy
• Chemical energy
• Electric energy
• Radiant energy
• Nuclear energy
Potential • Magnetic energy
& Kinetic • Elastic energy
• Sound energy
In Class 4.6 we will go deeper into + mixtures • Mechanical
renewable sources of energy energy
• Luminous energy
• Mass (E=mc²)
9. M4.3 Energy * What are the
Fundamental Energy Laws?
What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws
The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation
The Second Law: Entropy always Increases
The dream of perpetual motion
The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
10. The Laws of
Nature
Laws or Principles are rules - & the rules or
Laws of Nature are not negotiable
Like Theories or Models, Laws or Principles
can can be used to predict the behavior of the
natural world.
But Theories explain how something works,
whereas Laws say 'what always happens'
Laws RULE
11. The Energy Laws
The 3 Laws of Thermodynamics
The Maximum Power Principle (4th Law)
Hierarchically Organized Systems (5th Law)
The 4th & 5th are still only Proposals! (by
Odum :)
12. M4.3 Energy * What are the
Fundamental Energy Laws?
What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws
The first Law: No Energy Destruction
or Creation
The Second Law: Entropy always Increases
The dream of perpetual motion
The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
13. 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
14. 1st Law: Energy cannot be created
or destroyed
it just changes from one form to another
Eg.someone riding a bicycle
chemical
kinetic
(potential)
energy
energy
heat
15. 1st Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed
But it CAN & does change from one form to
another (what Life is all about)
& the 'things' that do this changing are what we
call "technologies"
16. 1st Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
First law of thermodynamics put in more scientific terms (wikipedia):
Heat and work are forms of energy transfer.
While energy is invariably conserved,
the internal energy of a closed system changes
as heat and work are transferred in or out of it.
Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.
17. M4.3 Energy * What are the
Fundamental Energy Laws?
What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws
The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation
The Second Law: Entropy always
Increases
The dream of perpetual motion
The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
18. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
In all real energy transformations, some energy
loses its ability to do work
We sometimes speak loosely of energy Transformation
being “used up” whereas what is really 1J
St orage
meant is that the potential for doing
work is consumed, while the calories of 100 J 4J
energy inflows and outflowing are the 3J
same. 97 J
100 J
19. 2nd Law: Entropy increases with time.
Entropy, or disorder of the system, is the measure of
the amount of energy not able to do work.
20. Most processes to obtain Energy
have a lot of Entropy associated
with them
21. M4.3 Energy * What are the
Fundamental Energy Laws?
What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws
The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation
The Second Law: Entropy always Increases
The dream of perpetual motion
The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
22. Perpetual Motion
is motion that continues indefinitely without any
external source of energy;
impossible in practice because of friction.
Can also be described as ...
the motion of a hypothetical machine which,
once activated, would run forever, unless subject to
an external force or to wear.
& they have a very long
history!
There is a scientific consensus that perpetual motion
in an isolated system would violate the first &/or Perpetual machine by Villard de Honnecourt,
ca. 1230
second law of thermodynamics.
23. As we search for new energy sources, we're often faced
with "miracle cure" proposals
& it
really
helps
to know
about Vectors
+
know how
to apply
some
basic
science
Magnetic to Kinetic?
24. It seems that they
fascinate the
Green/Purple meme
One characteristic of the 'mean green meme' is an
incapacity to understand symmetry (& to reject science):
It wants Equality but doesn't really want to Work for it,
neither does it Value the Effort that was needed to
create all it's privileges ("know the price of everything &
the value of nothing")
25. Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind
The perpetual machines of the first kind would
violate the first law of thermodynamics, the law
of conservation of energy.
So, they would produce more energy than what
they consume, working eternally once switched
on.
Many of these designs use magnets as 'free
energy sources', & assume there is no friction.
Therefore, although these inventions cannot
work eternally, they are sometimes able to work
by themselves for long times, as long as they are
not required to do any work on their
environment.
26. Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind
The perpetual machine of the second
kind is one which spontaneously Look for this PATTERN
converts thermal energy into in some of the 'solutions' (or proposals -
mechanical work. or causes?) of the crisis ...
The signature of a perpetual motion
machine of the second kind is that
there is only one heat reservoir
involved, which is being
spontaneously cooled without
involving a transfer of heat to a cooler
reservoir.
This conversion of heat into useful
work, without side effect, is
impossible, according to the second
law of thermodynamics.
27. Einstein worked as a Patents Office Clerk
& often was faced with the Eternal Engine proposals:
humans trying to get something out of nothing
Applying the energy laws provided him
with lots of spare time
Short-hand
for the Laws
of Thermo-
dynamics:
"there's
no free
lunch in
Nature"
28. M4.3 Energy * What are the
Fundamental Energy Laws?
What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws
The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation
The Second Law: Entropy always Increases
The dream of perpetual motion
The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
29. 4th Law of Thermodynamics
The Maximum Empower Principle
Self-organization
tends to develop network connections
that use energies in feedback actions
to aid the process of
getting more resources
or using them more efficiently...
30. 4th Law of Thermodynamics
The Maximum Empower Principle
“In time,
through the process of trial and error,
complex patterns of structure and processes
have evolved...
the successful ones surviving
because they use materials and energies well
in their own maintenance,
and compete well with other patterns
that chance interposes.”
H.T. Odum
31. Something Most of our
Technologies achieve with
Oppression (not with Good Design)
& this 'Efficiency' network
Results in
32. 4th Law of
Thermodynamics
The Maximum
Empower Principle
<<< Can you figure out what
this diagram might represent
by the next class?
This is HD Odum's work
Systems maximize power by:
& Class 4.3 is all about him
1) developing storages of high-quality energy,
2) feeding back work from storages to increase inflows,
3) recycling materials as needed,
4) organizing control mechanisms that keep the system adapted and stable,
5) setting up exchanges for needed materials,
6) Contributing work to the next larger system
>> 5th Law: All Systems are
organized hierarchically
33. Consumers MINIMIZE power (to the Transition) by:
1) SCATTERING storages of high-quality energy,
"Consumerism" =
2) feeding back work from storages to DECREASE inflows,
3) NOT recycling materials as needed,
4) are PART OF the organizing control mechanisms that
The Maximum
keep The System adapted and stable, Dis-Empowering
5) DESTROY exchanges for needed materials,
Principle
6) Contribute their work to the DESTRUCTO-system (max consumption for min overall
benefit)
Example of the (zillions of ..) Eco-Student Travelers
1) give their valuable money to transport multinationals, instead of to Transition Projects
2) transition projects are starved of money (high-quality energy) & over-supplied with volunteering
offers (usually very low-quality energy: non-skilled work that requires large amounts of professional work to supervise
if it is to be effective = decrease inflows)
3) there is often no recycling even of information/knowledge/discoveries (from one project to another, eg.
easily achievable by keeping good portfolios but requires climbing out of the 'me, me, me' mentality to a genuine 'we'
mind-set)
4) thus is this type of 'eco-tourism' turned into the 'arms of mass-distraction' & The System is fed
by the very people who want to learn to change it, whilst energy is drained from the Transition
34. Consumers MINIMIZE power (to the Transition) by:
1) SCATTERING storages of high-quality energy,
"Consumerism" =
2) feeding back work from storages to DECREASE inflows,
3) NOT recycling materials as needed,
4) are PART OF the organizing control mechanisms that The Maximum
keep The System adapted and stable,
Dis-Empowering Principle
5) DESTROY exchanges for needed materials, or
6) Contribute their work to the DESTRUCTO-system Minimum Power
Principle
Can you think of some other
typical 'green' examples?
"running off to the bush" to set up 'my
own sustainable project'
"being self-sufficient": making all our own
bread, shoes, etc. from raw materials
35. more on this in ...
M4.3 Howard Odum
& Module 5 on EcoEconomies!
Energy Laws ARE
EcoEconomy Laws
36. M4.3 Energy * What are the
Fundamental Energy Laws?
What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws
The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation
The Second Law: Entropy always Increases
The dream of perpetual motion
The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
Notas del editor
Module 4. Despite the fact that many 'Technological Improvements' haven't managed to improve the quality of life for the majority of people, but have brought more problems & pollution, we still keep expecting the arrival of a more modern technology, perhaps more ecological, that will restore & reverse the damage made. In fact, it is possible, but not without having more citizens with a better understanding & a wider vision of what technology is, & who also understand some basic science necessary in order to be able to think for ourselves on these subjects.
What is Energy? (César) & About Nature's Laws (Stella)The Zeroth Law: About Temperature >> César The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation >>> StellaThe Second Law: Entropy always Increases >>> CésarThe Fourth Law: The Power Principle >> Stella
What is Energy? (César) & About Nature's Laws (Stella)The Zeroth Law: About Temperature >> César The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation >>> StellaThe Second Law: Entropy always Increases >>> CésarThe Fourth Law: The Power Principle >> Stella
A theory does not change into a scientific law with the accumulation of new or better evidence. A theory will always remain a theory; a law will always remain a law.[
Thermal energy , thermal energy in transit is called heat Chemical ener gy El ectric energy R adiant energy , t he energy of el ectromagnetic ra diation Nuclea r energy Magnetic energy Elast ic energy Sound energy Me chanical energy Luminous e nergy Mass ( E= mc² )
Thermal energy , thermal energy in transit is called heat Chemical ener gy El ectric energy R adiant energy , t he energy of el ectromagnetic ra diation Nuclea r energy Magnetic energy Elast ic energy Sound energy Me chanical energy Luminous e nergy Mass ( E= mc² )
What is Energy? (César) & About Nature's Laws (Stella)The Zeroth Law: About Temperature >> César The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation >>> StellaThe Second Law: Entropy always Increases >>> CésarThe Fourth Law: The Power Principle >> Stella
A theory does not change into a scientific law with the accumulation of new or better evidence. A theory will always remain a theory; a law will always remain a law.[
A theory does not change into a scientific law with the accumulation of new or better evidence. A theory will always remain a theory; a law will always remain a law.[
What is Energy? (César) & About Nature's Laws (Stella)The Zeroth Law: About Temperature >> César The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation >>> StellaThe Second Law: Entropy always Increases >>> CésarThe Fourth Law: The Power Principle >> Stella
The first law of thermodynamics may be expressed by several forms of the fundamental thermodynamic r elation for a closed system: Incre ase in internal energy of a system = heat supplied to the system - work done by the system . U = Q - W For a thermodynamic cycle , the net heat supplied to the system equa ls the net work don e by the system. More specifi call y, the First Law encompasses the following thre e principles: The law of conservation of energy This states that energy can be neither created nor des troyed. However, energy can chang e forms, and energy can flow from one place to another. The total energy of an isolated system remains the same. The flow of heat is a form of energy transfer. (In other words, a quantity of heat that flows from a hot object to a cold object can be e xpressed as an amount of energy being transferred from the hot object to the cold object.) Performing work is a form of energy transfer. (For example, when a machine lifts a heavy object upwards, some energy is transferred from the machine to the object. The object acquires its energy in the form of gravitational potential energy in this example.) Combining these three principles gives the first law of thermodynamics
Thermal energy , thermal energy in transit is called heat Chemical ener gy El ectric energy R adiant energy , t he energy of el ectromagnetic ra diation Nuclea r energy Magnetic energy Elast ic energy Sound energy Me chanical energy Luminous e nergy Mass ( E= mc² )
so technology is, quite literally, the 'stuff of life'! Basics Basic s of Cells Diff erent Cell Types Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells - Eukaryote Examples Se arch | Advanced Go! Glossary Website Internet Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells (f rom the Greek meaning truly nuclear) comprise all of the life kingdoms except monera. They can be easily distinguished through a membrane-bound nucleus. Diagram of an animal cell. Eukaryotic cells also contain many internal membrane-bound structures called organelles. These organelles such as the mitochondrion or chloroplast serve to perform metabolic functions and energy conversion. Other organelles like intracellular filaments provide structural support and cellular motility. The function of individual organelles is described in detail in the Cell Anatomy Section .
First law of thermodynamics : Heat and work are forms of energy transfer. While energy is invariably conser ved , the internal energy of a closed system changes as heat and work are transferred in or out of it. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossibl e.
What is Energy? (César) & About Nature's Laws (Stella)The Zeroth Law: About Temperature >> César The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation >>> StellaThe Second Law: Entropy always Increases >>> CésarThe Fourth Law: The Power Principle >> Stella
The first law of thermodynamics may be expressed by several forms of the fundamental thermodynamic r elation for a closed system: Incre ase in internal energy of a system = heat supplied to the system - work done by the system . U = Q - W For a thermodynamic cycle , the net heat supplied to the system equa ls the net work don e by the system. More specifi call y, the First Law encompasses the following thre e principles: The law of conservation of energy This states that energy can be neither created nor des troyed. However, energy can chang e forms, and energy can flow from one place to another. The total energy of an isolated system remains the same. The flow of heat is a form of energy transfer. (In other words, a quantity of heat that flows from a hot object to a cold object can be e xpressed as an amount of energy being transferred from the hot object to the cold object.) Performing work is a form of energy transfer. (For example, when a machine lifts a heavy object upwards, some energy is transferred from the machine to the object. The object acquires its energy in the form of gravitational potential energy in this example.) Combining these three principles gives the first law of thermodynamics
What is Energy? (César) & About Nature's Laws (Stella)The Zeroth Law: About Temperature >> César The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation >>> StellaThe Second Law: Entropy always Increases >>> CésarThe Fourth Law: The Power Principle >> Stella
A perpetual motion machine of the first kind produces work without the input of ener gy . It thus violates the first law of thermodynamics: the law of con servation of energy .
A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is a machine which spontaneously converts thermal energy into mechanical work. When the thermal energy is equivalent to the work done, this does not violate the law of conservation of energy. However it does violate the more subtle second law of thermodynamics (see also entropy ). The signature of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind is that there is only one heat reservoir involved, which is being spontaneously cooled without involving a transfer of heat to a cooler reservoir. This conversion of heat into useful work, without any side effect, is impossible, according to the second law of thermodynamics.
The patent office never knowingly grants patents for perpetual motion, but some have slipped by under other titles. John Sutliff of Huntsville, Missouri received a patent in 1882 for what was simply titled “Motor”. It had a water tank, a lever, a bulb filled with air and several moving parts but no fuel or other source of power (U.S. patent 257,103).
What is Energy? (César) & About Nature's Laws (Stella)The Zeroth Law: About Temperature >> César The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation >>> StellaThe Second Law: Entropy always Increases >>> CésarThe Fourth Law: The Power Principle >> Stella
During self-organization, systems are guided by the Maximum Empower Principle… Self-organization tends to develop network connections that use energies in feedback actions to aid the process of getting more resources or using them more efficiently...
During self-organization, systems are guided by the Maximum Empower Principle… Self-organization tends to develop network connections that use energies in feedback actions to aid the process of getting more resources or using them more efficiently...
& i got too depressed + run out of space to add 5 & 6 in more detail ... This is how this is NOT A MATTER OF 'OPINION' BUT OF SCIENCE ...
& i got too depressed + run out of space to add 5 & 6 in more detail ...
What is Energy? (César) & About Nature's Laws (Stella)The Zeroth Law: About Temperature >> César The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation >>> StellaThe Second Law: Entropy always Increases >>> CésarThe Fourth Law: The Power Principle >> Stella