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+    Module 4 of the PDC+++
    PDC


+   +                    Energy & EcoTechnology
                               We dedicate this Module to the Mother &
Class                           Father of Integral Permaculture: Dana
                               Meadows & Howard Odum, two original
 M4.3                            pioneers who helped humanity make

Energy
                                great strides in understanding systemic
                                     thinking, in all four quadrants.


                        What are the fundamental Energy Laws?
                                                      *
           There are some basic energy laws the ignorance of which lead us to make very big &
          avoidable mistakes, as global as peak oil or as individual as believing our salvation will
                                       come from 'free energy'.
                                                      *
              Not understanding the basic laws that govern energy also lead us to staying
          permanently confused & therefore open to being manipulated with regards to any new
                          technology or 'new miracle fuel' that is proposed.
                                                          *
             No progress can be made in terms of future energy choices if the majority of the
           population cannot distinguish myth from science in these important areas, and in this
          class we aim to firmly lay the foundations for understanding energy, which are also the
                                foundation of any good sustainable design.
M4.3 Energy * What are the
Fundamental Energy Laws?

 What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws

 The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation

 The Second Law: Entropy always Increases

 The dream of perpetual motion

 The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
M4.3 Energy * What are the
Fundamental Energy Laws?

 What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws

 The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation

 The Second Law: Entropy always Increases

 The dream of perpetual motion

 The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
Energy
                                                                    Energy
                                                                 Transformation
                                                                    Process




The ability to do work…

and WORK is defined as any useful energy
 transformation



one type of energy is transformed into another kind of energy, with some being
 turned into a non-usable form (no longer has the potential to do further work)
WORK



     1Joule = 1 Newton x 1 meter

  1J= 1N x m = (kg x m/seg2) x m
Distinguish
There are two                                        between Energy
basic FORMS                                            SOURCES
 of energy:                                           & FORMS of
  Potential                                              Energy
  & Kinetic
 + mixtures of             • Thermal energy, thermal energy
    the two      in transit is called heat
                           • Chemical energy
                           • Electric energy
                           • Radiant energy, the energy
                 of electromagnetic radiation
                           • Nuclear energy
                           • Magnetic energy
                           • Elastic energy
                           • Sound energy
                           • Mechanical energy
                           • Luminous energy
                           • Mass (E=mc²)
energy SOURCES
         • Solar energy
         • Wind energy
         • Bio energy
         • Geothermal energy
         • Tidal energy                             FORMS of energy
         • Nuclear energy
         • Hydroelectric energy
         • Fossil fuels
                                                              • Thermal energy
                                                              • Chemical energy
                                                              • Electric energy
                                                              • Radiant energy
                                                              • Nuclear energy
                                       Potential              • Magnetic energy
                                       & Kinetic              • Elastic energy
                                                              • Sound energy
 In Class 4.6 we will go deeper into   + mixtures             • Mechanical
renewable sources of energy                          energy
                                                              • Luminous energy
                                                              • Mass (E=mc²)
PDC+++ Module 4 Class 3 Energy
M4.3 Energy * What are the
Fundamental Energy Laws?

 What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws

 The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation

 The Second Law: Entropy always Increases

 The dream of perpetual motion

 The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
The Laws of
       Nature
Laws or Principles are rules - & the rules or
Laws of Nature are not negotiable

Like Theories or Models, Laws or Principles
can can be used to predict the behavior of the
natural world.

But Theories explain how something works,
whereas Laws say 'what always happens'

Laws RULE
The Energy Laws
The 3 Laws of Thermodynamics

The Maximum Power Principle (4th Law)

Hierarchically Organized Systems (5th Law)

The 4th & 5th are still only Proposals! (by
Odum :)
M4.3 Energy * What are the
Fundamental Energy Laws?
 What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws

 The first Law: No Energy Destruction
 or Creation

 The Second Law: Entropy always Increases

 The dream of perpetual motion

 The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
1st Law of Thermodynamics


  Energy cannot be created or destroyed
1st Law: Energy cannot be created
                        or destroyed
                 it just changes from one form to another



         Eg.someone riding a bicycle




 chemical
                                   kinetic
(potential)
                                   energy
  energy


                          heat
1st Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed

    But it CAN & does change from one form to
           another (what Life is all about)

   & the 'things' that do this changing are what we
                   call "technologies"
1st Law of Thermodynamics


     Energy cannot be created or destroyed


First law of thermodynamics put in more scientific terms (wikipedia):

Heat and work are forms of energy transfer.
While energy is invariably conserved,
the internal energy of a closed system changes
as heat and work are transferred in or out of it.

Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.
M4.3 Energy * What are the
Fundamental Energy Laws?
 What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws

 The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation

 The Second Law: Entropy always
 Increases

 The dream of perpetual motion

 The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
2nd Law of Thermodynamics

In all real energy transformations, some energy
loses its ability to do work


We sometimes speak loosely of energy      Transformation
being “used up” whereas what is really                        1J
                                                                        St orage
meant is that the potential for doing
work is consumed, while the calories of           100 J            4J

energy inflows and outflowing are the                                        3J
same.                                                      97 J



                                                                          100 J
2nd Law: Entropy increases with time.


Entropy, or disorder of the system, is the measure of
the amount of energy not able to do work.
Most processes to obtain Energy
have a lot of Entropy associated
with them
M4.3 Energy * What are the
Fundamental Energy Laws?

 What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws

 The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation

 The Second Law: Entropy always Increases

 The dream of perpetual motion

 The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
Perpetual Motion
is motion that continues indefinitely without any
external source of energy;


impossible in practice because of friction.


Can also be described as ...


the motion of a hypothetical machine which,


once activated, would run forever, unless subject to
an external force or to wear.
                                                        & they have a very long
                                                                history!
There is a scientific consensus that perpetual motion
in an isolated system would violate the first &/or      Perpetual machine by Villard de Honnecourt,
                                                                         ca. 1230
second law of thermodynamics.
As we search for new energy sources, we're often faced
            with "miracle cure" proposals


  & it
 really
  helps
 to know
  about                              Vectors
    +
know how
 to apply
  some
  basic
 science
              Magnetic to Kinetic?
It seems that they
fascinate the
Green/Purple meme
 One characteristic of the 'mean green meme' is an
 incapacity to understand symmetry (& to reject science):

 It wants Equality but doesn't really want to Work for it,

 neither does it Value the Effort that was needed to
 create all it's privileges ("know the price of everything &
 the value of nothing")
Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind



The perpetual machines of the first kind would
violate the first law of thermodynamics, the law
of conservation of energy.

So, they would produce more energy than what
they consume, working eternally once switched
on.

Many of these designs use magnets as 'free
energy sources', & assume there is no friction.

Therefore, although these inventions cannot
work eternally, they are sometimes able to work
by themselves for long times, as long as they are
not required to do any work on their
environment.
Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind

The perpetual machine of the second
kind is one which spontaneously                    Look for this PATTERN
converts thermal energy into               in some of the 'solutions' (or proposals -
mechanical work.                                 or causes?) of the crisis ...


The signature of a perpetual motion
machine of the second kind is that
there is only one heat reservoir
involved, which is being
spontaneously cooled without
involving a transfer of heat to a cooler
reservoir.

This conversion of heat into useful
work, without side effect, is
impossible, according to the second
law of thermodynamics.
Einstein worked as a Patents Office Clerk
      & often was faced with the Eternal Engine proposals:
          humans trying to get something out of nothing

                                         Applying the energy laws provided him
                                                with lots of spare time

 Short-hand
for the Laws
 of Thermo-
 dynamics:


  "there's
  no free
 lunch in
 Nature"
M4.3 Energy * What are the
Fundamental Energy Laws?

 What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws

 The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation

 The Second Law: Entropy always Increases

 The dream of perpetual motion

 The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
4th Law of Thermodynamics
       The Maximum Empower Principle



Self-organization
tends to develop network connections
that use energies in feedback actions
to aid the process of
getting more resources
or using them more efficiently...
4th Law of Thermodynamics
               The Maximum Empower Principle

“In time,
through the process of trial and error,
complex patterns of structure and processes
have evolved...
the successful ones surviving
because they use materials and energies well
in their own maintenance,
and compete well with other patterns
that chance interposes.”
                          H.T. Odum
Something Most of our
 Technologies achieve with
Oppression (not with Good Design)
                     & this 'Efficiency' network
                             Results in
4th Law of
                                                           Thermodynamics
                                                            The Maximum
                                                          Empower Principle

                                                           <<< Can you figure out what
                                                           this diagram might represent
                                                           by the next class?

                                                           This is HD Odum's work
Systems maximize power by:
                                                           & Class 4.3 is all about him
1) developing storages of high-quality energy,
2) feeding back work from storages to increase inflows,
3) recycling materials as needed,
4) organizing control mechanisms that keep the system adapted and stable,
5) setting up exchanges for needed materials,
6) Contributing work to the next larger system
                                                          >> 5th Law: All Systems are
                                                          organized hierarchically
Consumers MINIMIZE power (to the Transition) by:
1) SCATTERING storages of high-quality energy,
                                                                                 "Consumerism" =
2) feeding back work from storages to DECREASE inflows,
3) NOT recycling materials as needed,
4) are PART OF the organizing control mechanisms that
                                                                                     The Maximum
keep The System adapted and stable,                                               Dis-Empowering
5) DESTROY exchanges for needed materials,
                                                                                            Principle
6) Contribute their work to the DESTRUCTO-system                            (max consumption for min overall
                                                                                       benefit)

Example of the (zillions of ..) Eco-Student Travelers
1) give their valuable money to transport multinationals, instead of to Transition Projects
2) transition projects are starved of money (high-quality energy) & over-supplied with volunteering
offers (usually very low-quality energy: non-skilled work that requires large amounts of professional work to supervise
if it is to be effective = decrease inflows)

3) there is often no recycling even of information/knowledge/discoveries (from one project to another, eg.
easily achievable by keeping good portfolios but requires climbing out of the 'me, me, me' mentality to a genuine 'we'
mind-set)

4) thus is this type of 'eco-tourism' turned into the 'arms of mass-distraction' & The System is fed
by the very people who want to learn to change it, whilst energy is drained from the Transition
Consumers MINIMIZE power (to the Transition) by:
1) SCATTERING storages of high-quality energy,
                                                          "Consumerism" =
2) feeding back work from storages to DECREASE inflows,
3) NOT recycling materials as needed,
4) are PART OF the organizing control mechanisms that        The Maximum
keep The System adapted and stable,
                                                        Dis-Empowering Principle
5) DESTROY exchanges for needed materials,                         or
6) Contribute their work to the DESTRUCTO-system             Minimum Power
                                                                Principle


Can you think of some other
typical 'green' examples?

"running off to the bush" to set up 'my
own sustainable project'


          "being self-sufficient": making all our own
          bread, shoes, etc. from raw materials
more on this in ...
 M4.3 Howard Odum

 & Module 5 on EcoEconomies!



  Energy Laws ARE
 EcoEconomy Laws
M4.3 Energy * What are the
Fundamental Energy Laws?

 What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws

 The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation

 The Second Law: Entropy always Increases

 The dream of perpetual motion

 The Fourth Law: The Power Principle

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PDC+++ Module 4 Class 3 Energy

  • 1. + Module 4 of the PDC+++ PDC + + Energy & EcoTechnology We dedicate this Module to the Mother & Class Father of Integral Permaculture: Dana Meadows & Howard Odum, two original M4.3 pioneers who helped humanity make Energy great strides in understanding systemic thinking, in all four quadrants. What are the fundamental Energy Laws? * There are some basic energy laws the ignorance of which lead us to make very big & avoidable mistakes, as global as peak oil or as individual as believing our salvation will come from 'free energy'. * Not understanding the basic laws that govern energy also lead us to staying permanently confused & therefore open to being manipulated with regards to any new technology or 'new miracle fuel' that is proposed. * No progress can be made in terms of future energy choices if the majority of the population cannot distinguish myth from science in these important areas, and in this class we aim to firmly lay the foundations for understanding energy, which are also the foundation of any good sustainable design.
  • 2. M4.3 Energy * What are the Fundamental Energy Laws? What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation The Second Law: Entropy always Increases The dream of perpetual motion The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
  • 3. M4.3 Energy * What are the Fundamental Energy Laws? What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation The Second Law: Entropy always Increases The dream of perpetual motion The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
  • 4. Energy Energy Transformation Process The ability to do work… and WORK is defined as any useful energy transformation one type of energy is transformed into another kind of energy, with some being turned into a non-usable form (no longer has the potential to do further work)
  • 5. WORK 1Joule = 1 Newton x 1 meter 1J= 1N x m = (kg x m/seg2) x m
  • 6. Distinguish There are two between Energy basic FORMS SOURCES of energy: & FORMS of Potential Energy & Kinetic + mixtures of • Thermal energy, thermal energy the two in transit is called heat • Chemical energy • Electric energy • Radiant energy, the energy of electromagnetic radiation • Nuclear energy • Magnetic energy • Elastic energy • Sound energy • Mechanical energy • Luminous energy • Mass (E=mc²)
  • 7. energy SOURCES • Solar energy • Wind energy • Bio energy • Geothermal energy • Tidal energy FORMS of energy • Nuclear energy • Hydroelectric energy • Fossil fuels • Thermal energy • Chemical energy • Electric energy • Radiant energy • Nuclear energy Potential • Magnetic energy & Kinetic • Elastic energy • Sound energy In Class 4.6 we will go deeper into + mixtures • Mechanical renewable sources of energy energy • Luminous energy • Mass (E=mc²)
  • 9. M4.3 Energy * What are the Fundamental Energy Laws? What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation The Second Law: Entropy always Increases The dream of perpetual motion The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
  • 10. The Laws of Nature Laws or Principles are rules - & the rules or Laws of Nature are not negotiable Like Theories or Models, Laws or Principles can can be used to predict the behavior of the natural world. But Theories explain how something works, whereas Laws say 'what always happens' Laws RULE
  • 11. The Energy Laws The 3 Laws of Thermodynamics The Maximum Power Principle (4th Law) Hierarchically Organized Systems (5th Law) The 4th & 5th are still only Proposals! (by Odum :)
  • 12. M4.3 Energy * What are the Fundamental Energy Laws? What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation The Second Law: Entropy always Increases The dream of perpetual motion The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
  • 13. 1st Law of Thermodynamics Energy cannot be created or destroyed
  • 14. 1st Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed it just changes from one form to another Eg.someone riding a bicycle chemical kinetic (potential) energy energy heat
  • 15. 1st Law: Energy cannot be created or destroyed But it CAN & does change from one form to another (what Life is all about) & the 'things' that do this changing are what we call "technologies"
  • 16. 1st Law of Thermodynamics Energy cannot be created or destroyed First law of thermodynamics put in more scientific terms (wikipedia): Heat and work are forms of energy transfer. While energy is invariably conserved, the internal energy of a closed system changes as heat and work are transferred in or out of it. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.
  • 17. M4.3 Energy * What are the Fundamental Energy Laws? What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation The Second Law: Entropy always Increases The dream of perpetual motion The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
  • 18. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics In all real energy transformations, some energy loses its ability to do work We sometimes speak loosely of energy Transformation being “used up” whereas what is really 1J St orage meant is that the potential for doing work is consumed, while the calories of 100 J 4J energy inflows and outflowing are the 3J same. 97 J 100 J
  • 19. 2nd Law: Entropy increases with time. Entropy, or disorder of the system, is the measure of the amount of energy not able to do work.
  • 20. Most processes to obtain Energy have a lot of Entropy associated with them
  • 21. M4.3 Energy * What are the Fundamental Energy Laws? What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation The Second Law: Entropy always Increases The dream of perpetual motion The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
  • 22. Perpetual Motion is motion that continues indefinitely without any external source of energy; impossible in practice because of friction. Can also be described as ... the motion of a hypothetical machine which, once activated, would run forever, unless subject to an external force or to wear. & they have a very long history! There is a scientific consensus that perpetual motion in an isolated system would violate the first &/or Perpetual machine by Villard de Honnecourt, ca. 1230 second law of thermodynamics.
  • 23. As we search for new energy sources, we're often faced with "miracle cure" proposals & it really helps to know about Vectors + know how to apply some basic science Magnetic to Kinetic?
  • 24. It seems that they fascinate the Green/Purple meme One characteristic of the 'mean green meme' is an incapacity to understand symmetry (& to reject science): It wants Equality but doesn't really want to Work for it, neither does it Value the Effort that was needed to create all it's privileges ("know the price of everything & the value of nothing")
  • 25. Perpetual Motion Machine of the First Kind The perpetual machines of the first kind would violate the first law of thermodynamics, the law of conservation of energy. So, they would produce more energy than what they consume, working eternally once switched on. Many of these designs use magnets as 'free energy sources', & assume there is no friction. Therefore, although these inventions cannot work eternally, they are sometimes able to work by themselves for long times, as long as they are not required to do any work on their environment.
  • 26. Perpetual Motion Machine of the Second Kind The perpetual machine of the second kind is one which spontaneously Look for this PATTERN converts thermal energy into in some of the 'solutions' (or proposals - mechanical work. or causes?) of the crisis ... The signature of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind is that there is only one heat reservoir involved, which is being spontaneously cooled without involving a transfer of heat to a cooler reservoir. This conversion of heat into useful work, without side effect, is impossible, according to the second law of thermodynamics.
  • 27. Einstein worked as a Patents Office Clerk & often was faced with the Eternal Engine proposals: humans trying to get something out of nothing Applying the energy laws provided him with lots of spare time Short-hand for the Laws of Thermo- dynamics: "there's no free lunch in Nature"
  • 28. M4.3 Energy * What are the Fundamental Energy Laws? What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation The Second Law: Entropy always Increases The dream of perpetual motion The Fourth Law: The Power Principle
  • 29. 4th Law of Thermodynamics The Maximum Empower Principle Self-organization tends to develop network connections that use energies in feedback actions to aid the process of getting more resources or using them more efficiently...
  • 30. 4th Law of Thermodynamics The Maximum Empower Principle “In time, through the process of trial and error, complex patterns of structure and processes have evolved... the successful ones surviving because they use materials and energies well in their own maintenance, and compete well with other patterns that chance interposes.” H.T. Odum
  • 31. Something Most of our Technologies achieve with Oppression (not with Good Design) & this 'Efficiency' network Results in
  • 32. 4th Law of Thermodynamics The Maximum Empower Principle <<< Can you figure out what this diagram might represent by the next class? This is HD Odum's work Systems maximize power by: & Class 4.3 is all about him 1) developing storages of high-quality energy, 2) feeding back work from storages to increase inflows, 3) recycling materials as needed, 4) organizing control mechanisms that keep the system adapted and stable, 5) setting up exchanges for needed materials, 6) Contributing work to the next larger system >> 5th Law: All Systems are organized hierarchically
  • 33. Consumers MINIMIZE power (to the Transition) by: 1) SCATTERING storages of high-quality energy, "Consumerism" = 2) feeding back work from storages to DECREASE inflows, 3) NOT recycling materials as needed, 4) are PART OF the organizing control mechanisms that The Maximum keep The System adapted and stable, Dis-Empowering 5) DESTROY exchanges for needed materials, Principle 6) Contribute their work to the DESTRUCTO-system (max consumption for min overall benefit) Example of the (zillions of ..) Eco-Student Travelers 1) give their valuable money to transport multinationals, instead of to Transition Projects 2) transition projects are starved of money (high-quality energy) & over-supplied with volunteering offers (usually very low-quality energy: non-skilled work that requires large amounts of professional work to supervise if it is to be effective = decrease inflows) 3) there is often no recycling even of information/knowledge/discoveries (from one project to another, eg. easily achievable by keeping good portfolios but requires climbing out of the 'me, me, me' mentality to a genuine 'we' mind-set) 4) thus is this type of 'eco-tourism' turned into the 'arms of mass-distraction' & The System is fed by the very people who want to learn to change it, whilst energy is drained from the Transition
  • 34. Consumers MINIMIZE power (to the Transition) by: 1) SCATTERING storages of high-quality energy, "Consumerism" = 2) feeding back work from storages to DECREASE inflows, 3) NOT recycling materials as needed, 4) are PART OF the organizing control mechanisms that The Maximum keep The System adapted and stable, Dis-Empowering Principle 5) DESTROY exchanges for needed materials, or 6) Contribute their work to the DESTRUCTO-system Minimum Power Principle Can you think of some other typical 'green' examples? "running off to the bush" to set up 'my own sustainable project' "being self-sufficient": making all our own bread, shoes, etc. from raw materials
  • 35. more on this in ... M4.3 Howard Odum & Module 5 on EcoEconomies! Energy Laws ARE EcoEconomy Laws
  • 36. M4.3 Energy * What are the Fundamental Energy Laws? What is Energy? & About Nature's Laws The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation The Second Law: Entropy always Increases The dream of perpetual motion The Fourth Law: The Power Principle

Notas del editor

  1. Module 4. Despite the fact that many &apos;Technological Improvements&apos; haven&apos;t managed to improve the quality of life for the majority of people, but have brought more problems &amp; pollution, we still keep expecting the arrival of a more modern technology, perhaps more ecological, that will restore &amp; reverse the damage made.    In fact, it is possible, but not without having more citizens with a better understanding &amp; a wider vision of what technology is, &amp; who also understand some basic science necessary in order to be able to think for ourselves on these subjects.
  2. What is Energy? (César) &amp; About Nature&apos;s Laws (Stella)The Zeroth Law: About Temperature &gt;&gt; César The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation &gt;&gt;&gt; StellaThe Second Law: Entropy always Increases &gt;&gt;&gt; CésarThe Fourth Law: The Power Principle &gt;&gt; Stella
  3. What is Energy? (César) &amp; About Nature&apos;s Laws (Stella)The Zeroth Law: About Temperature &gt;&gt; César The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation &gt;&gt;&gt; StellaThe Second Law: Entropy always Increases &gt;&gt;&gt; CésarThe Fourth Law: The Power Principle &gt;&gt; Stella
  4. A theory does not change into a scientific law with the accumulation of new or better evidence. A theory will always remain a theory; a law will always remain a law.[
  5. Thermal energy , thermal energy in transit is called heat Chemical ener gy El ectric energy R adiant energy , t he energy of el ectromagnetic ra diation Nuclea r energy Magnetic energy Elast ic energy Sound energy Me chanical energy Luminous e nergy Mass ( E= mc² )
  6. Thermal energy , thermal energy in transit is called heat Chemical ener gy El ectric energy R adiant energy , t he energy of el ectromagnetic ra diation Nuclea r energy Magnetic energy Elast ic energy Sound energy Me chanical energy Luminous e nergy Mass ( E= mc² )
  7. What is Energy? (César) &amp; About Nature&apos;s Laws (Stella)The Zeroth Law: About Temperature &gt;&gt; César The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation &gt;&gt;&gt; StellaThe Second Law: Entropy always Increases &gt;&gt;&gt; CésarThe Fourth Law: The Power Principle &gt;&gt; Stella
  8. A theory does not change into a scientific law with the accumulation of new or better evidence. A theory will always remain a theory; a law will always remain a law.[
  9. A theory does not change into a scientific law with the accumulation of new or better evidence. A theory will always remain a theory; a law will always remain a law.[
  10. What is Energy? (César) &amp; About Nature&apos;s Laws (Stella)The Zeroth Law: About Temperature &gt;&gt; César The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation &gt;&gt;&gt; StellaThe Second Law: Entropy always Increases &gt;&gt;&gt; CésarThe Fourth Law: The Power Principle &gt;&gt; Stella
  11. The first law of thermodynamics may be expressed by several forms of the fundamental thermodynamic r elation for a closed system: Incre ase in internal energy of a system = heat supplied to the system - work done by the system . U = Q - W For a thermodynamic cycle , the net heat supplied to the system equa ls the net work don e by the system. More specifi call y, the First Law encompasses the following thre e principles: The law of conservation of energy This states that energy can be neither created nor des troyed. However, energy can chang e forms, and energy can flow from one place to another. The total energy of an isolated system remains the same. The flow of heat is a form of energy transfer. (In other words, a quantity of heat that flows from a hot object to a cold object can be e xpressed as an amount of energy being transferred from the hot object to the cold object.) Performing work is a form of energy transfer. (For example, when a machine lifts a heavy object upwards, some energy is transferred from the machine to the object. The object acquires its energy in the form of gravitational potential energy in this example.) Combining these three principles gives the first law of thermodynamics
  12. Thermal energy , thermal energy in transit is called heat Chemical ener gy El ectric energy R adiant energy , t he energy of el ectromagnetic ra diation Nuclea r energy Magnetic energy Elast ic energy Sound energy Me chanical energy Luminous e nergy Mass ( E= mc² )
  13. so technology is, quite literally, the &apos;stuff of life&apos;!   Basics Basic s of Cells Diff erent Cell Types Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells - Eukaryote Examples Se arch | Advanced     Go! Glossary Website Internet Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells (f rom the Greek meaning truly nuclear) comprise all of the life kingdoms except monera. They can be easily distinguished through a membrane-bound nucleus. Diagram of an animal cell. Eukaryotic cells also contain many internal membrane-bound structures called organelles. These organelles such as the mitochondrion or chloroplast serve to perform metabolic functions and energy conversion. Other organelles like intracellular filaments provide structural support and cellular motility. The function of individual organelles is described in detail in the Cell Anatomy Section .
  14. First law of thermodynamics : Heat and work are forms of energy transfer. While energy is invariably conser ved , the internal energy of a closed system changes as heat and work are transferred in or out of it. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossibl e.
  15. What is Energy? (César) &amp; About Nature&apos;s Laws (Stella)The Zeroth Law: About Temperature &gt;&gt; César The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation &gt;&gt;&gt; StellaThe Second Law: Entropy always Increases &gt;&gt;&gt; CésarThe Fourth Law: The Power Principle &gt;&gt; Stella
  16. The first law of thermodynamics may be expressed by several forms of the fundamental thermodynamic r elation for a closed system: Incre ase in internal energy of a system = heat supplied to the system - work done by the system . U = Q - W For a thermodynamic cycle , the net heat supplied to the system equa ls the net work don e by the system. More specifi call y, the First Law encompasses the following thre e principles: The law of conservation of energy This states that energy can be neither created nor des troyed. However, energy can chang e forms, and energy can flow from one place to another. The total energy of an isolated system remains the same. The flow of heat is a form of energy transfer. (In other words, a quantity of heat that flows from a hot object to a cold object can be e xpressed as an amount of energy being transferred from the hot object to the cold object.) Performing work is a form of energy transfer. (For example, when a machine lifts a heavy object upwards, some energy is transferred from the machine to the object. The object acquires its energy in the form of gravitational potential energy in this example.) Combining these three principles gives the first law of thermodynamics
  17. What is Energy? (César) &amp; About Nature&apos;s Laws (Stella)The Zeroth Law: About Temperature &gt;&gt; César The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation &gt;&gt;&gt; StellaThe Second Law: Entropy always Increases &gt;&gt;&gt; CésarThe Fourth Law: The Power Principle &gt;&gt; Stella
  18. A perpetual motion machine of the first kind produces work without the input of ener gy . It thus violates the first law of thermodynamics: the law of con servation of energy .
  19. A perpetual motion machine of the second kind is a machine which spontaneously converts thermal energy into mechanical work. When the thermal energy is equivalent to the work done, this does not violate the law of conservation of energy. However it does violate the more subtle second law of thermodynamics (see also entropy ). The signature of a perpetual motion machine of the second kind is that there is only one heat reservoir involved, which is being spontaneously cooled without involving a transfer of heat to a cooler reservoir. This conversion of heat into useful work, without any side effect, is impossible, according to the second law of thermodynamics.
  20. The patent office never knowingly grants patents for perpetual motion, but some have slipped by under other titles. John Sutliff of Huntsville, Missouri received a patent in 1882 for what was simply titled “Motor”. It had a water tank, a lever, a bulb filled with air and several moving parts but no fuel or other source of power (U.S. patent 257,103).
  21. What is Energy? (César) &amp; About Nature&apos;s Laws (Stella)The Zeroth Law: About Temperature &gt;&gt; César The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation &gt;&gt;&gt; StellaThe Second Law: Entropy always Increases &gt;&gt;&gt; CésarThe Fourth Law: The Power Principle &gt;&gt; Stella
  22. During self-organization, systems are guided by the Maximum Empower Principle… Self-organization tends to develop network connections that use energies in feedback actions to aid the process of getting more resources or using them more efficiently...
  23. During self-organization, systems are guided by the Maximum Empower Principle… Self-organization tends to develop network connections that use energies in feedback actions to aid the process of getting more resources or using them more efficiently...
  24. &amp; i got too depressed + run out of space to add 5 &amp; 6 in more detail ... This is how this is NOT A MATTER OF &apos;OPINION&apos; BUT OF SCIENCE ...
  25. &amp; i got too depressed + run out of space to add 5 &amp; 6 in more detail ...
  26. What is Energy? (César) &amp; About Nature&apos;s Laws (Stella)The Zeroth Law: About Temperature &gt;&gt; César The first Law: No Energy Destruction or Creation &gt;&gt;&gt; StellaThe Second Law: Entropy always Increases &gt;&gt;&gt; CésarThe Fourth Law: The Power Principle &gt;&gt; Stella