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OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
Photo of Brian Atwater describing tools and clues at Science Pub
                         Photo by D. Scott Frey
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis
Serial Crimes of Subduction:
  Giant Earthquake & Tsunamis in
      Oregon’s Past & Future

      OMSI Science Pub
  Brian Atwater & Yumei Wang
U.S.G.S. & OR Dept of Geology (DOGAMI)
            October 20, 2009
Origin of Earthquakes
Why is Pacific NW Unprepared?

“Risk of Earthquakes in Oregon Very Low“
   Geologist John Eliot Allen, 1983 Oregonian


   ”Recent” Seismic Info
   Decades of Inadequate
   Oregon Building Codes
~ Seismic Building Code Maps
        1976                   1994

                          %g          Zone




  (10% PE in 50 yrs)
(Algermissen & Perkins)
Oregon Earthquake Study (1998)
                     Estimated
                   Damage & Loss

                   Soil Response


                  Earthquake Shaking


                   Geography Layer
Champion: “Q9 The Earthquake Kid”
  Oregon Senator Peter Courtney




Findings: Weak Buildings & Tsunami
FOCUS: Weak Community Buildings
Emergency Facilities & Public Schools




   VA Hospital. 1971 San Fernando CA, M6.6
Earthquake Damage to Schools
2008 China
   19k students dead
2005 Pakistan
   8,000 schools
   17k students dead
2003 Algeria
   130 schools
1988 Armenia
   >1,000 students dead   1964 Alaska magnitude 9.2 quake
                          School pulled apart by landslide
Xing Fu Primary School (2008)
Yingxiu Middle School (2008)
Seismic Engineering & Construction
Weak buildings can collapse
Post-1994 seismic building codes- adequate.
Pre-1994 seismic buildings codes- inadequate. Some
older buildings are dangerous
2001 Oregon laws require seismic safety in
       schools & emergency facilities
Require strengthening of existing collapse-prone
buildings
DOGAMI’s REPORT (2007)

    170 School Districts & 1,101 Schools
    2,185 School Buildings
             273 Very High Risk
             745 High Risk
             501 Moderate Risk
             666 Low Risk


1,198 were built before 1950
Risk Scores for Schools & Emergency Service Buildings (2007 DOGAMI report)
            www.oregongeology.org/sub/projects/rvs/default.htm
Unreinforced Masonry (URMs)




94 URMs surveyed (1933 URMs outlawed in CA)
70 Schools collapsed. 120 damaged.
1933 Long Beach, CA Magnitude 6.3
Buildings with Weak 1st-Stories
“Tilt up” buildings



              Structural drawings
              reveal seismic design
              loads not incorporated
Buildings in Tsunami Zone




                                Schools
                                in
                                Tsunami
                                zone
Inundation in
 yellow areas
Timeline
         2007 DOGAMI Report:
          schools & emergency
                      facilities   2009 New Grant Program


                                          2032 Schools
                                          Fixed

                   2002
                   Ballot             2022 Emergency
                   Measures           Facilities Fixed
2001
Safety
Laws
2009 Seismic Rehabilitation Grant Program
                   aka “Courtney Grants”

Public Grade, Middle & High Schools
Community Colleges & Public Universities
Fire & Police Stations, & Hospitals
2009-11 Legislature: $30 million state bonds
 $15 M Public Schools & $15 M Fire, Police, & Hospitals
($1.2 B authorized by voters)
VIDEO: www.oregongeology.org/sub/earthquakes/
Purpose of “Courtney” Grants
   Eliminate collapse-prone schools
   Improve community preparedness
   Schools & Emergency Facilities
   may augment state grant funds for
   additional upgrades

        2009 Grant Program
       www.oregon.gov/OMD/OEM/
 Quake Safe Schools (Risk Scores)
  www.ode.state.or.us/go/quakesafeschools/
Applications due Nov. 15, 2009!
2005 Seismic Risk Management Program
      Oregon University Buildings

 Ondine
Residence
Hall (1966)                    Weak floor
                               prone to
                               collapse
 Portland
   State
 University
Cross Bracing
Installation in Progress
Concrete Forms for Shear Wall
Steel Plate Wall
Floor-to-Floor Connections
Rebar Coupler Problem Discovered
          & Improved
Earthquake & Tsunami Preparedness
         When you feel shaking,
           “Duck, cover & hold”
                     &
          “Move inland & uphill”
    to protect from near-field tsunami

    But…some coastal communities
    require tsunami vertical refuges
           for Cascadia tsunamis
1964 Alaska Tsunami, Cannon Beach
Bridge ~300 m                House ~400 m
       Impact of 1964 Alaska Tsunami

                                           e nt
                              Bridge
                                     alignm          Cannon Beach
                                                     Elementary School

                                                  House
                                                  footprint




Photo: Hillsboro Argus, March 30, 1964
Tsunami Vertical Refuges
                                  Japan



USA




?                                Indonesia
Conceptual Design
   Cannon Beach City Hall
 Tsunami Evacuation Building




                                                (Ecola
                                                Architects)



by Jay Raskin, Yumei Wang, Marcella M. Boyer,
     Javier Moncada, Kent Yu, & Harry Yeh
Build Tsunami Refuges in PNW



 Hypothetical
 Locations in
 Seaside, OR




                      Modified from D.Cox
“Portland Hotspot” (red) =
 Oregon’s fuel supply hub
“Portland Hotspot” Willamette River
“Portland Hotspot”
Surface Geology & Geology Map




        Madin & others, 2009
Liquefaction & Lateral Spreading
                         During Shaking
      Before                                        After




Sand supports loads Fluid pressure rises     Sand is compacted
through grain-to-grain Grains float apart    Sand volcanoes on
contacts               Sand loses strength   surface
                       & can flow downhill
                       Water, sand ejected
Liquefaction sand boils
                 Nisqually Wildlife Refuge (2001)




Courtesy: Nisqually Earthquake Clearinghouse
Liquefaction & Lateral Spreads




                         8/07 Japan quake
“Portland Hotspot” Tank Farms
“Portland Hotspot” Marine Oil Terminals




                          Vulnerable Piers
Fuel Pipelines
Electrical Transmission
Eros
    ion




Lan
   dsli
       de
DAMAGE: 1999 Taiwan Quake




                   Slide: Leon Kempner, BPA, 11/05
DAMAGE: 1964 Alaska Quake



 timber
  piles


               ground
            displacement
Liquefaction, sliding, uplifting, anchorage, fires




                    1995 Kobe




                    Bhuj, India             1999 Turkey
Liquefaction: Tanks bouyant
Fix Schools & Emergency
             Facilities
      Build Tsunami Refuges
       Reliable Fuel Supply

       Disaster Preparedness
           Requires Risk Management
           for Frequent (storms…) &
www.oregongeology.com (DOGAMI)
Questions?

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OMSI Science Pub - Earthquakes and Tsunamis