This presentation covers the rise of the Confederacy (its initial victories) and the Union's slight recoveries in 1862. It is one is a series of textbook/lecture substitutes for student in a seminar on the Civil War and Reconstruction.

1. The Civil War & Reconstruction

2.  Today’s Americans have the benefit of hindsight so we
know that the Union defeated the Confederacy after 4 years
of fighting and millions of civilian and military casualties
but our Civil War era counterparts did not.
 At the beginning of the war both sides thought that it
would be a short conflict. Neither side knew that the war
would last as long as it did, that the Union would win, and
that it would devastate Americans.
 The war’s outcome had as much to do with the specific
decisions political figures that made and the resources
(troops, provisions, etc.) they had as with what occurred on
the battlefield. Indeed, looking back on the war there are
many points where if the behavior of individuals was
different, there might have been a different outcome.

3.  Recent research suggests that there were more than 10,000
engagements in the Civil War. This presentation, as well as the
ones that follow, will cover some of the major or decisive
engagements. Students may find on the Blackboard site more
comprehensive information about several dozen major battles.
 After providing a demographic profile and several comparisons,
this presentation starts with the Confederacy’s win at Bull Run,
which revealed that despite the Union’s seeming military
strength, that the war would not be won easily.
 What we will see is that after a series of initial missteps, Union
forces began to recover by winning at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson,
Shiloh, and Corinth.
 Despite these wins, Confederates’ fierce ability to wage surprise
attacks (Shiloh) and to exact Union casualties meant that the
war would continue much longer than anyone anticipated.

4. Recent research suggests the
number of fatalities was
higher. See the NYT
Disunion Blog
CSA USA
 11 states  22 states
 9 million (30% of whom  22 million people
were enslaved)  3.5 million white men for
 1 million white men for military service
military service  Plus about 100,000 loyal
 1 million served southerners & later free
 800,000 enlisted (3 yrs of
blacks and runaway slaves
service)  2.9 million served
 340,000 casualties  1.5 million enlisted (3
 250,000 killed in action or years)
from disease  650,000 casualties
 360,000 killed in action or
from disease

5. Confederacy Union
 Had to create a new  Economic strength—wealth
government; and the nation’s banking and
 War fought on their turf, financial centers were located
750,000 sq mi; in NYC;
 Fierce determination to win to  More modern infrastructure
establish their independence; (communication,
 More men trained to fight; transportation, industry);
 Numerous military academies,  Existing government;
inc West Point
 Culture of chivalry, honor,  Existing military service;
weaponry  Militia
 Possibility of foreign recognition  Regular army
of the CSA; and  Volunteers
 Slave labor  Existing recognition by
European powers.

6. Confederacy Union
 Keep the support of the Border
 Get the support of States
and/or occupy the  Recall armies from the West
Border States  Protect the South’s valuable
resources for the return to the
 Protect Richmond (CSA Union
capitol), threaten  Protect Washington, D.C. (USA
capitol), threaten Richmond
Washington, D.C.  Control the Mississippi River—
Anaconda Plan
 Get recognition from
 Blockade of southern coasts to
Britain, France, and deny the CSA supplies and to
stop them from trading with
Spain Europe.

7.  Most people focus on the army engagements but the naval
engagements became more important as the war advanced.
 The Union wanted to maintain the blockade of southern
ports and dominate the Mississippi and Tennessee rivers.
 Started the war with a navy, focused on maintaining the
blockade, replacing outdated technology, and assisting army
forces.
 The Confederacy wanted to stop the USA’s merchant
marine and maintain control over 3500 miles of coastal
areas spanning Alabama, the Carolinas, and Mississippi.
 Started the war without a navy but quickly mobilized
resources and adapted new technology for warfare including
submarines to sink USA warships and ironclads to attack the
USA’s wooden ships.

8. Winfield Scott’s
Plan
Surround the CSA,
control the
Mississippi, and the
divide CSA.
Downside of the
plan is that it would
take a long time to
accomplish.

10.  Some historians have noted that the beginning of the war
was very much like a safety valve being released,
unleashing Americans’ pent-up frustrations with decades
of fighting about slavery’s extension and states’ rights.
 People on both sides began mobilizing for war—parading,
mass meetings, volunteering, drilling.
 Both sides wanted to overwhelm their opponents with
decisive victories, leading to the control of more territory
and resources.
 Unfortunately, few battles were decisive which a) forced both
sides to regroup and fight again for the same area and b)
prolonged the war and increased the casualty figures.

11.  The older style of fighting—phalanx—eventually disappeared as
new technology was introduced.
 Only a few sieges—Petersburg and Vicksburg.
 Trench warfare, wherein opposing sides attack the other from a
fixed position of trenches, was rare in the beginning but it
became more common.
 The use of snipers, bushwhacking (making one’s way through
wooded area and attacking along the way) , and guerilla fighting
(irregular fighting, sabotage, harassment) became more
common.
 Calvary—scouted, collected information.
 Balloons—to scout the location of troops (at risk of being shot
down, of course).
 Telegraph—to communicate information but most commanders
relied on scouts.
 Submarines—to attack ships and protect harbors.

12.  Rifled Musket
 Minié Ball
 Longer and more
effective range of
shooting & soft lead
bullet yielded high
casualty rates and
changed how men
fought.

13.  Forces mobilize in Kanawha Valley in the
northwestern part of Virginia. Thomas (later
“Stonewall”) Jackson and Joseph E. Johnston occupy
Harper’s Ferry until the Union’s Robert Patterson takes
over.
 Union forces maintain the area, aiding Unionists’
efforts to develop a new state.
 George McClellan becomes a hero.

14.  Rather than stay put, many enslaved people used the war’s
beginning to flee their masters.
 General Benjamin Butler labels the runaway slaves that show up at
Fortress Monroe “contraband of war,” meaning enemy property.
 Congress passed First Confiscation Act, which declared that any
Confederate property being used to wage war against the Union,
including enslaved people, could be confiscated.
 General John C. Frémont issued a proclamation that declared free
all of the enslaved people of Missouri Confederates.
 Lincoln rescinded the order to avoid losing the slaveholding loyalists
and because the order violated the Confiscation act.
 The two generals’ actions reflect the hesitancy of Lincoln and the
Congress to address the issue of enslaved people fleeing their masters
and heading toward Union lines.
 They had no policies in place because they assumed enslaved people would
stay with their masters.
 This would be an ongoing issue between the administration and the
generals until Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation.

15. These fugitive slaves are crossing Virginia’s Rappahannock river.

16. African Americans
pulling up railroad
lines.
Enslaved people
played a significant
role in building
railroads. According
to RhonnLaighton
Mitchell, during the
war, many used the
railway lines,
including the broken
ones, to find their
way to Union troops
and to the North.

18. Alfred Waud’s
“Contrabands”
This 1863 image was
drawn by Alfred
Waud of Harper’s
Weekly.
It depicts African
Americans who fled
from slavery coming
into a Union camp.

19. CSA USA
 Joseph E. Johnston and  Irvin McDowell
PGT Beauregard
 Thomas Jackson earns  Lincoln replaced
moniker of Stonewall McDowell w/ McClellan
 Casualties about 1,982  Union forced to retreat
 387 killed
 1,582 wounded
in demoralizing fashion
 13 missing  Casualties 2,896
 Victor—CSA  460 killed
 Some historians say the  1,124 wounded
win gave the CSA
overconfidence  1,312 captured/missing

20. First Bull Run
Image created by
Kurz and Allison
Victor-CSA
Exposes the Union’s
challenge of having
so many
inexperienced
soldiers.

22. Joseph E.
Johnston
CSA
Commanded –
Armies of the
Shenandoah,
Northern Virginia,
and Tennessee as
well as Dept of the
West.
Major battles--1st Bull
Run, Peninsula
Campaign,
Vicksburg, Atlanta

23. Pierre
GustaveToutant
Beauregard
CSA
Commanded the
Army of the Potomac
and the Army of
Mississippi
Battles--1st Bull Run,
Shiloh, Corinth,
Petersburg

24. Irvin McDowell
USA
Commanded—Army
of Northeastern
Virginia, Army of the
Potomac, Army of
Virginia
Battles—1st and 2nd
Bull Run
Lincoln replaced him
with McClellan after
1st Bull Run

25.  By the end of 1861:
 The CSA had won battles at Bethel, Bull Run, Springfield,
Lexington, Leesburg, and Belmont.
 The USA had been successful in western Virginia and along
the seaboard.
 Congress struck the first major blow at slavery by
instituting Confiscation Act, which allowed USA troops to
confiscate any Confederate property, including enslaved
people, being used in the war effort.
 See also Adam Goodheart’s1861.

26. Fort Henry, 1862
After losing to the
CSA at Bull Run, the
USA strikes back.
In a land-water union
between Ulysses S.
Grant and Rear
Admiral Andrew
Foote, the USA takes
Fort Henry, the
Confederate garrison
located on the
Tennessee River.
This image is from
Harper’s Weekly

27. Andrew Foote
USA
Navy Rear Admiral
Battles—Fort Henry,
Fort Donelson

28. Fort Henry
Victor-USA

29. Fort Donelson, 1862
Victor-USA
Grant’s troops faced
Confederate forces led
by Gideon Pillow and
John Floyd.
This was another joint
land-water mission led
by Grant and Foote.
Confederate
commanders’ failure to
coordinate use of forces
contributed to their
defeat.

30. Grant develops moniker “Unconditional Surrender”

31. Fort Donelson, 1862
Gunboats firing on Fort
Donelson on the
Cumberland River.
Grant develops moniker
“Unconditional Surrender.”
After taking both Forts
Henry and Donelson, the
USA’s efforts to gain control
of the Mississippi begins to
gain traction (the CSA
understands the importance
of Mississippi for their
survival so they are going to
do whatever they can to
maintain their supremacy).
Victories boost morale in the
USA.

32. The Virginia
sinking the
Cumberland
The most famous
naval clashes
occurred off the
Virginia coast in
Hampton Roads.
The CSA raised the
USA’s sunken
Merrimack and
renamed it the
Virginia and then
launched an attack
on the Cumberland.

33. Clash of the
Ironclads #7
The USA responded
to the attack on the
Cumberland, by
launching the
Monitor to protect
other ships from the
Virginia/Merrimac.
After hours of
fighting, neither side
inflicted much
damage and both
sides agreed to a
draw.
Union forces added
more ironclads to
Numerous representations of the clashes are inaccurate in scale and their
their fleet and the
depiction of the proximity of ships but this images provides a visual of
maritime fighting. USA’s naval control
would continue.

34. George C.
McClellan
USA
Commands—Dept of
the Ohio & Army of
the Potomac
Battles—Peninsula
Campaign, Battle of
Antietam
Beloved by troops
but a thorn in
Lincoln’s side for his
hesitancy of
advancing his troops
in the face of battle.

35. Ulysses S. Grant
Served in the Mexican
War.
His prowess at the
Battles of Vicksburg
and Chattanooga and
in the Overland
campaign lead to his
elevation in
command, eventually
up General of the
Army, and his prestige
among the troops.
He will oversee Lee’s
surrender at
Appomattox after the
siege at Petersburg.

36. CSA USA
 Army of Mississippi  Army of the Tennessee &
Army of the Ohio
 Albert Johnston & PGT
 Ulysses Grant and Don
Beauregard Carlos Buell
 44,699 men  66,812 men
 Casualties 1o,699  Casualties 13,047
 1,728 killed  1,754 killed
 8,408 wounded
 8,012 wounded
 2,885 captured/missing
 959 captured/missing
 Victor--USA

37. Battle of Shiloh
Inexperience of Union
volunteers revealed in
surprising Confederate attack
which allowed them to occupy
Union camps while chaos
raged.
Grant rallied his troops after
Confederates failed to back up
Beauregard. He received
reinforcements from Buell and
Wallace.
Union controls western
Tennessee.
Ended beliefs that the war
would be short.
Map covers last day of battle.

39. Don Carlos Buell
USA
Commanded—Army
of the Ohio
Battles—Shiloh,
Corinth, Perryville

40. Henry W. Halleck
USA
Commanded—
Western Theater &
Dept of the Missouri
Battles—Shiloh and
Corinth

41. John Pope
USA
Commanded—Army
of the Mississippi
and Army of Virginia

42. Albert Sidney
Johnston
CSA
Commanded—Army
of Mississippi
Battles—Shiloh
Fatally wounded

43. Leonidas Polk
CSA
Commanded—Army
of Tennessee and
Army of Mississippi
Battles—Shiloh,
Perryville, Stones
River, Chickamauga,
and Atlanta

44.  New Orleans was strategically value to the CSA, which
made it a target of the USA.
 Union forces alone could not attack the city by land.
Naval forces could not do the job alone either, with
thousands of troops, two strong forts, and a CSA fleet
of steamers and ironclads.
 The Union decided to coordinate the army’s (under
Benjamin Butler) and navy’s operations (under David
Farragut) and by the end of April, the USA occupied
the CSA’s largest and richest city. Farragut moved
north on the Mississippi to take Baton Rouge and
Natchez but he could not take Vicksburg because of
the strength of CSA forces there.

45. USA Captures
New Orleans
Union forces
increasingly realized
the value of joint
land-sea operations.

47. George C.
McClellan
USA
Although beloved by
troops, McClellan
and Lincoln battled
for authority as
Lincoln commanded
McClellan to launch
a direct advance on
Confederate forces at
Manassas and he
chose to attack
Richmond.
McClellan prepared
for a siege.

48. Confederate
Conscription
In 1862, the CSA
Congress passed a
law that declared
that all males
between 18 and 35
could be subjected
to conscription.
CSA officials tried to
get men to avoid
conscription by
encouraging them
to volunteer.

49.  A year later, the CSA Congress would exempt 1 male for
every 20 enslaved people on a plantation and permit
substitutions.
 Both policies favored wealthy men.
 Many historians argue that Confederate conscription
exposed a flaw in their ideology. The states seceded to
chart their own destinies and to avoid centralized
authority. But to fight and win a war for their
independence, they would need to cede some
authority to the government. Many slaveholding
Confederates, even the fire-breathers, were having
none of it and resisted at every turn the CSA’s efforts to
centralize authority to win the war.

50.  By Spring 1862, the USA had defeated the CSA in the
bloody campaign of Shiloh, which it followed by
capturing Corinth, temporarily taking control of the
western campaign.
 This success would be followed by delays and setbacks
and then victories in Vicksburg and Chattanooga.

51.  Richmond and Washington, D.C., the capitols of the CSA
and the USA were the primary targets of both sides. In
1862, both sides tried to foment chaos in the other side’s
capitol.
 The USA’s McClellan wanted to launch his attack from the
peninsula between the York and James rivers and then fight
his way to Richmond. The cautious general refused to
storm the CSA capitol and Lincoln removed him from
supreme command.
 Meanwhile, the CSA’s Stonewall Jackson stopped the USA’s
forces from reinforcing McClellan and taking Richmond by
waging a raiding campaign up and down the Shenandoah
Valley. Jackson eventually collaborates with Lee, the master
tactician who became well known for his aggressive frontal
assaults.

52. Thomas
“Stonewall
Jackson”
CSA
Army of Northern
Virginia
Favored waging an
aggressive and
destructive war.
Battles—1st Bull Run,
Shenandoah, Seven
Days, Northern
Virginia, Maryland,
Fredericksburg,
Chancellorsville.

53.  Lee and Jackson’s combined forces met McClellan for a
week long series of battles.
 Mechanicsville (Beaver Dam Creek)
 Gaines’ Mill
 Savage’s Station
 Frayer’s Farm
 Malvern’s Hill
 The campaign, especially the one at Malvern’s Hill, became
known for the high casualty & fatality rates. For the Union,
there was the disappointment that despite the loss of life,
McClellan still did not advance to take Richmond. Lincoln
brought in John Pope to lead the Union’s forces in Virginia
but the Confederates defeated him at the 2nd Battle of Bull
Run.

54. Mechanicsville
This image depicts
Confederate forces
fleeing
Mechanicsville on
the second day of
the Seven Days’
campaign of 1862.

55. CSA USA
 Army of Northern  Army of the Potomac
Virginia  George McClellan
 Robert E. Lee  104,100 men
 92,000 men  Casualties 15,855
 Casualties 20,204  1,734 killed
 3,494 killed  8,066 wounded
 15,758 wounded  6,055 missing/captured
 952 missing/captured

56.  As the war continues with no real end in sight, Lincoln and
Congress start to use the CSA’s dependency on the
institution against them.
 Congress abolished slavery in Washington, D.C. (1862).
 General Hunter declared free enslaved people in SC, FL,
and GA.
 Lincoln rescinded the order.
 Congress passed Second Confiscation Act, which
mandated that all enslaved people whose owners were
engaged in the rebellion (and not simply those whose labor
was being used in the war) were freed.
 Note: although history has given Lincoln all of the credit
for abolishing slavery, the actions of the generals in the
field and the Republican members of Congress deserve
their share of the credit.

57. CSA USA
 Robert E. Lee  John Pope
 50,000 men  62,000 men
 Casualties  Casualties
 1,300 killed  10,000 killed and
 7,000 wounded wounded
 Victor--CSA

58. Second Bull Run
Ruins of Stone
Bridge at Bull Run
Creek, Manassas,
VA, 1862

59. CSA USA
 Robert E. Lee  George McClellan
 Army of Northern  Army of the Potomac
Virginia  75,000 men
 38,000 men  Casualties 12,401
 2,108 killed
 Casualties 10,316
 9,540 wounded
 1,546 killed
 753 captured/missing
 7,752 wounded
 Inconclusive battle but
 1,018 captured/missing
Union has strategic edge.

60.  Single bloodiest day
 Lincoln uses the occasion of the Union’s victory to
issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation

61. Kurz and Allison’s depiction of Battle of Antietam at Burnside’s Bridge

62.  Lincoln issues declaration that on January 1, 1863, the slaves of
masters who were still in rebellion would be “forever free.”
 He wants to give Confederates 100 days to stop fighting with the
promise that they can keep their slaves.
 This document reiterated Lincoln’s support for the colonization
of freed blacks to some place outside the U.S.
 White northerners were divided.
 Abolitionists favored it as did people who thought attacking slavery
would help to end the bloody war.
 Northern Democrats thought it was unconstitutional and an abuse
of power.
 Although they were exempted, Union supporting slaveholders in
the Border States worried that they would lose their slaves too.
 White southerners were outraged.
 Free and enslaved African Americans rejoiced but they were
opposed to colonization.

63.  The USA wants European countries to stay out of the
war and to accept its argument that the CSA was not
an independent country but a group of rebels.
 The CSA wants European countries to recognize it as
new country.
 Most European countries remain on the fence (they
were internally divided on the issues relating to the
war). They withhold formal support for either side
until they have an angle on the outcome.
 They will, however, do what is necessary to maintain
access to certain goods and even supply the CSA with
warships.

64. Cotton Diplomacy
The CSA hopes that
they can use their
production of
European required
goods, namely cotton,
to elicit diplomatic
recognition.
The plan fails largely
because of the
blockade, limited
cotton production,
Europeans acquiring
cotton from other
countries & being
more dependent on
northern goods than
they were on southern
cotton.

65.  Threat of European intervention heats up when
Confederate commissioners board an outbound
British ship, the Trent, and the ship is intercepted by
the USA.
 British and Confederates are outraged at the seizure
and the case opens the possibility that the British will
recognize the CSA.
 The release of the commissioners eventually
contributes to the British standing down some of their
support for recognizing the CSA.
 In the end, Europeans remain withhold diplomatic
recognition of the CSA.

66. Trent Affair
Secretary of State
William Seward holds
out his hand, releasing
the Confederate
commissioners who
were seized from the
British ship.
Britain’s Lord Russell
(left) is satisfied.
Jefferson Davis (right)
is outraged over the
outcome as Britain
refuses to grant the
CSA recognition as an
independent country.

67.  Although Lincoln won the 1860 election, secession changed
the political landscape of the USA.
 Republicans switched from the minority party to the
majority party and Democrats occupied the minority party
once the majority of its southern members seceded.
 The Republican party was still split by factions over such
issues as the way to wage war, slavery, and equal rights for free
blacks.
 Union Democrats styled themselves as rejecting secession
while maintaining their support for small government.
 They opposed Lincoln’s and congressional Republicans’
expansion of federal powers during the war, their willingness
to try to use the war to end slavery, and some Republicans’
discussions of establishing equal rights.

68.  In the 1862 election, the temporarily depleted
Democrats begin clawing their way back to political
power in their support for the Union but their
opposition to Lincoln’s managing of the war and to the
Congress’s.
 Democrats win more seats in Congress and
governorships in New York and New Jersey.
 In 1863, Democrats dig in on their opposition to
Lincoln’s expansion of federal powers during the war,
including the draft and the Emancipation
Proclamation.

69.  By the end of the year:
 There was still no clear end in sight because although each
side achieved some victories, few were decisive enough to
end the war.
 Although Confederates continued to display their mettle
on the battlefield, the casualties they suffered will start to
pile up and make it difficult for them to wage war as
effectively against the much larger Union forces. As
Stephanie McCurry and other shows, the CSA will also have
to contend with growing revolts among their civilian
population, namely “solders’ wives” and enslaved people.
 On the Union side, there is great frustration with Lincoln’s
handling of the war, the military’s failure to win enough
decisive victories to end the war quickly, the uncertainty
caused by the looming preliminary Emancipation
Proclamation.

70.  Great Snake: http://www.loc.gov/shop/index.php?action=cCatalog.showItemImage&cid=14&scid=235&iid=3271
 Bull Run Map: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run
 Bull Run: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Battle_of_Bull_Run.
 Joseph E. Johnston: http://www.civilwar.org/education/contests-quizzes/quizzes/vicksburg-campaign/vicksburg-
campaign-quiz-answers.html.
 PGT Beuregard: Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard.
 William T. Sherman: http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/people/s_z/sherman.htm.
 Ulysses Grant: http://www.civilwar.org/education/contests-quizzes/quizzes/vicksburg-campaign/vicksburg-
campaign-quiz-answers.html.
 Irvin McDowell: Image: http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hh/15/hh15c.htm.
 Thomas Jackson: http://www.nps.gov/hafe/historyculture/thomas-j-jackson.htm.
 George McClellan: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan
 Fort Henry: Image: http://thisweekinthecivilwar.com/?p=928
 Andrew Foote: Image: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Foote.
 Fort Henry: http://thisweekinthecivilwar.com/?p=928.
 Fort Donelson: http://thisweekinthecivilwar.com/?p=928
 Fort Donelson: http://www.oceansbridge.com/oil-paintings/product/60469/generalgrantatfortdonelson.
 Gunboats at Fort Donelson: http://civilwar150th.blogspot.com/2012/02/battle-of-fort-donelson-bombardment.html
 Clash of the Ironclads #7: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Ironclads_battle_7.jpg
 Virginia sinking the Cumberland: http://www.usgwarchives.net/va/portsmouth/shipyard/sinkingcumberlandcopy.jpg

71.  Shiloh Map: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh
 Shiloh: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh
 Don Carlos Buell: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell.
 Henry Halleck: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Halleck.
 John Pope: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Pope_(military_officer)
 Albert S. Johnston: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston
 Leonidas Polk: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonidas_Polk.
 George McClellan
 Battle of Corinth: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_orleans_1862.jpg.
 New Orleans: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_orleans_1862.jpg.
 Stone Bridge Ruins: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bull_Run.
 Battle of Antietam: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Antietam.png.
 Mechanicsville: http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/22/where-was-
stonewall/?ref=opinion.
 King Cotton Bound: http://emergingcivilwar.com/2012/02/26/a-world-on-fire-part-iii-king-
cotton-and-confederate-foreign-relations-with-great-britain/.
 Trent affair: http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/grimsley1/h582/2001/trent.htm.

72.  The path to emancipation and black military
enlistment.
 The Emancipation Proclamation.
 Union conscription & the Draft Riots.
 Battles of Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Vicksburg,
Chattanooga, the Wilderness.
 “Total War”
 Sheridan’s Valley Campaign.
 Sherman’s Campaign.