The document provides a timeline of important events and developments in U.S. history from 1839 to 1910. Some key events summarized are: 1) In the late 19th century, many Native American tribes faced violence and loss of land as white settlers moved west and the U.S. government pursued a policy of assimilation. Notable events included the Sand Creek Massacre and Wounded Knee. 2) The period from the 1870s to the 1890s saw rapid industrialization, massive immigration, and economic turmoil known as the Gilded Age. New industries transformed cities and working conditions declined as big businesses consolidated power. 3) Labor organizations grew in response to these changes, with groups like the

1. U.S. HiStory time Line
By: ordaSHia HawkinS

2. Sweat Shops-
In sweat shops or work
shops, in tenements rather
than in factories, workers
had little choice but to put
up with the conditions, the
work was tedious and
required few skills.
1839 1850 1851
Social Darwinism - Bessemer Process -
The philosophy called The Bessemer Process
social Darwinism grew out created by Henry Bessemer
of the English natureralist and William Kelly became
Charles Darwin's theory of widely used. This
biological evolution. technique involved
injecting air into molten
iron to remove carbon and
other impurities.
http://tinyurl.com/c3tzyfp

3. Credit Mobilier- Sand Creek Massacre-
In one of the most infamous One of the most tragic events occurred in 1864.
schemes, stockholders in the Most of the Cheyenne thought they were
union Pacific railroad formed, protected U.S. gov. and returned to Colorado's
and in 1862, a construction co. Sand Creek Reserve. But General S.R. Curtis still
called Credit Mobilier, where wanted them to suffer. In response Chivington &
stockholders gave this co. a his troops descended on the Cheyenne. On Nov.
contract to lay track at two to 29, 1864 they killed over 150 inhabitants, mostly
three times the actual cost and children and women.
pocketed the profits.
1862 1864 1866
Long Drive-
Buffalo Soldiers-
After a herd of animals were
Homestead Act- Members of the U.S. 10th
gathered and branded, the trail
A powerful attraction of Calvary regiment of the
boss chose a crew for the Long
the west was the land U.S. army. Formed on Sept.
Drive. This overland transport, or
itself. In 1862, congress 21, 1866, was established
Long Drive, of the animals often
passed the Homestead Act, by congress as the first
lasted for about three months,
offering 160 acres of free peacetime all-black
they included a cowboy for every
land to any citizen or regiments in the regular
250 to 300 head of cattle, a cook,
intended citizen who was U.S. army.
and a wrangler.
head of the household. http://tinyurl.com/ce5pahk
http://tinyurl.com/clpwzo3

4. Tammy Hall-
Boss tweed became head
Sitting Bull- of Tammy Hall, New York
Sitting Bull (Tatanka Cities powerful Democratic
Iyotanka) leader of the political machine in 1868.
Hunk papa Sioux, he
actually never signed the
Treaty of Fort Laramie.
1867 1868 1869
Oliver Kelly- George Westinghouse-
In 1867, Oliver Kelly started An American entrepreneur
the Patrons of Husbandry, & engineer who invented
it was an organization for Grange- the railway air brake and
farmers that became A Grange is an organization was a pioneer of the
popularly known as of farmers, it's original electrical industry.
Grange. purpose was to provide a
social outlet &and an
http://tinyurl.com/d3wkkgv
educational forum for
http://tinyurl.com/cb2rkzd
isolated families. http://tinyurl.com/dx67q4f

5. John D. Rockefeller-
George A. Custer-
Corp. such as the standard
In1874, which Colonel
oil company, established
George Custer reported
by Rockefeller, took a
that the Black Hills, had
different approach to
gold "From the grass roots
mergers: They joined w/
down." and the gold rush
competing companies in
was on.
trust arguments. He also
had a great fortune.
1870 1871 1874
Civil Service-
Reformers began to press
for the elimination of
patronage and the
adoption of a merit system
of hiring. Jobs in civil
service- gov.
administration- should go
to the most qualified
http://tinyurl.com/bszv9cq
persons, reformers. http://tinyurl.com/d2yqakv

6. Mark Twain-
Samuel Clemens, the novelist humors
Thomas A. Edison- better known as Mark Twain, inspired
In 1876, Edison became a a host of other young authors when
pioneer on the new he declared his independence of of Jim Crow Laws-
industrial frontier, which "Lit. and all that bosh." Yet some of Segregation Laws later
he established the worlds his books became classics in came to be known as Jim
first research lad in Menlo American literature - Adventures of Crow Laws after a popular
Park, New Jersey. Huckleberry Finn. old minstrel song that
ended in the words "Jump,
Jim Crow."
1876
Battle of Little Big Horn-
Telephone- An armed engagement
Alexander Bell & Weston between combined forces
invented this in 1876, the Lakota, Northern
telephone's purpose was Cheyenne an Arapaho
to permit two or more tribes against the 7th
users to conduct a Calvary reg. of the U.S.
conversation when they http://tinyurl.com/czjmwyv army.
aren't in the same area. http://tinyurl.com/c5prgrn
http://tinyurl.com/c9pfdzb

7. Gilded Age (1877-1917)-
Chief Joseph- When Mark Twain &
Joseph led his band Charles Dudley Warner
during the most wrote the novel, The
tumultuous period in Gilded Age, the title
their contemporary became the name of the
history. His band and of the period from the
another took flight to 1870's to the 1890's. In the
attempt to reach political 19th century, cities
asylum. experienced rapid growth
under inefficient gov. social
darwism, city bosses ect.
1877
National Farmers Alliance-
The Grange of farmers
gave rise to other
organizations, such as Rubber Barons- By the late
farmers alliances. Alliances 1800's,the term was
sent lectures from town, to typically applied to
town to educate people businessmen who used
about topics such as lower what were considered to
interest rates on loans & be exploitative practices to
gov. control over railroads amass their wealth.
http://tinyurl.com/c6qumta
and banks. http://tinyurl.com/d3a6znu

8. Assimilation- Ida B. Wells-
Native Americans still had supporters in the U.S. B. Wells began her career as a teacher
the well known writer Helen Hunt Jackson, for in Memphis, later she became a news
example exposed the gov. many broken promises editor. Racial justice was always her
in her 1881 book" A century of Dishonor" at the theme in reporting. On
same time many sympathizers supported March, 1882that theme became her
assimilation, which was a plan to have Native crusade, three African American
Americans to give up their beliefs & way oflife to businessmen, friends of hers were
become part of the white culture. lynched legally executed without trial,
Wells saw it for what it really was
though, a way to get rid of negroes
acquiring wealth.
Booker T. Washington-
1880 1881 The prominent African 1882
American educator Booker
George Pullman- T. Washington believed
The railroads helped cities that racism would end
not only grow, but branch once blacks acquired useful
out. labor skills & proved their
In 1880, for example economic value to society.
George Pullman built By 1881 he headed the
factory fo manufacturing Tuskegee Normal and
sleepers &other railroad Industrial Institute, now
cars in the Illinois prairie. called Tuskegee http://tinyurl.com/d6fdv5k
http://tinyurl.com/d3c5a3p
University , in Alabama

9. Settlement House-
In the late 1880's, a few
reformers established
George Eastman- Settlement Houses, or
New techniques eliminated community centuries in
the need to develop slum neiborhoods that
pictures right away. provided assistance to
George Eastman people in the are,
developed a series of especially immigrants.
more covalent alternatives 1884 Toynbee Hall.
to the heavy glass plates
previously used. Years later
1883 he founded "Kodak". 1884
Joseph Pulitzer- Mugwumps-
Pulitzer was an Hungarian Republican Political
immigrant who had bought activists who bolted from
the New York World in the U.S. Republican Party
1883, he pioneered by supporting Democratic
popular innovation, such as Candidates.
a large Sunday edition,
comics, sports coverage, &
http://tinyurl.com/botoft3
women's news. http://tinyurl.com/bpm5bm7
http://tinyurl.com/bmvwx6y

10. Jane Adams- Colored Farmer's Alliance-
Settlement Houses in the Membership grew to over
U.S. were founded by 4 million. About 250,000
Charles Stover & Stanton African Americans
Colt in NY City in belonged to Colored
1886. Jane Adams was one Farmers National Alliance.
of the most influential Some Alliance members Haymarket Affair-
members of the promoted cooperation Labor leaders were
movement. between black and white pressing for changes on
alliances, but most May 4, 1886, 3,000 people
members accepted the gathered at Chicago's
separation between them. Haymarket Square to
1886 protest police brutality- a
Samuel Gompers- striker had been killed and
One approach to the several had been wounded
organization of labor was at the McCormick
craft unionism, which Harvester plant the day
included skilled workers before.
from one or more trades.
Samuel Gompers led the
cigar makers international
union to join with other
craft unions in 1886. http://tinyurl.com/bmtqt5d
http://tinyurl.com/ccwp5op

11. Interstate Commerce Commission-
Interstate Commerence
Actin1887which reestablished the
right of the federal gov. to Andrew Carneigie-
supervise railroad activity &it also In 1889 Carneigie had his
established a five-member own steal Co. &
interstate commerce commission, manufactured more steel
because of this they had then all factories in Great
trouble regulating the railroad. Britain.
1887 1889
Daws Act-
In 1887 congress passed
the Daws Act aiming to
"Americanize" the Native
Americans. It gave some of
the land to individual
Native Americans 160
acres each. http://tinyurl.com/cbjm8la

12. Ghost Dance-
Because the Sioux were so
desperate they turned to a
Paiute prophet who
promised that is the Sioux
performed ritual called the
Ghost Dance, Native
American lands and way of
life would be restored.
Wounded Knee-
On Dec. 28, 1890, the 7th
1890 cavalry rounded up 350
starving
& freezing Sioux, and
Sherman Antitrust Act- demanded them o give up
In 1890, the Sherman their weapons, a shot was
Antitrust Act made it illegal fired, and soldiers opened
to form a trust that fire with a deadly cannon.
interfered with free trade Within minutes they killed
between states with other 300 unarmed Native
countries. Americans including
http://tinyurl.com/cshh7ou children.

13. Ellis Island- Populist-
Immigrants were scared Leaders o the alliance
they would not be movement realized that to
admitted to the U.S. they make far-reaching changes,
had to pass inspection at they would need to built a
immigration stations. Such base of political power.
as the one at Castle Garden Populist, the movement of
in NY, which was later the people was born with
moved to Ellis Island in NY the founding of the
harbor. Populist or peoples party.
1892 1894
Omaha Platform- Pullman Strike-
On July 2, 1892, a populist The town of Pullman remained firmly under
party convention in company control. They were not allowed to loiter
Omaha, Nebraska, on their own front steps or to drink alcohol.
demanded reformers to lift Pullman hoped his rules would maintain a stable
the burden of debt from work environment. But his refusal to lower rents
farmers, and other after cutting his worker pay led to a violent strike
workers, and to give the in 1894.
people a greater voice in
their gov. http://tinyurl.com/cg7zqk4

14. Plessey v. Ferguson-
In 1896, Plessey v.
William McKinley- Mail-Order Catalog- Ferguson was brought to
As the 1896 campaign In 1896 the post the supreme court to test
progressed the Republican office introduced rural whether or not segregation
Party stated it's firm free delivery (RFD) system was acceptable by the
commitment to gold that brought packages constitution. The supreme
standard & nominated directly to every home. court ruled that the
Ohioan William McKinley separation of races in
for president. public was legal and did
not violate the 14th
amendment.
1896 1897
"Cross of Gold Speech"-
This speech was made
Ragtime-
famous by William J. Bryan
Ragtime is a blend of
and he i characterized by a
African-American spirituals
quote from it. "The
and European musicals
humblest citizen in all the
form it. Ragtime originated
land, when clad in armor of
in the 1800’s in the south.
a righteous cause, is
stronger than all the hosts http://tinyurl. http://tinyurl.com/d97hu4n
com/cdnq7h5
of error."

15. Bimetallism -
The central issue was Eugene v. Debs-
which metal would be the Some labor leaders felt
basis of the nations that unions should include
monetary system. One one all laborers-skilled &
side were he "Silverites", unskilled- in a specific
who favored bimetallism, a industry. This concept
monetary system which captured the imagination
the gov. could give citizens of Eugene v. Debs, who
either gold or silver in attempted to form such an
exchange for paper industrial union.
currency or checks.
1901 1903 1904 1905
W.E.B. Dubois-
Orville & Wilbur Wright- In 1905, Dubois founded
They had many attempts at the Niagara Movement,
flying “Heavier-then-air” which insisted blacks to
craft aloft. First they build seek a liberal arts
a glider. Their first education so the
successful flight Dec. 17, community would have
1903 at Kitty Hawk, NC. well educated leaders.
http://tinyurl.com/d5j6uhd
http://tinyurl.com/collzqd

16. 1910
Angel Island-
While European immigrants arriving on
the East Coast passed through Ellis Island,
Asians-primarily Chinese- arriving on the
West Coast gained admission at Angel http://tinyurl.com/d7sl66m
Island in San Fran. Bay. Immigrants http://tinyurl.com/bn2x2zf
endured harsh questioning and long http://tinyurl.com/d4f7u3v
detention in filthy ram shack buildings.