The 7 Things I Know About Cyber Security After 25 Years | April 2024
Fundamentalsof Crime Mapping 3
1.
2. Casinos
Stores and that gallon of milk
The notion of physical design to control
behavior, particularly criminal behavior, is
also not new
3. Environmental design is to
guide, manipulate, and/or encourage people
to behave in a desirable manner in a given
situation
Encourages informal social control efforts
Physical properties of a space should allow
for maximum visibility
Signs (physical and psychological) that committing
crimes in this place would be risky and
unprofitable
4. Crime prevention through environmental design
Newman’s defensible space model argues that
physical space can be structured in a way that
fosters and reinforces a social structure that
defends itself
◦ Territoriality
Legitimate users protect space
◦ Natural surveillance
Legitimate users can observe because of design
◦ Image
“Image” that neighborhood is well-cared for
◦ Milieu
Your neighborhood and nearby neighborhoods have
territoriality, natural surveillance and image and are crime
free as well
5. Public spaces
◦ These are areas that are open to the general public and
serve a variety of uses, such as a public street.
Semipublic spaces
◦ These are areas, such as an apartment lobby, that are
limited in their use but are still open to everyone. They are
used more often by residents and their friends or families.
Semiprivate spaces
These include areas that are more restricted in use, such as
an apartment hallway or stairwell, which are open to
nonresidents but are most often used by residents and their
friends or families.
Private spaces
Most notably the apartments themselves, these are areas
that are not open to the public and are restricted to the use
of residents and their friends or families.
6. All human space has some designated purpose.
All human space has social, cultural, legal, or
physical definitions that prescribe the desired
and accepted behaviors.
All human space is designed to support and
control the desired behaviors
Kaplan et al. (1978) propose that
opportunity, target, risk, effort, and payoff
(OTREP) explain variations in crime across people
and places
◦ This model assumes that offenders are rational and that
if physical design changes limit opportunities by
increasing the risk and effort and reducing the
payoff, crime will decrease
Target hardening
7. Rational Choice Theory
◦ perceived risk and effort of crime is low
◦ perceived payout is high
Routine Activities Theory
◦ Offenders and victims play a role in the criminal
event
Crime Pattern Theory (Combines rational
choice, routine actvities, and environmental
criminology)
◦ Awareness space
◦ Activity space
◦ Nodes
◦ Paths
9. Victims often place themselves in situations that
increase their risk of victimization
Dimensions of victimization risk
◦ Attractiveness
Risk vs Reward potential
◦ Proximity
Victim with same rewards closer to suspect more likely
victimized
◦ Defiant place
Location can increase risk (topless bar, larger group
events, etc.)
◦ Vulnerability
Can victim resist an attack?
10. Victim facilitation
◦ behavior was negligent in making themselves a
more attractive or vulnerable target
Victim precipitation
◦ burglar getting assaulted by an awakened home
owner
Victim provocation
◦ the crime would not have occurred if it was not for
the victim’s behavior
Victim dressed “sexy” and goes to strip club for “the
excitement”
11. Risk heterogeneity
◦ What made them attractive the first time, made
them attractive the second time
Event dependency
◦ Location was successful the last time, so offender
goes there again
Virtual repeats
◦ Other targets chosen because they were similar to
locations or victims where success was gained in
the past
12. Types of Displacement
◦ Spatial
Crime moves from an area (typically outward)
◦ Temporal
Same area – different times
◦ Target
Target hardening and chooses new target or type
◦ Tactical
New methods to commit same crime (Video on TV)
◦ Functional
Forced to commit a different crime
Benign – commits lesser offenses
Malign – commits more serious offenses
◦ Perpretrator
Traded one criminal for another (drug dealers and markets)
13. The spread of the beneficial influence of an intervention beyond the
places which are directly targeted, the individuals who are the
subject of control, the crimes which are the focus of intervention or
the time periods in which an intervention is bought
Deterrence
◦ Avoidance of targets due to increased enforcement at similar locations or times
Discouragement
◦ Perceived higher risk of being caught
