Published by Indonesia Water and Sanitation Working Group. First Edition in August 2003

2. Information Media for Water Supply and From the Editor 1
Environmental Sanitation
Your Voice 2
Published by:
Water Supply and Sanitation
Working Group
Main Feature
Advisor: Community Empowerment 3
Director General for Human Settlement,
Department of Public Works Active Community Involvement is Key to Empowerment 6
Board of Trustee: Interview
Director of Settlement and Housing, National
Development Planning Agency Pungky Sumadi, Director of Poverty Alleviation Bappenas 8
Director of Water and Sanitation,
Ministry of Health Nina Sidle Unsulangi: A farmer who does not have
Director of Water Supply Development,
Department of Public Works to be in a village with big land 10
Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate
Technology, Director General on Village and Regulation
Community Empowerment,
Department of Home Affairs Water Supply Provision System 12
Director for Facilitation of Special Planning
Environment Management,
Insight 14
Department of Home Affairs
Chief Editor: Report 21
Oswar Mungkasa
Telescope 23
Board of Editor:
Zaenal Nampira, Our Guest 26
Indar Parawansa,
Bambang Purwanto Innovation 28
Editor: Around Plan 29
Maraita Listyasari, Rheidda Pramudhy,
Raymond Marpaung, Bowo Leksono, Around ISSDP 31
Reski Dian Diniari
Around WASPOLA 33
Design/Illustrator:
Rudi Kosasih Around WSS 34
Production:
Program 45
Machrudin
Distribution:
Abstract 47
Agus Syuhada
IATPI Clinic 48
Address:
Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat Book Info 49
Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113
http://www.ampl.or.id Website Info 50
e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com
redaksi@ampl.or.id CD Info 51
oswar@bappenas.go.id
Agenda 52
Unsolicited article or opinion items
are welcome. Please send to our address WSS Bibliography
or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and
accompanied by identity.
This magazine can be accessed at Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation Website
at www.apml.or.id

3. FROM THE EDITOR
W
e have determined to tirelessly voice out a plea to make
all of us aware of the importance of raw water and
healthy environment. This edition brings to you a
number of water supply and environmental sanitation related
information.
It has become a kind of task, to knock at the door of our
awareness, through transformation of knowledge and informa-
tion so that this very magazine published by the WSS-WG has
come into 18th edition.
Last May and June the world celebrated two important his-
toric moments each carrying the duties related to the fate of
world's population. They are the World Environment Day on 5
June and Earth Day on 22 April.
Have we asked ourselves what good deed have we con-
tributed to the environment around us? To our beloved earth,
for that matter? It seems this question frequently whines during
the disaster or when an awareness is passing through for a short
moment.
Do you realize that the earth we live in is more than 4 billion
years old. And each time the planet that has been inhabited by
human being for thousands of years is undergoing change. A
slow but sure change. The change is linked with the existence of
its inhabitants. Natural disasters that overwhelm the earth sur-
face is the symptom of the acceleration of the changes. And it is
quite unwise if the blame for each disaster is imposed on natural
phenomenon.
What have we, the civilized being, contributed to this earth?
Have we done anything positive for the sake of environmental
conservation and for the sake of human life? Let's compare our WSS Working Group - WASPOLA Booth
in Indowater Exhibition 2007.
good deed against the destruction to the earth. It is not impos-
Photo: Bowo Leksono.
sible, that the big changes that lead to the earth destruction are
the consequences of human activity.
More horrifying is the global warming phenomenon that An article reviews how WSS programs and projects in
again becomes the daily talks since the last few years. Various Indonesia are inseparable from community empowerment as
disasters have hit and several diseases plague the earth popula- vehicle towards achievement. WSLIC (Water and Sanitation for
tion is the evidence how vicious global warming effect can be. Low Income Communities), CWSH (Community Water Services
Imagine, this phenomenon will accelerate the earth damage and Health Project), Sanitation by the Community (Sanimas)
that means damage to the life of its inhabitants. This is beyond and ProAir (Water Program). Even, Sanimas program claims
the individual problems or that of one or two nations. Earth's that 70 percent of its implementation is pivoted on community
fate is the responsibility of all human being. empowerment.
Again, human awareness is at stake. And speaking of human The main feature of this edition is made more complete with
awareness, individually as well as communally, demands an an interview with Dr. Pungky Sumadi, Director of Poverty
effective community, sensitive to environment, and capable of Alleviation, Bappenas who speaks a lot about National Program
overcoming life problem wisely. for Community Empowerment. Last but not least our guest
A review on community empowerment fills our Main Tasya who was once a junior singer who is now coming to ado-
Feature in this edition. In reality, there are still many of us lescence. This Junior Environmental Ambassadress represents
human beings who are alien to clean environment for our sur- young people of her age in speaking about waste management.
vival. Through community empowerment man's conscious For all of the above and in the light of further improvement
involvement is absolutely needed and this requires support and to this magazine comments and suggestion from our loyal read-
facilitation. ers are most welcome. Have a nice time in reading Percik.
Percik
July 2007 1

4. YO U R V O I C E
How to Access Percik Digital File Wish to Have CD and Books
Assalamu 'alaikum warahmatullahi wabarakatuh. To improve the students' knowledge and insight on
Praise God. I'd herewith acknowledge with thanks receipt of Environmental Science, we, the Association of Environmental
Percik English version ed. December 2006. It is stated therein Engineering Students, Pasundan University Bandung kindly
that Percik magazine can be accessed in the AMPL website. I request for the following items:
have tried to dowload it but I always failed. I wonder if a permit, Reducing Energy Cost in Municipal Water Supply
specific method, or requirement is required. Operation
Thank you. Guidelines for Domestic Wastewater Management.
Wassalamu 'alaikum Published by DG City Planning and Urban Planning, 2003.
Denny Herlard (in Indonesian)
Fighting Against Waste, Depok City Cleaning Agency (in
Thank you Mr. Denny, Indonesian)
There is no permit, specific method or requirement needed. Waste Recycle, Tony Hare, PT Rosda Jayaputra, Jakarta (in
It might be due the size of the file, over 3 MB, thus it takes a long Indonesia)
time to access. We are trying to reduce the file size to make it Bringing Water to the Poor. Selected ADB Case Studies.
easier to access. ADB Water Awareness Program.
Municipalities & Community Participation. A Sourcebook
Wish to Have Percik Bound Volume of Capacity Building. Jenelle Plummer. Earthscan
Publication Ltd., London.
Thank you for your response to my email. Thank you also for Dictionary of Terms and Foreign Abbreviation in
the CD and magazines. If you do not have the bound volume I Environmental and Sanitation Engineering. Published by
would like to have the CD, and additionally I also would like to Trisakti University Press. (in Indonesian)
subscribe Percik magazine. I enclose herewith my home and Percik magazine. Regular subscription.
office addresses. Please let me know if there is a mailing cost
involved. Our address:
With kind regards. Campus IV Pasundan University Bandung
Yuliyanti Association of Environmental Engineering Students
University of Indonesia Health Research Centre Secretariate: Bldg C Jalak Harupat 7th fl.
Faculty of Community Health Bldg G Room 211 Jl. Setiabudi No. 193 Bandung.
University of Indonesia Depok Campus Postal Code 16424
With kind regards,
Thank you for your attention
Wish to Have Percik Magazine Asep Pulloh Hidayat
Dear Percik, Acknowledgement of Receipt
I am Rudi. I came to know Percik from environmental
reporter mailing list. Today I am no longer a reporter but con- Acknowledge with thanks receipt of Percik magazine XVII,
centrating more on training radio reporters. Sometimes I teach Percik Yunior, and 3 CDs. We honestly hope these materials will
specific subject on environment. Therefore I need the magazine be helpful to our department, especially the students, so that the
you are publishing. If it is free of charge I am quite interested. I intention to extensive dissemination of water supply and sanita-
also need the earlier editions. If it would be difficult for you to tion related information could be achieved.
send to my address, I will be happy if you let me collect it from With kind regards and thank you again
your office.
Yudi Chairman, Environmental Engineering Department
Pondok Cipta Blok C25 Technical Faculty Andalas University
Bekasi Barat 17134 Limau Manis Campus, Padang
2 Percik
July 2007

5. MAIN FEATURE
I
t seems that an activity without community empowerment Empowerment. This article intends to contribute information
label tagged to it is considered outdated. This tendency on the meaning, basic principle, advantage and disadvantage
was unheard of until early 1990s when many government including government portion in a community based activity.
projects were beginning to bear community based label. What
follows was that the term community empowerment is under- What is Community Empowerment?
stood in various different ways. From the most rigid which Community empowerment is defined in many different
defines it as from, by and for the community denying as much as ways, but there are at least two requirements that have to be met
possible the role of government till up to the most loosely if an activity is to be considered as community based. One, if the
defines it as a one way socialization of the project to the benefi- community reserves the right to make decision. Two, if the com-
ciary community at beginning of the activity. Currently the gov- munity is responsible for operation and management (O&M) of
ernment has launched a National Program for Community the facility.
Percik
July 2007 3

6. M A I N F E AT U R E
COMMUNITY RIGHTS TO TANGGUNG JAWAB MASYARAKAT UNTUK source of conflict; (iv) there may arise
competition between management team
Technology choice Maintenance and repair with the traditional community leaders or
even with the village government; (v)
Level of service Regulation highly dependent on exernal facilitator.
Form of organization Funding
Legal Implication
Funding mechanism Management organization In connection with community based
management, there are several issues that
are likely to create problems in the future.
Requirements for Community of community demand and willingness to Based on experience, ownership of the
Based pay; (iii) community understanding asset is the main issue. Especially when
Community based activity will run always to be taken into consideration; (iv) the fund is derived from various different
smoothly if the community is (i) capable; the community becomes more indepen- sources, such as donor, government (cen-
and (ii) willing to manage. The require- dent from external sources; (v) cost tral and regional), NGO, and the commu-
ments are developed through training recovery principle and payment system nity. Transfering the asset to the commu-
and capacity building programs, the rest can be adjusted to community condition; nity will remove it permanently from the
will come through organizational (vi) improvement of community manage- government balance sheet including the
improvement. Though many aspects of rial capacity; (vii) the community owns consequential maintenance budget which
the development are to be obtained from its own facility; (viii) improvement of otherwise may not be available. If on the
government facilitation. community self confidence. other hand the asset is transferred to the
government then the community would
question the whereabouts of its contribu-
CAPACITY TO MANAGE KEINGINAN MENGELOLA tion. One of the ways commonly prac-
tised is transfering the asset to the go-
Availability of technical skill Demand vernment while the management right
remains with the community. In this way
Availability of management Human resouces quantity,
the community can manage and generate
and problem solving skill dependability and quality income from the management. For this
purpose it is deemed necessary to make
Integratedness Advantage regulatory changes in order to make go-
vernment a grant to community possible
Technological complexity Equality
and to determine the legal status of the
Availability of spare parts Acceptability of technology community level management team.
Capacity of payment Level of service What Makes Government Support
Work?
Legal framework Willingness to pay
If community is directly involved in a
Availability of information Cost of service opportunity development process, the government
will feel somewhat dizzy as to change its
Management alternative role from provider into facilitator, coordi-
nator and supporter. This requires that
Political factor
the involved government employees
adjust their attitudes. In addition to loos-
Advantage and Disadvantage The disadvantages may vary widely ing their capacity for making their own
It is understood that community will- depending on the local condition and in decision and issuing instruction to the
ingness is influenced by many factors, general may come in the following for- community, they have to listen to the
such as the advantage to the community. mats (i) the management team is func- community's opinion and idea.
For this purpose there are several identi- tioning only at times of the facility break- Government employees must answer on
fiable advantages the community could down, in all other times it is dormant; (ii) behalf of the community in terms of tech-
possibly get (i) design is developed in the management team is dominated by nology choice, funding, efficacy, level of
accordance with community demand; (ii) certain group/individuals; (iii) financial service, O&M requirements, etc. As addi-
level of service is determined on the base management frequently becomes the tion, they also have to be flexible, and
4 Percik
July 2007

7. M A I N F E AT U R E
capable of compromising between techni-
cal efficiency and and non technical fac-
tors underlying the community demand.
Of course, there are requirements that
have to be met such as (i) capability of
communication; (ii) motivation to help;
(iii) availability of minimum fund; and
(iv) willingness to spend more time for the
favour of the community.
Advantage and disadvantage of go-
vernment support
As it is with the community, the go-
vernment will support the community only
if it is obviously advantageous. The most
obvious advantage is less routine mainte-
nance and repair to be done. Besides,
there are several other advantages, such
as (i) improvement of willingness to pay
because the community realizes that the
service is not government provided; (ii)
improved system efficacy; (iii) more time
for the government to concentrate on
planning without being distracted by
other details such as routine repair; (iv)
relieve the government from the burden
of limited financial and human resources
capacity; (v) funds for maintenance and
repair can be shifted to development Napila Hilwati, AM Keb., village midwife of Tanjung Tiga village, Muaraenim, S. Sumatra
financing. is discussing the topic of hygiene life with young females of the community. Photo: Bowo
On the other hand, there are in it se-
veral disadvantages should the govern-
ment facilitate community based acivity: In the last few decades changes are In reality the community based WSS
(i) loss of power, status and influence; (ii) beginning to take place that stimulate facility management does not always
the whole process takes a long time; (iii) development orientation leans towards mean a full community management. The
difficult to apply a uniform approach; (iv) involvement of stakeholders from outside basic idea is role sharing according to
possible difficulty for compromising com- the government. This tendency goes in each one's capacity. Even the private sec-
munity demand with political considera- compliance with the beginning of the era tor may be involved in case the communi-
tion. of decentralization giving the regional ty alone is unable to handle a certain
government more responsibility and at development undertaking. The pattern of
Application in WSS Development the same time also the demand improve role sharing will not always be the same
One of the difficulties faced by the efficiency, effectiveness and service susta- depending on the type of activity, techni-
government in the provision of water sup- bility. cal and financial capacity of the commu-
ply and sanitation facilities is limited The above process then ignites a nity, government facilitation capacity,
funding capacity. This is because of the change in government role from provider and so on.
conventional tendency of government ori- to facilitator, and supporter. Each of the To find the right community empo-
entation (i) more emphasis on physical two parties, the government and the com- werment format in WSS development is
construction instead of service improve- munity as well, are facing uncertainty our common task. So that the pendulum
ment; (ii) service is provided purely by within the transition period. On the one that currently is aiming to community
public sector instead of partnership hand, the regional government tends to empowerment in WSS development will
arrangement; (iii) lack of political will to release the entire process to the commu- not swing back to the government direc-
urge the community to pay for a public nity while the community is not prepared tion as the sole WSS service provider.
service. to assume the new role. (OM from various sources)
Percik
July 2007 5

8. M A I N F E AT U R E
Active Community
Participation As Key to
Empowerment
O
ne of the main components for a
community development pro-
gram or project is its in building
the community active participation not
only in sharing the benefit but also in the
sense of being part of the development so
that the project or activity may sustain.
Community involvement is the real con-
summation of community empowerment
towards self reliance, as is in WSS deve-
lopment in Indonesia,
Various methods and approaches
have been tried to explore the community
potential. For example, WSLIC (Water
and Sanitation for Low Income Commu-
nities) is implemented based on the
Methodology for Particiapatory Assess-
ments (MPA) and Participatory Hygiene A group of village youth regardless of status and sexual denomination sit together to dis-
and Sanitation Transformation (PHAST) cuss the village development. Photo: Bowo Leksono
i.e. participation and democracy in real
life particularly for women and the poor. more or less the same objective. Active In CWSH the community is actively
This method is not too much different community involvement is a coercive factor involved and plays a role in decision mak-
from CWSH (Community Water Services in order that everyone feels to belong to ing, planning and implementation of vil-
and Health) Project is doing. In Sanimas and therefore is responsible to sustain the lage level activity and in supervising the use
(Sanitation by the Community) the appli- project's effectiveness. of the existing resources. In Proair, the
cation of RPA (Rapid Participatory German government grant funded project
Assessments) is considered effective in a How far is community involve- the community involvement also requires,
rapid and systematic manner the identifi- ment? additionally, in cash and in kind contribu-
cation of sanitation problems and issues Each activity or project puts the com- tion including labour.
and the community willingness for their munity as the leading actor. This is evi- WSLIC-2 CPMU Imam Syahbandi
resolution on their own. denced for instance in Sanimas, the com- says that WSLIC-2 project target is an
While in the ProAir program the munity involvement is the dominant factor empowered grassroot community who is
emphasis it is put on demand responsive- so that without community involvement willing to actively participate so that the
ness approach which is open for all com- there is no community sanitation. "In development is from and driven by the
ponents of the community with special Sanimas, community empowerment repre- community. "The community develops
attention to women as community moti- sents 70 percent of the activity," says Emah, the idea, plan, implementation activity,
vator (participatory approach) and the a Dept. Public Work officer responsible for use and maintain, and is committed to
community as the leading actor. Sanimas day to day activity. the decision made so that everyone
The methods are basically directed to belongs to the development and thus the
6 Percik
July 2007

9. M A I N F E AT U R E
sustainability is achieved," he says. ty level or some other locally suitable method. In addition it is
In CWSH the target is to build community self reliance, self necessary to establish an inter-agency coordination particularly
conscience and responsibility. "It is expected the community is when it comes to budget requirement and post project sustain-
capable of managing hygiene behaviour, prevention of diseases, abiliy for program replication (exit strategy).
protect water source and environment, development of water Lack of field facilitators' dedication who are the spearheads
supply and sanitation," says Mrs. Pimanih, of CWSH Planning of the empowerment, is a barrier in Sanimas. Emah admits that
and Financial section. empowerment is never easy, it is even a difficult task if it is done
As for ProAir, considering the relatively big investment without the heart and if not understood well.
involved for its construction, the community empowerment is With ProAir, the barrier lies with the target setting and fiscal
targeted to sustainability of the water supply and sanitation year. "Besides, the collection of in cash contribution takes a
facility. We may sum up from the above discussion that commu- longer time because the amount of fund for physical cxonstruc-
nity empowerment is targeted to a strong community that is evi- tion is relatively big therefore the community in cash contribu-
denced from its willingness to actively participate and involve tion is also big," explains Ir. Deni Mulyana, Mkes. ProAir exec
towards achieving sustainability. secretary. The hard work of the field facilitators , according to
Deni, becomes the concrete solution.
Barriers and Solution While according to Pimanih, more intimately called Upi, it is
According to Imam the classic reason for community difficult to change the government employees's way of thinking,
empowerment failure is poor economic condition and communi- is the barrier in CWSH. "They have been patterned to project
ties are highly different one from the other. The worst of all, he orientation, always consider the the poor is helpless, lack of edu-
said further, the marketing to the involved sector for the adop- cation therefore knows nothing. It is not too difficult to accept
tion and replication of approach. "Probably all of us are aware the new paradigm but it is extremely difficult to unleash the old
that community empowerment based activity is more realistic habit,"says Upi. For this CWSH developed a way to overcome it
and beneficial, but when it comes to marketing the idea to obtain through capacity improvement of the employees in facilitation
public funding, APBD (regional budget) and or APBN (national and empowerment approach through relevant trainings and
budget), for post project activity continuation one can be sure study visits to successful community based empowerment pro-
that it is not at all an easy thing to do. Therefore, one of the bar- jects.
riers in the near future is the exit strategy," revealed Imam.
He tries to overcome it through provision of facilitator coun- Indicator of Success
terpart, by cross sector teamwork or by a consultant to build For WSLIC-2 project the indicator of success is sustainable
community preparedness, through repeat meeting at communi- community self reliance. How to sustain empowerment and
community participation is, according to Imam, provision of
more authority to the community in development management,
development of reward system, and establishment of two-way
communication with the government to discuss development
progress.
Proair determines it through the number of facilities deve-
loped run by an established management team and the presence
of institutional and policy support. Emah strongly emphasizes
the need for criteria for measuring the level of achievement of
community empowerment. "The achievement does not only
come in the form of physical construction, but it is more its sus-
tainable function of the facility developed through community
activity and creativity," she says firmly.
And for CWSH, empowerment achievement is considered
successful if the community is capable of identifying, analysing
and propose solution to their problem and help themselves, self
confident and responsible to create a sustainable health devel-
A group of villagers are seriously discussing their village opment process. Bowo Leksono
hygiene program. Photo: Istimewa
Percik
July 2007 7

10. I N T E RV I E W
Dr. Pungky Sumadi
Director of Poverty Alleviation Bappenas
MAKING COMMUNITY
THE LEADING ACTOR
Community empowerment programs have been tried since
the time of the New Order. There are many aspects that must
be ironed out and improved in order to reach the real commu-
nity self-reliance. Community empowerment definition has
shifted into human resources capacity to solve his problems.
Through the National Program for Community Empowerment
(NPCE) launched barely one year ago it is expected to serve as
coordinating body for community empowerment related programs.
How the national program is brought into implementation
and how effective is it to the community? The following is an
interview made by Percik with Dr. Pungky Sumardi, Director of
Poverty Reduction, Bappenas, held in his office.
W hat is the background of the National Program
for Community Empowerment?
Early May 2006, the Coordinating Ministers of Social
Welfare and Economic and Industry invited us together with the
World Bank to sit together and discussed the performance of
Kecamatan Development Program (KDP) and the possibility of
expanding it to cover the whole Indonesia. In the beginning I Foto: Bowo Leksono
was surprised, why was it they only knew about KDP while there
are many other programs such as Urban Poverty Reduction After it was agreed, what happened then?
Program (UPRP), and others. There are 19 ministries and This means we have to work extra hard. There must be a
national institutions managing a total of 56 community empow- minimum standard within which the programs work though this
erment based programs. does not mean uniformity. This demands extra cautiousness in
Then I spoke about real situation. In 2007 KDP is nearing formulating NPCE design. After data collection and assessment
completion and UPRP will run through 2010 for the whole coun- of the existing programs it was concluded that there a number of
try. I also proposed that from now on we must start phase by the programs are ineffective. This may not continue that way
phase beginning from preparing the institution first. and for this reason NPCE is designed to serve as umbrella and
It was agreed that in 2007 KDP and UPRP are expanded to coordinator so that all empowerment programs could work
cover 2800 kecamatans and in 2800 to 3800 kecamatans and effectively and efficiently.
later all kecamatans in 2009. But I also proposed that 2009 is Through empowerment program it is expected that the com-
only two years from now we won't be able to make it because the munity will participate actively and access to basic infrastruc-
availability of direct community subsidy is quite limited. I ture and the small scale production economy. The key is to
suggested that this be extended up to 2015 because at that time make community of organizing themselves then they can devel-
Indonesia must announce the MDGs target achievement. It was op any activity and work on any sector as they may wish. This is
agreed. NPCE's real intention.
8 Percik
July 2007

11. I N T E RV I E W
What is the real purpose of NPCE? related to NPCE. We give freedom to the community to choose
It is obvious that we have to put the 56 programs into order who is the poorest among them. If we work based on BPS data,
so the community may participate more actively in their effort to the tendency is individual target. Therefore, the approach must
improve their daily life or in the development activity and also as be based on community, we provide them with guidelines who
partner to the regional government. should be selected as benefiaciary and target. We have to see to
it that the purpose is to bring the community closer to the basic
What is the underlying principle? infrastructure and the rolling economy. In other words, the tar-
The establishment of transparency, democracy practice in get is up to the community to choose. They have the freedom to
community group election, accountability, help each other decide.
among community members based on voluntary principle,
equality principle in practice. These are the principles we wish What aspects are to be dealt with?
to establish. It is mainly aimed at infrastructure and economic activity
based on rolling fund credit scheme. If we really want to reduce
Community empowerment in this connection, what poverty, the most obvious is through an economic activity i.e.
does it look like? increasing income through employment generation. In this case
What we consider empowered community is when it is capa- infrastructure and small scale economy together serve as the
ble of identifying its own problem and capable of proposing main entrance. However, poverty cannot be dealth with merely
alternative solution through setting the priorities. The decision from the economic aspect. Social aspect such as education and
must be in their hands. If they are given opportunity to make health is also poverty indicator. Each one supports the other.
their own decision, the effect will be overwhelming. This is what
we call the essence of community empowerment, making the What are the barrriers currently in view?
community the leading actor. It is clear that we are under time pressure and short of per-
sonnel to launch a stronger socialization schedule to both cen-
In what way will it be implemented? tral and regional level officers, this is because we are still being
At least the pure NPCE is categorized as PPK and P2KP and tied with the NPCE design completion. The guidelines are
this year the SPADA is ongoing, similar to PPK but specially already completed and are now waiting for further inputs to
designed for conflict, backward and isolated areas. In 2008 make them final.
Regional Infrastructure for Socio-economic (RISE) program is Another problem is there are many who think we are a kind
prepared for implementation. This also will become an NPCE of agent. While in real fact is, the implementation will be in the
core program. hands of the involved Department. There are also who think
Next year, we invite other programs to implement their that NPCE will take somebody's share. The actual intention is
activities within the NPCE areas gradually through the guidance that we need cooperation to build a better coordination so that
and coordination we are developing. This is the consequence of all programs may run more effectively.
programs being tagged with community empowerment label. The above still does not count the probable regional eco-
nomic condition from financial management inefficiency. The
The targets? regional government spend more money for office grandeur and
There are two aspects in the context of poverty reduction comfort rather than public service.
The solution?
This again stresses the need of an effective communication
and socialization strategy. We are now working together with
Depkominfo in formulating the strategy design so that the grass-
root level facilitator has the same understanding of what is being
transmitted to the community. Besides, monitoring and evalua-
tion is another tool for overcoming the barriers.
So what are the targets?
By 2015 in terms of development the Indonesian community
has increased into a better position. They exercise their right to
improve themselves, they are participative, they have courage to
speak before their government and make the regional govern-
ment more sensitive to public service. Bowo Leksono
Photo: Bowo Leksono
Percik
July 2007 9

12. I N T E RV I E W
Nina Sidle Unsulangi
A FARMER DOESN'T HAVE
TO BE VILLAGER WITH
VAST TRACT OF LAND
Photo: Bowo Leksono
Indeed, it is not easy to make the community understand remain consistent with environmental education. It is quite
the meaning of caring and being part of the environment. It appropriate that at the Jakarta 474th Birthday the Provincial
takes a long time to introduce such an idea even to your imme- Government selected the home of this 70 years old lady the
diate neighbour. It takes a lot of sacrifice and high sense of Winner of Residential House Arrangement. The 25 sq metre
social responsibility. And Nina Sidle Unsulangi together with ground floor 3 storey house is adorned with more than 100
the surrounding community have proven this social dedication. species of medicinal herbs and flower plants arranged nicely at
The mother of three children and seven grandchildren every space and corner. Percik visited her home at Jl.
working hand in hand with the waste management pioneer Banjarsari No. 13 RT05 RW09, Fatmawati, W, Cilandak, S.
Madam Bambang "the waste" Wahono have strongly determined Jakarta.
to make this small part of this Beloved Jakarta green and to The following are the excerpts.
W hen did you move into
Jakarta?
I moved from Bandung to Jakarta in
we have 40 presently, some of them are
men. The core team consists of 7 mem-
bers including myself.
Starting from oneself to the smallest unit,
i.e the family, how to live in healthy home
and free from waste to keep diseases
1973. At that time, this neighbourhood In 1987 UNESCO provided us with away. Free from waste is by itself a pollu-
was quite messy. Turning it into a green training on waste management and envi- tion prevention in addition to environ-
leafy surrounding was then unthinkable. ronmental regreening. The institution mental regreening which is done through
But something did happen and it started did not come with financial assistance, it learning nursery preparation and plant
from RT level meeting in which 23 fami- came with education. And we are very maintenance.
lies got together. Together we made pleased with it. Both UNESCO and the
available empty drums to serve as government never give us financial assis- You also work on scavengers'
garbage bins and we started flower plant- tance they help us with education and improvement?
ing. Gradually the area began to look training. We bought all the plants from Yes, and that is not easy because of
beautiful because we put flower plants our own money. After some time the their low education level and economic
along the road for all of us to take care of. result became obvious, visitors from difficulty. We have to use more feeling.
Then some time around 1982 I joined other areas of Jakarta and the surround- Such as slowly building their awareness
Madam Bambang who lives in the neigh- ing regions began flowing in. Then also that scavengers are also Indonesian citi-
bouring RT. I received a lot of guidance from other areas, even from abroad for zens with the same rights and responsi-
from her. By chance both of us have the sharing of experience. bilites as the others, rich or poor. If you
same interest and ideal, therefore we can feel that you are Indonesian citizen you
get along nicely together up to now. What aspect of empowerment must also assume reponsibility towards
Together we organized a Farmers' Group are you aiming at? this land. I also motivate them to plan for
named Dahlia. From around 20 mem- Many. The essence is how to live a a change so as not to be a scavenger all
bers the number gradually increases till hygienic life through selfhelp effort. their life. Not only that, I also teach pre-
10 Percik
July 2007

13. I N T E RV I E W
school and primary school children.
Is there any special method in educating children?
Of course. As we all know children are still plain and inno-
cent, of course it needs a specific method in educating them.
They are generally of 5 to 8 years old. We must use a lot of exam-
ples to make them understand. For instance, what time do you
wake up in the morning? At half past five! Oh, then it is the time
when the buftterfly flower begins to bloom. This, at the same
time, is teaching them the name of a flower and its equivalent
English and Latin names. Learning while playing. Then we sing
together. Then they would say: "Grandma, please pray for us so
that we love our environment." This is like one year's hot days
being quenched with a one day's rain.
Outside Jakarta what other regions do the partici-
pants come from?
From all over the country. Around Jakarta such as
Tangerang, Bekasi to Bandung, Cimahi, Subang and the eastern
regions such as Gorontalo, Makassar, and others. If there are
many participants, they usually invite us to come. What we used
to pioneer is now no more for us alone, it now belongs to every-
one, to all Indonesian communities.
We realize that some of our training participants are not suc-
cessful in their home town. There are so many reasons for this,
one of them is if a participant represents the upper middle class.
Generally this class considers that city cleaning or waste man-
agement is none of our business. That is the government's. Let Nina Sidle Unsulangi in front of her tree shaded house at
Jl. Banjarsari, Cilandak Barat, South Jakarta. Photo: Bowo Leksono
them do their job. That what they think it is, so they wait for the
government to do the job.
What visitors or tourists would be willing to visit our city? If our doesn't have to be living in a rural village and work on a big tract
environment is dirty. How could we make spend their money if the of land. What can we do if we have only a small piece of land?
environment is not comfortable for them? The rich and the low We must be creative. Most important of all is that we must have wi-
income population each has a different way of thinking. The latter is llingness to try, and work hard, since without it we are nothing.
more readily to being influenced and easily handled. We can plant flowers and other ornamental plants. With a
capital of less than Rp 5,000 we already have a plant together
What are the constraints in the implementation of with its pot. If we rent it to an office or to a festive we can col-
the education? lect Rp 10,000. Some pots we may resell at profit. In short there
Many. In terms of age of the participants, one who is 40 is some revenue that may add to family income. In the end
years and above is more difficult to learn than young people of many housewives are attracted to join the movement.
20 years or below. Some young participants are also difficult if
they come here on behalf of the government or NGO and thus How do you maintain the momentum?
they attend the training partly as being forced to and therefore We have to continuously do community approach, implant
they behave more or less like a tourist. And there is also a prob- better knowledge and build empowerment. We hold a monthly
lem derived from economic condition. Most of the participants revolving program on waste (arisan sampah) to tie closer rela-
are housewives coming from low income bracket. There glitters tionship and information sharing among ourselves. Everything
from here a ray of hope that the women may produce an addi- is done in transparent manner, no discrimination between the
tional income for the family, however small it may seem. A fa- rich and the poor including the scavengers.
mily will certainly needs sugar, coffee, rice, gas fuel, and so on. It might not be 100 percent successful, but at least we are try-
The would try their best to help their husband by earning some- ing our best to make the community care the environment. As
thing. This is welfare in real life. long as we are healthy we are going to do our best conducting
How could we make it into a reality? By being a farmer. This regeneration so that Jakarta and Indonesia will become green
is a sort of awareness we build to city dwellers, being a farmer and comfortable to live in. Bowo Leksono
Percik
July 2007 11

14. R E G U L AT I O N
WATER SUPPLY
PROVISION SYSTEM
Pursuant to Government Regulation No. 16 of 2005
Photo: Exclusive
P
ursuant to article 40 of Law No.7 of 2004 on Water tion unit, service unit, and treatment facility. For its implemen-
Resources, the central and regional governments are tation, the WSPS is divided into two parts namely piping and
mandated to take care of the water supply system deve- non piping networks.
lopment. This is intended to guarantee the availability of raw
water for household water supply. To enable the government Raw water as an important component
effectively carry out the responsibility it is necessary to develop Raw water regulation is basically intended to support water
a regulation as guidance in the water supply provision manage- resources conservation. This is important considering many
ment. It is for this purpose the government put into effect a go- areas including Jakarta are beginning to suffer from raw water
vernment regulation No. 16 of 2005 on Water Supply Provision shortage. Based on this regulation the central and regional go-
System (WSPS) for the purpose of provision of water supply to vernment may arrange an inter-regional cooperation for efficient
the public at an acceptable quality and price rate. In addition, raw water management. Since the availability of raw water is
the WSPS regulation is also intended to develop a balanced of essential in WSPS development, this regulation makes a strong
the provider's and the consumers' interest, and to enhance emphasis on water source conservation. For this purpose the
impovement in efficiency and service coverage. regulation is directed towards an integrated water supply and
The government enacts regulation in consideration of vari- sanitation, wastewater and solid waste management. It must
ous related aspects to keep WSPS development on track. This always be born in mind is that sanitation development must be
regulation reflects that WSPS development is governed by five oriented to the demand of the poor and areas vulnerable to
different aspects, namely raw water, production unit, distribu- water shortage, improvement of community health condition,
12 Percik
July 2007

15. R E G U L AT I O N
fulfillment of minimum standard of serv-
ice, and prevention of negative social
impact.
This government regulation is direct-
ed to a WSPS development that goes
together with sanitation development
that may at least be implemented in each
phase both in master as well as in imple-
mentation plans. For this purpose, the
regional government may establish an
inter-regional coordination.
The national policy and strategy for
WSPS development is formulated and
made effective by the government in con-
sideration of the national policy for water
resources and other related sectors. As
for the master plan which is part of WSPS
development plan, is developed by the
government or regional government
whereas a master plan involving across
the boundary resources is determined by
the provincial government in coordina-
tion with the related regions. If it
Piping system of a water treatment installation. Photo: Exclusive
involves inter-provicial areas the plan is
determined by the related Minister in
coordination with the involved provinces.
Water tariff charged to management by the provider. The tariff
A master plan consists of at least a is calculated based on fairness and capa-
general plan, network plan, development
the customers (mainly house-
city of payment, taking into consideration
plan and activities, service standards and hold) represents the service fee
the principles of cost recovery, water use
criteria, raw water allocation plan, inte- for water supply and wastewater
efficiency, transparancy and accountabi-
gratedness with sanitation, financing management by lity, and raw water source conservation.
hints and investment policy, and institu- the provider. With a permit from the central or
tional development plan. Beside the mas- regional government a specifically incor-
ter plan, WSPS development would WSPS. DSB-WSPS is a non structural porated cooperative, a private corpora-
require a detailed feasibility study and body established by and is directly tion and/or a community group may act
technical design. responsible to the Minister. Its member- as WSPS provider to serve a particular
Public WSPS service is provided by a ship consists of representatives from the locality in which a public utility service
utility public company specifically esta- government, the service provider and the does not reach the area. This is done in
blished for this purpose. If the public community. In terms of funding for consideration on the one hand of the
utility fails to improve service then the WSPS development including construc- regional government responsibility in
supervisor may decide to invite the tion, expansion and physical (technical) WSPS management, and on the other the
involvement of cooperative, private com- and non physical system improvement government obligation to improve the
pany, and/or community group in the may come from different sources inclu- capacity of the cooperative, and the pri-
said WSPS management. ding the central and or regional govern- vate corporation/community group in
ment, public company, cooperative, pri- terms of standard setting, guidelines,
Community Involvement in WSPS vate corporation, community, and others. manual and facilitation, supervision and
As a regulatory instrument it is con- Water tariff charged to the customers training. This requirement is also good
sidered necessary to establish a (mainly household) represents the serv- for utility company and the regional go-
Development Support Body (DSB) for ice fee for water supply and wastewater vernment. Afif
Percik
July 2007 13

16. INSIGHT
myths and taboos. This is intended to
conserve forests and protect every water
source. They were aware that someday
fresh water from the forests will dry up
unless the forests are well protected and
wisely managed.
Today, illegal logging, mining, and
land clearing for new settlements are con-
ducted carelessly, this leads to the
decrease of fresh water availability. The
application of hi-tech from the West on
the pretext of modernization has weak-
ened the pivotal joints of local wisdom.
The harmony of human and nature rela-
tionship in terms of forest and water
resources management ceased to be
revered.
The Indonesian community is cur-
rently undergoing a drastic behavioural
change, they do away with the old forest
and water resources management tradi-
tion because it is considered primitive
and against modernization. The commu-
nity is uses water as it pleases, as if water
is always available and never dries. The
community lacks awareness that fresh
water source is quite limited, while the
demand for it continuously increases
along with the population growth. Water
sources are no longer protected against
pollution, quite often they are even co-
vered by various kinds of building. If this
tendency is let to continue without any
COMMUNAL WATER preventive measure being undertaken
then Indonesia will suffer from water
scarcity.
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF Demand for Water and the Role of
Forest
KAMPUNG NAGA Water is the core substance and civi-
lization of the world. Unfortunately, this
most valuable resource is presently under
a serious threat. Although two thirds of
Oleh: Raditya Permana, S.H., M.Hum
the earth's surface is covered with water
yet we are now in danger of water scarci-
I
n the past Indonesia is known as a water container. Rainwater is absorbed ty. In all cases the story of water scarcity
nation rich in fresh water. The by the forest to be released as water is the recital about greed, careless tech-
expanse of the country is covered springs to feed rivers and lakes. Our nology, and sucking water in exceed of
with thick forest which serves as fresh ancestors have for centuries created the nature's capacity. Water availability
14 Percik
July 2007
Percik
Juli 2007 14

17. INSIGHT
of an ecosystem depends on the climate, physiography, vegeta- supervision because it must be sustained and be kept from being
tion and geology of a particular location. In all the aspects mo- adulterated from any external influence.
dern man has disturbed the earth and destroyed its capacity to The sacred area consists of a small hill located to the west of
receive, absorb, and contain water. Forest denudation and mi- the settlement area. The first part of the hill is covered with
ning in forest areas destroy soil capacity to absorb and retain small restricted forest where old trees grow and represents the
water. Monoculture crop and sylvian cover makes the ecosystem burial ground of their ancestors. Beside the restricted forest the
dry. Increased consumption of fuel oil causes air pollution and area is also covered with old trees, mostly of hundred years old
climatic change becomes the main causes of flood, tsunami, and is called cover forest. The cover forest grown by a wide variety
recurrent drought. Forest is a natural dam with is absorption and of biodiversity species serves as environmental chain that influ-
water retention capacity and releases it slowly into water springs ences the micro climate, and at the same time as source of liveli-
and rivulets. Forest cutting and monoculture plantation makes hood.
water disappear and disrupts soil capacity to conserve water. 2) Clean area, is the com-
Before the Green Revolution, ground water can be obtained munity settlement
through traditional conservation irrigation technology.
However, the renewable human and animal driven technologies
are considered inefficient. These technologies are then substi-
tuted with engine driven and electric pumps to draw water
faster than nature's capacity to replenish ground-
water reserve (Vandana Shiva, 2002:1-3).
The Community of
Kampung Naga
In the midst of
swiftly flowing
modernization cur-
rent, it would be
commendable that
we look back into area. The buildings of the
the way the com- area consist of the vil-
munity manages and sustains forest lagers dwelling built
and water sources traditionally based on traditional
based on local wisdom. Kampung Sundanese architecture,
Naga is located on the hilly areas between Tasimalaya and rice barn, mosque and community hall.
Garut. The area where the villagers build their house is sur- 3) Dirty area, is the area located in the lower elevation. This
rounded terraced rice field and forest cover. A portion of the area is located along the river Ciwulan which is also the border-
area is used for pond that serves as reservoir and fish culture. line of Kampung Naga with other villages. The buildings in dirty
From the ecological point of view this pattern follows the typical area are basically the complementary buildings, simple and
Sundanese village. In such pattern there are 3 elements each made of materials taken from the surroundings. They are water
supporting the other to meet the daily requirement of the com- spouts for bathing and washing and other purposes, animal
munity. These are a house to live in, water source, and garden houses, saung lisung, and fish ponds (Her Suganda, 2006:26-
including a pond for fish culture. Since the housing forms a clus- 28).
ter within a prearranged location, the land use and spatial plan-
ning is made clear in accordance with the principle of efficiency Water Management System
while taking into consideration the ecological factors for main- The ancestors of Kampung Naga community inherited the
taining environmental balance. traditional water channeling technology from generation to the
If we look into it more closely, the land utilization pattern at next. The younger generation improves the technology he just
Kampung Naga is divided into 3 categories: learned from his father. In terms of natural resources manage-
1) Sacred area, is restricted area where only certain individ- ment the system is always related to natural sustainability and
uals are allowed to enter. This area is put under the community environmental balance. The close linkage and causal inter-rela-
Percik
July 2007 15

18. INSIGHT
tionship between the macro cosmic (the universe) and micro nature wisely and sustainably. This is all
cosmic (human being) lies the wisdom of keeping the balance being done under the principle
between human being and the environment (Kusnaka of maintaining harmony
Adimihardja, 2004:6-7). with the surrounding
Water for Kampung Naga is supplied from two sources environment
brought in through bamboo pipe conveyance system. Water (Adry
directly tapped from is used for drinking and cooking. Some of
the surface water flowing into the rice fields is diverted
through filtering ponds into water tanks for
wudhu (ablution before prayer) and
MCK (bathing, washing and sanita- Paddma
tion). ea., 2001:17).
Beside for fish culture a pond A pond has a mul-
serves as natural septic tank to settle tiple of purposes such
down human waste. Waste water wastewater receiver and it is
from MCK activities drains out into also a place for fish cultivation. In a
the pond. The pond is fed with the corner of a pond stands a saung lisung a
same surface water as for the MCK hut without wall where two mortars are placed
but without filtering. (Adry Padma for pounding rice. Long mortars are used to pound
e.a., 2001:16). rice right from the infloresence to produce husked rice. After
Placement of saung lisung (mortar house for pounding rice) that the rice is pound in a smaller mortar using a pestle. To pro-
at the edge of fish pond rice bran and human waste from MCK duce high quality rice sometimes it is pound again to remove the
can directly wash down into the pond as fish feed. Fish is for bran. This bran, locally called bekatul, is made into pellet for fish
human consumption, thus this simple method - one that is not (Her Suganda, 2006: 28).
inferior to the present day technology- makes a recycle process The various restrictions and taboos for anyone to enter the
complete. To maintain its existence, the community always sees forest is the main contributor to forest conservation in Kampung
to it that natural resources are used without damaging them. Naga, thus maintaining the water sources. The community obe-
Through the combination of knowledge and simple technology, dience and consistency in keeping the ancestor's tradition has
and with care to natural resources, the community exploits proven that they could stand the grinding wheel of moderniza-
tion.
Kampung Naga's wisdom in forest and water management
deserve commend for imitation and expansion. To the people of
Kampung Naga water is communal property that must be ma-
naged communally, this is intended to make everyone gets a fair
allocation of water. The community realizes that water is vital
for human survival therefore it must be managed and used effec-
tively.
REFERENCES:
- Adry Padma ea., Kampung Naga;
Settlement inherited from great-grandparents, Foris, Bandung, 2001.
- Her Suganda, Kampung Naga;
Maintaining Tradition, Kiblat, Bandung, 2006.
- Maude Barlow and Tony Clarke, Blue Gold;
Robbery and Commercialization of Water Resources,
Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 2005.
- Vandana Shiva, Water Wars;
Privatization, Profit and Pollution, Insist Press, Yogyakarta, 2002.
Source of drawings:
Andy Padma, ea. Kampung Naga;
Settlement inherited from great-grandparents, Foris,
Bandung, 2001, p.16.
16 Percik
July 2007

19. INSIGHT
THE COMMUNITY'S MOST
SUITABLE LATRINE TECHNOLOGY
Oleh: Alma Arief
Cases in several villages
Most of the latrine types being developed up to now
absolutely demand water availability, so that in certain areas
where water is wanting the requirement is difficult to apply. On
the other hand, if the community is given free hand to develop
one in accordance with the local environment, they do not have
enough knowledge to build a hygienic model.
In Kabupaten Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS) of NTT Province,
many of the population live in the hills while water source is
located far downhill. This kind of area is susceptible to diar-
rhoea disease. To take water from a distant place, they use 5 litre
jerrycans. In one day a family of 5 to 7 consumes around 25
litres of water, whereas the normal per capita consumption is 30
to 40 litres in one day. Twenty five litres of water is only enough
for cooking and dishwashing. What about bathing?
They have more or less similar condition in Kabupatens E.
Flores, Sikka and Ende. With the application of historical time-
line method we can draw the general picture how they get water
and their daily consumption rate. A transect walk to assess the
water supply and sanitation facilities makes it clear that in ge-
neral the most sensitive point is their sanitation that remains a
poor condition and if we push them to build one the result would
not be hygienic.
In a number of villages of Tamburi, East Sumba where
UNICEF once provided latrine development assistance, the
A CLTS triggered non subsidized latrine built by the community. facilities are left unattended while their number shrinks from 20
Photo: Exclusive down to 10. While in West as well as Central Java with a tradi-
tion of building fish pond they build a latrine on the pond to feed
their fish. It is equally difficult for them to build a toilet with
septic tank. Even, a pond owner of Kabupaten Banjarnegara, C.
T
o change the community's habit and viewpoint is never Java, is willing to pay for someone to defecate on his latrine built
an easy task. Experience tells us that through a transect on his pond.
walk on basic sanitation (latrine) indicates that certain There are various local conditions that must be taken into
type of latrine is not suitable to the socio-cultural and environ- consideration. How a locally adaptable latrine should be
mental condition of a locality. Various different package models designed to meet hygiene requirement.
were introduced and constructed, many of them only end up to
monuments, left unattended and the community is reluctant to CLTS Model
use them. While the Kamal Khar model, one that is called This model was initially developed by Kamal Khar through
Community Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) in which the communi- abstraction of several principles such as relying on community
ty designs and builds its own facility without any external input, active participation, freedom from external subsidy, social soli-
though in some areas particularly those with critical water con- darity, and community pride as motivational element. This
dition some adjustments needs also be done. What kind of model is applicable in several areas with amazing results. In a
latrine is the most suitable and acceptable to a community? short while the community is able to build their own latrine,
Percik
July 2007 17

20. INSIGHT
A communal WC at Pondok Pesantren (Religious School) Al Falah In Kabupaten Pamekasan. Photo: Oswar Mungkasa
willing to change the habit of open defecation, and a vast deve- The problem is whether the ecosan model can be replicated
lopment growth. Within the span of months, villagers have built in dry and vulnerable to water shortage areas. Whether the com-
latrines and are free from defecation in the open. This model munity is willing to change opinion from urine and faeces that
has been successfully developed in Kabupatens of Sambas (W. used to be considered as waste into a resource. To change an
Kalimantan), Muara Bungo (Jambi), Bogor (W. Java), opinion needs explanation from those who really understand it.
Pandeglang (Banten), Lombok Barat (NTB) and others. All the
regions developing CLTS are practically without water shortage Near Ecosan Model
problem so that any model of whether goose neck, or any other In several aspects particularly as they relate to chain process-
latrine model is no problem. The latrine can be used without es a latrine suspended above fishpond or built in-house but
emitting unpleasant odour so that the user feels comfortable. directly flushed into fishpond are basically similar to ecosan.
The principle is reusing waste material to feed fish culture.
Ecosan Model for Water Vulnerable Areas What makes it different from ecosan is that in this case there is
The purely ecosan type of latrines was developed in China no preprocessing before the reuse. The ecosan product is
and was later given a warm welcome. In addition to its being obtained from drying and composting into economically valu-
environmentally friendly for not polluting and causing adverse able farm manure, while in case of a fishpond suspended latrine
effect to the environment this model is also hygienic. Besides, the product is directly fed to the fish.
this model is also successful to change the notion of what used to However, the fishpond suspended or in-house built directly
be considered as waste. flushed into fishpond latrine cannot be considered an environ-
Ecosan technology is basically divided into several compo- mentally friendly technology. Disposing directly into a pond
nents, namely separation of urine from faeces each into a sepa- leads to surface water of pond, river, lakes etc. polluted with
rate container, using urine for farm manure, spreading ash over Essecheria coli (e. coli) bacteria, the main cause of diarrhoea.
the faeces for drying and composting and utilization of faecal If after an assessment the communiy is really willing to apply
compost for farm manure. The manure both of urine and faeces ecosan model for areas vulnerable to water scarcity, what we
contains high nitrogen content which is quite useful to plant need to do is to prepare a simple technology design so that the
growth. Spreading ash to the faeces makes it free from pathogen community is capable to develop, operate and maintain.
mirobes so that it is now safe for application for agricultural pur- * WASPOLA Consultant
poses.
18 Percik
July 2007

21. INSIGHT
GLOBAL
WARMING
Oleh: Imam M
G
lobal warming is not a purely natural phenomenon
independent of human intervention. Since the inven-
tion of steam engine in the eighteenth century the
growth of industries using coal and oil fulled engines one cannot
deny that it was the beginning of global warming. Therefore,
with respect to global warming, human is the major variable.
This can be seen from data published by World Wildlife Fund
(WWF) at the end of the twentieth century about the role of
engines. Carbondioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitraoxide
(N2O) contribute the major industrial gas emission, at 36 per-
cent. These gases are emitted from coal generated power plants
and oil refineries. Then follow transportation sector at 27 per-
cent and other industries 21 percent.
Power plant releases twice the amount of energy into the
atmosphere relative to what it generates. Coal generated power
plant uses 100, produces 35 and releases 65 units of energy into
the environment. Therefore a 1,000 MW power plant releases
5.6 million tonnes of carbondioxide gas into the atmosphere.
In the meantime, a car engine that consumes 7.8 litres per
100 km and travels 16 thousand km per year releases 3 tonnes of
carbondioxide gas into the air. One can imagine Jakarta with
more than 4 millions vehicles, how many tonnes is CO2 gas
emission within one year?
Methane and Waste Disposal
A chimney of manufacturing plant is one of the major contribu-
Although carbondioxide is considered the major contributor tors to the global warming phenomenon. Photo: Bowo Leksono
to global warming, the most dangerous component is methane
gas. Methane is 23 times stronger than carbondioxide. The
main sources of methane are marsh areas, final waste disposal
(TPA), natural gas mining field, and burning of biomass. In con- in 2000 it increases to 1.0 kg, in 2020 it is estimated to reach 2.1
nection with waste, metyhane gas is produced from anaerobic kg per person per day. Under the above principle the final oper-
waste decomposisiton in waste disposal sites. ation in waste management ends with disposal in the TPA. In
Waste management in Indonesian cities is operated under the TPA is dumped in an open pit in disregard of sanitation
the principle of collect, transport and dispose. Along with popu- aspect. As a consequence, the growth of a number of environ-
lation growth and increased activities, the quantity of waste dis- mentally related problems, such as air- and groundwater pollu-
posed is also increasing. It is estimated that in 2020 waste piles tion, breeding ground of contagious diseases, etc.
will grow fivefold from its size today. If in 1995 the average Today there are somewhere around 450 TPAs which nota
waste disposed by urban population is 0.8 kg per capita per day, bene are the sources of methane gas emission. As an example,
Percik
July 2007 19