Published by Indonesia Water and Sanitation Working Group. First edition in August 2003

2. Information Media for Water Supply and
Environmental Sanitation
From the Editor 1
Published by: Your Voice 2
Water Supply and Sanitation
Working Group Main Feature
Why NSC is necessary? 3
Advisor:
Director General for Human Settlement, Interview
Department of Public Works
Deputy for Infrastructure Development Bappenas
Board of Trustee: Dr. Ir. Dedy Supriadi Priatna 8
Director of Settlement and Housing,
National Development Planning Agency Regulation
Director of Water and Sanitation,
Governmnet Regulation No. 38/2007 on Distribution of Government
Ministry of Health
Director of Water Supply Development, Affairs management between National, Provincial, and
Department of Public Works
Director of Natural Resources and Kabupaten/Kota Governments 11
Appropriate Technology, Director General Insight
on Village and Community Empowerment,
Department of Home Affairs Sanitation as Common Responsibility 13
Director for Facilitation of Special Planning
In anticipation of Conference on Climate change 15
Environment Management,
Department of Home Affairs Perspectives of WSS Network Management 19
Chief Editor: Lessons Learned from Water Supply and Household
Oswar Mungkasa Latrine Development 22
Board of Editor: Our Guest
Zaenal Nampira,
H. Bambang Murtiyoso on Wayang Story 26
Indar Parawansa,
Bambang Purwanto Reportase
Editor: Learning a lesson from Tanjung Tiga Village 28
Maraita Listyasari, Rheidda Pramudhy, Water Supply management in two villages 30
Raymond Marpaung, Dyota Condrorini
Mirror
Design/Illustrator:
WSS Developmnet in Kabupaten Boalemo 32
Rudi Kosasih
Around WASPOLA 33
Production:
Machrudin Around WSS 41
Program
Distribution:
Agus Syuhada Love Water Program 45
Abstract
Address:
Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat Reducing Detergent Content using clay soil 47
Phone/Fax.: 62-21-31904113
http://www.ampl.or.id IATPI Clinic 48
e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com CD Info 49
redaksi@ampl.or.id
oswar@bappenas.go.id Book Info 50
Website Info 51
Unsolicited article or opinion items
are welcome. Please send to our address WSS Bibliography 52
or e-mail. Don't forget to be brief and
accompanied by identity. Agenda
Percik magazine can be accessed through WSS website http://www.ampl.or.id

3. F R O M T H E E D I TO R
Indonesia is located in the tropic with two seasons. Dry and
wet. Each of the seasons comes alternately within a year every
year. As a blessing from God men must be thankful to Him.
It is quite unfortunate, though, that each of the two seasons
always brings us disaster. Water scarcity in dry season. Water
seems to disappear from the earth surface. Men are in difficul-
ty to find water source.
In rainy season flood is almost a certainty. Floodwater is
continuously lying in wait, it may come anytime. And Jakarta
is a place that cannot escape from the problem of flood.
Flood occurs in all the places where such disaster comes
time after time. It is also usual that land slide and strong wind
follow the rainy days. It's not infrequent that this natural phe-
nomenon also takes its tolls.
All this happens because we never realize that we have to
thank God for His blessing and behave ourselves. We fail to
protect water spring in anticipation of dry season and in the
same way we neglect environmental conservation in anticipa-
tion of wet season.
It seems that water is the source of disaster. Though essen-
tially it is not water by itself that causes us to suffer, it is the
The shallowing of Ciliwung river cause flood in rainy season.
consequence of man's carelessness. Source: Bowo Leksono.
After experiencing a relatively long dry season that causes
drought in many places, November is the time for rainy season. not yet a priority. The fact is, sanitation is given a very limited
Flood, landslide, and whirlwind take turn to threat us all. budget to allow a satisfactory development. On average the
In addtion to raw water, which is in great demand regard- kabupaten and kota annual budget allocation for sanitation
less of the season, another human basic demand is sanitation. varies between 0.5 - 1.5 percent of the total.
The availability of good raw water source does not guarantee a While the community demand to sanitation access is real
good sanitation, or vice versa. and cannot wait. It is deemed necessary to guide the commu-
Sanitation development, particularly domestic waste nity's initiative and self reliance. The Community Led Total
including human waste treatment system, is an effort that Sanitation (CLTS) and Sanimas are programs that are consid-
needs involvement of many parties, government, community ered successful and have led the community to improved
and private sector. household sanitation system.
It is for this purpose that a National Sanitation Conference It seems we have to learn something from the success made
(NSC) 2007 is to take place. This major event is discussed in by Kabupaten Muara Enim in South Sumatra. One of the vil-
Percik's main feature XX edition. This national conference is lages, namely Desa Tanjung Tiga has succeeded in motivating
scheduled for 19-20 November 2007 in Jakarta and will bear a the community to build household latrine without any subsidy.
theme "Resources Mobilization for Sanitation Development Not less interesting as it is something entirely new that WSS
Acceleration." issue is disseminated through shadow puppet show. This was
National Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007 is one of the initially mentioned during "Central Java Dalang Meeting 2007"
government efforts to build the stakeholders cooperation and held by Centra Java Regional Office of Indonesia Dalang
commitment to sanitation sector development. Association in Semarang 27 October 2007. Dalang is the nar-
In the eyes of the decision makers sanitation hopefully, will rator in a shadow puppet show. The relevant article is present-
be a priority. NSC 2007 is Indonesian preparatory step in ed in a column Around WASPOLA.
anticipation of International Year of Sanitation 2008. We are aware that what we present to you in this magazine
In this edition Percik presents you an interview with Dr. Ir. is still far from being perfect. Therefore, your comments and
Dedy Supriadi Priatna, Deputy for Infrastructure Development, suggestions for improvement are most welcome. And we hope
Bappenas particularly on the subject of NSC 2007. In his opi- this media will always become useful reference and informa-
nion sanitation has attracted the government attention, but it is tion for all of us.
Percik
October 2007 1

4. YOUR VOICE
Request for Percik Sending understood by the readers. At least two
Back Edition article to Percik pages long or equivalent to 8,000 char-
acters and of course discusses a subject
Dear Editor, Assalamu 'alaikum wr. wb. matter within the realm of what the
I'd acknowledge with thanks receipt Once I read Percik in the Regional magazine is intended for. It'd be prefer-
of Percik, which God willing will always Library. I find it quite valuable for refe- able if photographs are attached. The
be very useful. I have previously received rence in the related subject. As usual, if I article can be sent by mail or e-mail.
and kept earlier editions of Percik from read a magazine, what interest me most Please include your bank account. There
meetings in Bappenas and Tarkim in are the articles. Interesting to read, will be compensation for a published
Jakarta. But when I brought them for study, and to contribute an article too. My article. Editor
display in a Community Exhibition many question is, what are the criteria for an
visitors get so interested. If it'd be possi- article in Percik? Irregularity
ble I'd appreciate it once again that you Wassalam
be kind enough to send me back edition Astrid Meutia I may say that I am one of the loyal
of Percik for dissemination. Thank you Semarang Percik readers since its very beginning.
in advance There is a lot of useful information
Ria Ismaria Assalamu 'alaikum wr. wb derived from it. But how come that lately
the arrival time table is irregular?
Dear Ms Ria Ismaria, Dear Ms Astrid, Bintang
We would also thank you for dissem- Thank you very much for your kind Perum Islamic, Tangerang
inating the information contained in attention. Basically the criteria for an
Percik. We will do our best, God willing, article for Percik are the same with the Dear Mr. Bintang,
to send you some back numbers of general rule followed by any other mag- Thank you very much for your atten-
Percik. Please send your mail address to azine. The content should not be too aca- tion. Please apologyze for the delay in
us. Editor demical, meaning that it must be easily Percik mailing lately. There have been
some technical difficulties in the print-
ing. We hope that next time the mailing
EditorialCartoon will become timely as usual. Editor
Created by Rudi Kosasih
How long?
Just testing There aren't many magazines that
deal specifically with water supply and
what’s it like environmental sanitation. It is undeni-
able fact that there are lots we can obtain
in 2010... from this magazine. But, how long will
this publication last?
Naniek Pangestuti
Bogor
rudiKOZ
Dear Ms Naniek,
CLIMATE
Thank you very much for your
thoughtful concern. We are happy and
CHANGE proud that this magazine is useful to its
readers. Let's pray this magazine will
last a lifetime and beyond. Editor.
Percik
2 October 2007

5. M A I N F E AT U R E
WHY NSC IS
NECESSARY?
he National Sanitation Conference 2007 was initiated
T by the stakeholders who are deeply concerned about
sanitation condition in Indonesia, especially as it relates
to MDGs 2015. While according to statistics of 2006 sanitation
service coverage has increased up to 69.34 percent, the numbers
do not tell us anything about the quality of the facility, whether
it is functioning well, or is being used accordingly, whether it
meets hygiene and technical standards, etc. There is a strong
signal that the real coverage is much lower than the data indi-
cate. This is evidenced from the widespread prevalence of poor
sanitation related diseases. Similar issue also occur in other
sanitation service, i.e solid waste and drainage system of which
the coverage is also way below satisfactory level.
Several measures have been taken to answer this challenge.
In spite of sanitation development, the impact is insignificat re-
lative to the magnitude of the problem. Considering the big
demand for sanitation and on the other hand there is only limit-
ed resources available, it is deemed necessary to call for a com-
mon effort involving the government and all the existing deve-
lopment partners (community, private sector, NGO, and donor
institution).
Realizing the above fact, the government together with the
stakeholders decided to take an important step toward accelera-
tion of sanitation development. The step is the National Technology Choice in Sanitation Development. Source: ISSDP.
Sanitation Conference 2007. It is hoped that this conference will
serve as means for exchange of information, stakeholder conper- and Sanitation Development Working Group (WSS-WG). After
ation, and eventually synergy and strategic step toward sanita- a review by WSS Steering Committee, it was agreed that
tion development in Indonesia. "Resources Mobilization for Acceleration of Sanitation
Development" will promote the processes taking place during
Resources Mobilization for acceleration of sanitation the conference to translate into efforts of improving the per-
development formance of sanitation development in Indonesia.
This subtitle will be the major theme of the conference. This In this connection, WSS-WG and consultant team of
subject was summarized from a series of discussions and meet- Indonesia Sanitation Sector Development Program (ISSDP)
ings involving all of the various components of Water Supply came to an agreement that the agenda of the conference will dis-
Percik
October 2007 3

6. M A I N F E AT U R E
cuss pertinent issues including social
campaign, funding, stakeholder involve-
ment, technology choice, and institution-
al development. These are the issues gov-
erning sanitation development in
Indonesia and therefore agenda will focus
on these matters. Finally, it is expected
that the conference will come up with a
recommendation that the decision mak-
ers are willing to translate it into follow
up actions especially in the light of
improving sanitation condition of this
country.
Funding strategy
For the last 6 years since the begin-
ning of regional autonomy, the responsi-
bility for sanitation development has
been in the hands of the region. Yet the
budget allocation remains very low,
somewhere around 1 percent of the total
annual budget. In the meantime the
urban development continuously
demands for acceptable sanitation facili-
ty. Therefore there is strong plea for
more money invested to improve sanita-
tion system to cope with the urban devel- Social campaign in sanitation development. Source: ISSDP.
opment.
The general issue faced by the region for Sanitation Development" the confer- waste management combined with low
(especially kota) is the limited financial ence hopefully could come up with fresh technical capacity all are part of sanita-
capacity for all development require- ideas in digging potential funding sources tion problem in Indonesia. Sanitation is
ments, including sanitation. For this it is for sanitation development in order to no longer the concern of individual, it is a
deemed necessary to look for break- provide insight on funding sources for common issue involving the government
through to investigate potential sources investment in sanitation in accordance (central as well as regional), NGO, private
of funding for sanitation development. with the demand of city development. sector, and the community. An empow-
Pursuant to the existing rule and regula- More than that, from this discussion it is erment and facilitation scheme is
tion it is possible for inviting sanitation expected to produce outcome in the form required to improve participation and
development cooperation with higher of fiancial models for sanitation develop- involvement of all stakeholders, particu-
level of the government hierarchy, i.e ment planning in Indonesia. larly the community, in planning, opera-
provincial government and central gov- tion, and O&M of sanitation facility.
ernment. Technology choice Therefore, the regional government in
Further, sanitation system develop- Sanitation service provision will not its capacity of development agent must be
ment may be condusted by the communi- immediately solve all the existing prob- able to develop sanitation based on
ty or the provate sector. Other prossible lems. Poor septic tanks, using drainage demand responsiveness approach by way
source is loan. Through conducting a ditch for both wastewater disposal and of change in development paradigm from
group discussion on "Strategy of Funding solid waste dumping pusposes, poor solid supply driven to demand driven.
Percik
4 October 2007

7. M A I N F E AT U R E
Technology choice for sanitation provi- development, supervision of waste dis- sion. The regulatory function shall stick
sion may vary widely, from the simplest posal system, health and social impact to with the involved department or agency.
to the most sophisticated, conventional as the community, to the extent of the busi- While for operator it is necessary to name
well as inconventional. There is a close ness implication arising from its develop- the most suitable institution to run an
linkage between technology choice and ment. effective, efficient and productive for the
investment with resources capacity par- Looking at the above presentation it is community. To answer the challenge
ticularly financial and human resources necessary to have a clear definition of related to the institutional issue a group
as well as the social economic condition each agency's role and responsibility, discussion will be held in NSC covering
of the community. Insufficient resources interagency coordination, institutional the following scope:
tend to lead to on-site system develop- capacity building, and a definite decision
ment, and as resources impprove the from the regional chief of administration. Social campaign in Sanitation
development will gradually shift to off- To coordinate the various agencies Development
site system. responsible for sanitation service provi- Using river for defecation and waste
An exchange of knowledge and infor- sion a WSS-WG has been established disposal, and at the same time also source
mation in disucssion"Technology Choice from the central down to regional levels. of domestic water supply is common in
and Sanititation Development" is expect- The establishment of this Working Group Indonesia. To make it even worse one
ed to lead to a better understading toward has promoted a synergy in sanitation must also add the careless littering in the
concrete measures in mobilizing service development. It also instills each streets and public facility, so that all in all
resources. This discussion is also expect- of the departments or agencies to commit indicates how poor it is our hygiene
ed to provide inputs for the formulation itself to the decision taken collectively. behaviour, especially within the low
of national policy for utilization of appro- In connection with the need for insti- income communities. To improve
priate technology in sanitation develop- tutional capacity building it would be hygiene bahaviour we need an effective
ment. worth considering the role of regulator social campaign strategy beyond the mere
Finally, it is expected to provide direc- and operator in sanitation service provi- slogans posted in public areas.
tives for technology option in urban sani-
tation planning (medium term plan,
No. Sub Theme Scope Reference
RKPD and APBD) in the light of commu-
nity access to improved and sustainable 1. Separation of o Government mission in public service provi- o Law No.12/
sanitation service. regulator from sion 2004
operator for o Types of sanitation service under the regio- o Government
regional level nal govt responsibility Regulation
Institutional capacity building sanitation man- o Reg'l govt role and position in sanitation No. 16/2005
agement and management o Government
Sanitation development in Indonesia development o The need for separation of sanitation service Regulation
is a cross sectoral program which regulator from the operator No. 23/2005
o Political commitment needed for separation
involves the central level agencies con- of regulator from operator
o Summary and recommendation
sisting of Bappenas, and the
Departments of Public Works, Health,
2. Effectiveness of o Ideal format of public service operator o Government
Home Affairs, Finance, Industry, and public service o Relationship between service operator and Re g u l a t i o n
State Ministry for Environment. At the operator per- the regional government No. 16/2005
formance o Standard service of public service operator o Government
regional level, due to lack of standard o Tariff level and service tax
o Best practice of operator's financial ma- Re g u l a t i o n
format of regional institutional structure, nagement No. 23/2005
o Operator accountability to regional govern-
there are variations as to which agency is ment
responsible for sanitation development o Best practice in the regional government
and the community control mechanism over
and management. This of course the operator's performance
o Summary and recommendation
requires a good coordination because
sanitation service provision involves a
number of aspects, such as infrastructure
Percik
October 2007 5

8. M A I N F E AT U R E
The necessary initial step to be taken
is provision of clear understanding to
decision makers about the importance of
social campaign in sanitation develop-
ment. To start an effective public cam-
paign for the stakeholders we must have a
clear idea on the principles and factors
governing the social campaign.
To this end, the NSC agenda includes
a group discussion on "Social Campaign
in Sanitation Development". Through
this discussion an exchange of experience
between regional government, NGO, and
other countries in sanitation manage-
ment, especially in social campaign for
behavioural change, is expected to take
place. The group discussion is also
intended to identify the roles expected Institutional development for sanitation. Source: ISSDP.
from the central government and mass
media and the community participation and management; it calls for a better understanding and
in sanitation management. Finally the low management capacity combined common perception about sanitation
discussion is expected to generate public with uncertainty as to which agency development and management by stake-
discourses that will lead to problem solu- is to hold the responsibility for the holders, either government, private sec-
tion. management. tor or the community.
The challenge being faced in sanita- One of the steps to answer the above
Stakeholder involvement tion development may be summarized challenge is to develop a communica-
Sanitation should have been one of into how to better manage the develop- tion network and multistakeholder
the government priorities as an integral ment in order to arrive at: partnership. This network may include
part of hygienic settlement development. improved service quality and cover- water supply and sanitation which
It is even closely linked with betterment age, for both solid and liquid wastes; hopefully will trigger the acceleration
of living condition that promotes human reduction of prevalence and mortal- of improved sanitation development in
development index. ity rate from waterborne diseases, Indonesia.
On the other side, there are several especially for children; The profound intention of this effort
constraints such as lack of knowledge, achievement of MDGs target by the is to generate concrete measures oriented
low priority, limited government finan- government, i.e provision of basic to problem solution and multistakeholder
cial capacity all together become the sanitation service to half of the po- cooperation involving the civil society,
prime cause to the poor sanitation per- pulation currently without access to public sector, corporate sector, mass
formance in Indonesia. such service by 2015; media, university, NGO and local govern-
Some of the indications are as the fol- clean, healthy, pleasant and harmo- ment. In formulationg of concrete meas-
lowing: nious environment extensively ures particularly in terms of mobilising
high prevalence and mortality rate established. the available resources into multistake-
from waterborne diseases; To face this challenge it is necessary to holder participation format, a discussion
low sanitation (solid and liquid have a policy and strategy breakthrough on "Stakeholders' Involvement in Sanita-
waste) service coverage; involving the participation of the commu- tion Development Acceleration" is de-
high community complain rate nity, community institution, private sec- cided as an agenda of this conference.
aimed at poor sanitation handling tor and donor institution. To support it, ISSDP Team
Percik
6 October 2007

9. M A I N F E AT U R E
THE TEAM
BEHIND THE CONFERENCE
o make the national event into ble to make sure that this national event is To take care of the role this team have
T motion, a committee has been
appointed to manage the activi-
ties for the implementation of National
attended by national and regional leaders
to indicate the stakeholders' attention to
sanitation sector development.
made several preparatory activities con-
sisting of two press conferences and two
talkshows in two different TV stations. In
Sanitation Conference (NSC) 2007. The The section dealing with subject mat- action, campaign and advocacy through
committee is one form of WSS-WG coop- ters for discussion serves as the process- printed matters on relevant sanitation
eration with members coming from ing unit of this conference and is respon- related issues. These efforts hopefully
Bappenas, and the Departments of Public sible for designing the agenda and prepa- have been able to awaken the communi-
Works, Health, Home Affairs, Finance, ration of materials for review and discus- ty's and the other stakeholders' aware-
Industry, and State Ministry for sion in the conference. The outcomes ness.
Environment. from the conference depend to a great Reading a success story of a well ma-
To make the preparation and imple- extent on the blending of materials pre- naged sanitation service will of course
mentation of this conference easier the pared by this section. more meaningful if it is followed with a
committee is divided into 5 sections, pro- One of the parameters to measures the field visit. The presence of a section ta-
tocol and invitation, subject matters for conference's success is improvement of king care of field visit in the conference
discussion, campaign and advocacy, field sanitation profile in Indonesia. It is secretariate will facilitate the NSC partici-
visit, and proceedings and documenta- where campaign and advocacy plays its pants' eagerness to see for themselves and
tion. Each of the committees has been important role. In addition to dissemi- to dig first hand information from the
doing its job in accordance with the tasks nating the information about National sites.
of the respective section. Sanitation Conference, the team has to Through this event it is expected that
The protocol and invitation has pre- provide the real truth that attracts the some inspirations and of course as a real
pared a list of invitations and other papers community's attention about sanitation example for the stakeholders that in reali-
needed for the implementation of this and the decision makers could better ty sanitation can be managed well and is
conference. This section is also responsi- understand and become aware of it. beneficial to the community.
How big and important an event is,
will be of no use if it is not properly docu-
mented. Without proper documentation
the event would only be in the memory of
those who are present, but not an impor-
tant happening for the general communi-
ty to know about and take lessons from.
It'd be more meaningful if the event is
provided with a systematic reporting so
that those who are interested would be
easy to read and take benefit from the
event. It is in this field the documentation
and proceeding section plays its impor-
tant role that is, to make the National
Sanitation Conference 2007 and its out-
come a reference for sanitation sector
development in the future. ISSDP Team
The team behind the NSC. Source: ISSDP
Percik
October 2007 7

10. I N T E RV I E W
Deputy for Infrastructure Bappenas Dr. Ir. Dedy Supriadi Priatna, M.Sc
IT'S BEEN GIVEN
ATTENTION BUT
STILL WANT PRIORITY
National Sanitation Conference, to unite
all stakeholders related to sanitation
The poor sanitation in Indonesia is
development. Through this forum it is
because there are many who consider
hoped to generate an exchange of infor-
that sanitation is the responsibility of
mation, building commitment and coope-
individual family, and the problem is con-
ration among stakeholders.
sidered over if a family has constructed a
good sanitation facility. In fact, in daily
What is the world's attention to
life the government, community as well
sanitation?
as other parties each has its share to the
poor environmental sanitation condition. Globally, the international communi-
For this, it is necessary to organize a tys attention is improving. Several sani-
specifically designed conference for sani- tation related conferences have been held
tation sector improvement. What does in various countries, at national and at
the sanitation condition in Indonesia regional levels. The peak of international
presently look like and what linkage has it with the National Sanitation attention is an agenda on International
Conference (NSC) 2007? The following is an interview with Dr. Ir. Dedy Year of Sanitation 2008 by the UN. This
Supriadi Priatna, MSc., Deputy for Infrastructure Bappenas. launching is based on deep concern of the
international community from the slow
quality improvement attempts regarding
n general, the theme or material Indonesia belongs to those countries suf-
I seleted for a conference is some-
thing great of what is still "in". Why
fering from setback in MDGs target
achievement. The report places
sanitation by many nations and therefore
it is necessary to build commitment and
real action by all nations, civil society,
a sanitation conference? Indonesia together with Bangladesh, NGOs, and other international institu-
Actually, the theme of this conference Laos, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan, tions.
is something extraordinary considering it Papua New Guinea, and Philippines. The
is directly related to the community well- challenge for Indonesia to reach target What about Indonesia?
being. In addition, Indonesia is one of number 7 i.e. reducing by half in 2015 the In Indonesia, the efforts towards
the nations committed to MDGs, and one number of population currently without improvement of service quality and cov-
of the targets is provision of safe and access to water supply and basic sanita- erage have been tried. In addition to
acceptable sanition to the community. tion, is extremely difficult. To catch up introduction of various sanitation deve-
One of the main issues in this context is with this delay requires involvement of all lopment approaches, several activities
MDGs target achievement. stakeholders including the government, which are essentially an advocacy to san-
Based on a report entitled A Future private sector, community, donor institu- itation have also been tried. This NSC
within Reach and Asia-Pacific MDGs tion, NGO and university. For this pur- 2007 is also part of these efforts. In addi-
Report 2006 released by UNDP, pose it is necessary for a forum such as tion it is also intended as preparatory
Percik
8 October 2007

11. I N T E RV I E W
activity to support the International Year result of sanitation related diseases, par- ADB, the economic losses related to poor
of Sanitation 2008. ticularly losses from the opportunity to sanitation is estimated at Rp42.3 trillion
work. The daily worker's absence means per year or somewhere around 2 percent
What is the community's and the he misses the day's wage. For school chil- of GDP.
decision makers' opinion regarding dren it means reducing school attendance
sanitation? for sickness. Is the government aware of the
In general, the majority of the popula- The above condition also inflicts other problem or is it not?
tion still think that sanitation is individ- kind of loss such as additional cost for the Actually the government is well aware
ual concern and quality of service does community to see a doctor for treatment. of this matter. Pursuant to Law No.
not belong to something worth consider- A study summarizes that the rate of dis- 32/2004 on Regional Autonomy, articles
ing. Many families have no latrine in ease prevalence from poor sanitation 13 and 14 mention that the regional gov-
their home or defecation anywhere in the condition in Indonesia is very high. ernment is responsible for sanitation
open. They still do not see that poor sa- Thyphoid is 800 cases for every 100,000 service provision. But in reality the budg-
nitation habit of only anyone in the com- people. This is the highest in Asia. et for this sector is extremely low. So in
munity will adversely affect the health of Diarrhoea 300 for every 1,000 people. essence this sector has been in the gov-
others in the neighbourhood. How the Other losses relate to surface water ernment's attention but unfortunately it
diarrhoea epidemic in Kecamatan contamination from organic materials. isn't a priority.
Sepatan in Tangerang recently is a reflec- BOD content makes water smells bad.
tion of this matter. The implication is higher water treatment What are the steps to be taken to
While for the decision makers it is an costs. convince the community that sani-
obvious fact that the knowledge about the The biggest loss is the declining tation is important?
importance of sanitation is still needed in Indonesian reputation in the eyes of the Basically no one wants a problem.
one way or the other. This is reflected world community. In addition to dirty Based on this fact, in promoting sanita-
from the limited attention to sanitation city environment Indonesia is considered tion to the community the first thing to be
development in terms of budget alloca- as a nation that pays no heed to healthy put forward is the disadvantages or pro-
tion. On average, sanitation budget for living. As a whole, based on a study by blems to be faced if sanitation is in poor
cities all over the country is between 0.5
to 1.5 percent of the total annual budget.
What must the community and
the decision makers do?
The community as the service user
must be willing to be involved in the
whole development process. The com-
munity must be willing to convey its aspi-
ration and demand because this kind of
information is in great demand for plan-
ning and designing sanitation develop-
ment that meets the community demand.
The community is expected to get
involved in development phase and later
in sustaining the O&M of the facility.
What are the consequences of
sanitation problem?
Failure to properly manage sanitation
leads to physical as well as non physical
BRING WHAT To address sanitation the involument of issue all stakeholders are
needed, as well as material. Don’t be afraid to give something
consequences. Physically it may come in You can Give wrong, everythink must be useful and don’t walt until someone
start. Just go ahead and do it! Achieve the target of MGDs
the form of loss in opportunity cost as a
Source: ISSDP
Percik
October 2007 9

12. I N T E RV I E W
Other parties outside the government may also be
actively involved in the efforts. NGO, as institution
that is close to the community may become the BRING WHAT
government partner in facilitating the community to
adopt the appropriate approaches for sanitation
You can Give
development.
condition. As it is with the community, the information about
the disadvantages must be presented in more detail to the deci-
sion makers, the government and the legislative as well, to make
them fully understand about the importance of sanitation.
The following step consists of building a linkage between
sanitation with other sectors' development. Based on the exist-
ing sanitation programs, domestic as well as overseas, there are
lessons learned that improved access to sanitation is significant-
ly correlated with improvement of economic well-being of the
communities.
What does it look in reality?
Various advocacy efforts have been made through WSS
Source: ISSDP
development programs such as Sanimas (Sanitation by the
Community), WSLIC (Water and Sanitation for Low Income community. The CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) initiat-
Communities), CLTS (Community Total Led Sanitation), Pro Air ed by the pivate sector has indicated that private companies are
and others. In the implementation of these programs, advocacy willing to get involved in the improvement of community access
and community preparation to improve the awareness and to to sanitation.
excite the demand for improved sanitation is conducted prior to The press can also be involved in sanitation program.
physical development. Information dissemination through mass media (printed, TV
and radio) is quite effective in improving community awareness
What are the parties to be involved in resolving san- to the importance of sanitation.
itation problem in Indonesia?
The first party to be involved is the community. This is What does the NSC 2007 agenda consist of?
because the poor sanitation directly influences their life so that The 3-day National Sanitation Conference will consist of the
the effort to improve sanitation condition must involve the following agenda:
whole community. The other party is the government from the Full-day seminar, to discuss aspects in promoting sanita-
central level down to the regions. The government plays facili- tion management and to formulate action plans related to
tating role, and must put a heavier weight to improvement of integrated efforts in sanitation management in Indonesia.
community access to basic sanitation and reduce the rate of Field visit, to locations around Jakarta that have been suc-
environmental pollution. However, the government role cannot cessful in dealing with neighbourhood scale sanitation
be separated from legislative intervention both at the central problem, in terms of solid or liquid waste.
and regional levels, particularly in terms of budget allocation. Sanitation expo, this is a support activity, displaying va-
This means that members of DPR/DPRD must also be involved rious innovation and environmental engineering, NGO and
in solving sanitation problems in Indonesia. private sector as forum for training and information
Other parties outside the government may also be actively exchange in communication, technology and best practices
involved in the efforts. NGO, as institution that is close to the related to sanitation. In addition, a declaration of stake-
community may become the government partner in facilitating holders' commitment to undertake efforts for speeding up
the community to adopt the appropriate approaches for sanita- community demand fulfillment in terms of acceptable sa-
tion development. Beside that, the corporate sector may also be nitation and a plea to other stakeholders to join in the
involved in facility development to bring the service closer to the acceleration efforts. Bowo Leksono
10 Percik 2007
October

13. R E G U L AT I O N
Government Regulation No. 38
of 2007 on Division of
Administration Affairs between
the Central, Provincial and
District Government
overnment Regulation (GR) is a
G legal product of the lower order
and is intended to provide tech-
nical guidance to implement the law or
any regulation of the higher order. After
a Law is declared effective it does not
readily implementable without the help
of a technical guidance on how it shall be
put into implementation.
One of the long awaited implementa-
tion guuidance is GR No. 38 on the divi-
sion of administration affairs beween the
central and regional (provincial and
kabupaten/kota) governments. This GR
provides guidance for the implementa-
tion of Law No. 32/2004 on Regional
Government Administration and Law No.
25/2007 on Investment. Before the
issuance of the present GR the implemen-
tation of regional authority is based on
GR No. 25/2000 the substance of which
is given in Law No. 22/1999.
For more than 2 years since the
issuance of Law No. 32/2004 which sub-
stantively contains regional administra- Source: WASPOLA
tion, yet the regional government is in
short of guidance to run the administra- With the issuance of the present GR it Implementation of regional auton-
tion as it is required to do. Several ad- is hoped that the regions would be able omy
ministrative affairs overlap one another improve their public service perform- Basically, regional autonomy is
and coordination between provincial and ance. What remains to be seen is whether intended to help to make the manage-
kabupaten governments is difficult to this GR provides sufficient answers asked ment of government affairs simpler and
establish. by the regions to run regional autonomy? easier by distributing part of the over
Percik
October 2007 11

14. R E G U L AT I O N
extended responsibilities to the regional level. Several govern- The impact of the GR issuance
ment affairs that are directly related to community wellbeing With the issuance of the present GR it is obvious that it has
must be relinquished to the region in order to produce an opti- some effect to the region's authority. I could be lighter and heav-
mum result. Therefore, full decentralization (regional autono- ier, depending on the characteristics of an individual region.
my) is made into effect to transfer part of the central govern- This GR provide centainty for the region to enforce its authority.
ment authority into the hands of the region. The authority includes duties and responsibilities to run the
The practice till recently was that decentralization was limit- public management. Article 2 (4) of the GR specifies that there
ed to adiminstrative affairs. All affairs relinquished to the are 31 sectors which the central and the regional governments
regions are part of central government resposnsibility for share the development responsibilites. The sharing is still in
regions to finish and be accountable for. The implementation of preparation, pending issuance of more detailed technical guide-
the various affairs must be undertaken based on a fixed norm, line from the ministerial/head of non department agency, and
standard, procedure and criteria. What the regions need to do is also the issuance of a regulation from the respective regional
to go ahead with the implementation based on what has been government.
fixed. The same is true with financing, infrastructure and
recruitment of employees. Everything has been made available WSS related regulation
by the central government. Everything will become a routine job Of the 31 sectors, several of them are related to water sup-
of the region. ply and environmental sanitation, including health, housing,
spatial plan, environment, woman empowerment and child
protection, rural community development, forestry, and
energy and mineral resources. While the regional govern-
ment (provincial, kabupaten/kota) is authorized to issue re-
gulations in accordance with the regional condition, such as
provision of technical recommendation for deep well ground-
water extraction, and water extraction and construction of
wall protecvtion to a ground water basin. Also in determin-
ing groundwater conservation area, water extraction quanti-
ty, data and information management regarding groundwa-
ter and mineral resources.
In relations to environment the authority includes environ-
mentasl impact control and natural resources conservation.
Especially with environmental impact control, water quality
control and pollution prevention, the regions have an extensive
authority. This includes management and classification of water
source, water quality monitoring, pollution control and preven-
tion, supervision, etc. While in relations to Environmental
Impact Assessments (AMDAL), includes AMDAL valuation in
relations to the type of business based on the standard, norm,
and procedure as determined by the government. While the
region is authorized to undertake supervision of management
and environment monitoring according type of business with
AMDAL obligation. The extent of regional authority is also
given in the sub-section on biodiversity resources conservation,
including enforcement of law on environment. Bowo Leksono
Sources: WASPOLA
Percik
12 October 2007

15. INSIGHT
S A N I TAT I O N
AS A COMMON
RESPONSIBILITY
By: Dilla Prameswari*
he provision of acceptable sanita- people a year from diarrhoea around the It is now about halfway in the time
T tion to the community is pressing
and cannot wait any longer.
Sanitation problem may not be taken as
globe, 90 percent of them are children
below 5 years old.
For Indonesia, according to
table when we have to reach the MDGs
2015, yet water supply and sanitation
condition in Indonesia is still far from
individual problem and the government Demographic Survey in 2003 about 19 being satisfactory. UNDP report on
may stay clear of the responsibility. This percent or 100.000 children below 5 Human Development achievement in
is because sanitation significantly relates years age died from diarrhoea. In 2006 it Indonesia is falling behind. By 2015 the
to the prevalence of several diseases such is recorded that 423 out of 1,000 children Indonesian MDGs target is set at 69 per-
as diarrhoea, infection of upper respirato- suffer from diarrhoea once or twice a cent of the population will have access to
ry tract, dengue fever, and tuberculosis. year. While in fact, according to WHO, water supply and 72.5 percent to accept-
Mortality rate from these diseases is stag- 94 percent of diarrhoeal case can be pre- able basic sanitation. In reality it will be
gering. Poor access to water supply and vented by access to clean water, basic only at 58 percent and 65 percent respec-
sanitation, poor hygiene behaviour are sanitation, hygiene behaviour and tively. Centralized waste treatment faci-
responsible for the death of 1.8 million domestic scale water treatment. lity is present only in 10 cities, 62.29 per-
cent of urban poopulation and 24.37 per-
cent of the rural flush their exrement into
septic tank. The number of household
with acceptable drainage system stands
only at 57.18 percent. This is one reason
for the high frequency of diarrhoeal out-
break and the occurrence of flood.
Almost 80 percent of urban families
use septic tank to contain human excre-
ment. However, the tanks are built with-
out considering the technical require-
ments for healthy environment. As a
result, millions of our population is
always threatened by e. coli contamina-
tion.
Department of Health records indi-
cate that diarrhoea is the second in the
list of major infant mortality after
preumonia. Poor water quality causes
300 diarrhoeal cases for 1,000 people.
Poor sanitation is blamed for e.coli
bacteria pollution in the community
Source: ISSDP
Percik
October 2007 13

16. INSIGHT
basic sanitation combined with hygiene
behaviour comprise the preventive meas-
ures against the threat of disease preva-
lence. These preventive measures are a
more effective avoidance system and at
the same time reducing government
expenditure for disease treatment pur-
poses.
As was stated by Zainal Nampira,
Head of Subdirectorate of Hygiene Water
Department of Health (Kompas 22 June
2007) infant mortality rate decreases by 3
to 4 percent if access to water supply
increases by 10 percent. In the mean-
time, a 10 percent increase in budget for
Health sector will only decrease mortality
rate by 1.5 percent. This means, preven-
tive measure through environmental sa-
nitation is the best way instead of waiting
till someone else falls prey.
Source: Reski DD
Rather than spending the budget for
water supply. The presence of e.coli bac- vernment still considers that sanitation is building hospital, procurement of medi-
teria is an indicator of pollution from the individual family's responsibility, not cines, hiring doctors and nurses, it would
human excrement. City dwellers use a public investment. The effort to be better if we reduce the prevalence of
e.coli contaminated groundwater for increase sanitation budget at central go- disease through water supply system,
their domestic consumption, while the vernment, such as in Public Workls is building of septic tank, and provision of
rivers where PDAM derives its raw water always cut short in favour of other priori- sufficient nourishment. This does not
is also polluted with the same bacteria. ties, while the provincial and kabupat- mean denying the health facilities, but
In Jakarta a study made by BPHLD en/kota put higher priority on road and calls for a change in the way health is
(Regional Environment Management) water supply, then follows sanitation and defined.
indicates that in 80 groundwater samples waste trailing behind. *)
Student, Env. Engg. Div.,
taken from 75 kelurahans (villages) con- Technical Faculty
tain e.coli and fecal bacteria above the Preventive measure Diponegoro University, Semarang
safe treshold value. And 78 percent of In reality the availability of acceptable
rivers in Jakarta are also contaminated by
e. coli.
Low priority
In the meantime, sanitation develop-
ment is placed at a low priority by the
decision makers. This is evidenced from
the minute amount of budget allocated
for this sector. It is not a surprise there-
fore that sanitation condition in
Indonesia is poor. In 2002 budget for
sanitation sector was 1.8 percent of the
total nationa budget, while at regional
level averages were 3.3 percent and 5.7
percent for Province and
Kabupaten/Kota respectively. The go- Source: Exclusive
14 Percik 2007
October

17. INSIGHT
IN ANTICIPATION OF
CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE
CHANGE
Denpasar, 3-14 December 2007
n a short while Indonesia will be
I recorded in history to host a
Conference on Climate Change.
This article attempts to provide a brief
picture on the importance of climate
change issue and its connection to water
supply and environmental sanitation.
The importance of Conference on
Climate Change
How important is the conference can
be seen from important guests, among
others Al Gore the Nobel Laureate for
Peace, Ban Kim Moon the UN Secretary
General, and Kevin Rudd the Australian
Prime Minister. Their presence together Big industries contribute carbondioxide the cause of global warming.
with 12,000 participants representing Source: www_8thfire_net
189 nations of the world is motivated by
the fact that the world is being faced with
increasingly warmer temperature.
I m p o r t a n t Fa c t s
Records indicate that within the last 100
years the global temperature has 200 years ago CO2 content in the atmosphere was around 280 ppm, and today it
has gone up to 383 ppm. If this condition continues, according to Tim Flannery in
increased by 0.7 degree Celcius and it is
his book “We Are The Weather Makers” (2006) the CO2 content will reach 560 ppm.
estimated that unless production and What will happen? Air temperature will increase up to 4.5 degrees Celcius. Sea
consumption acceleration could be level will increase up to 90 cm.
Developed countries with about 15 percent of the total world population con-
brought down by year 2100 world tem- tribute almost half of greenhouse emission (particularly CO2) into the atmos-
perature will increase by 3 degrees phere. As a reflection, the foot path (CO2 emission produced from life style) of 19
Celcius. This condition will influence million New York population) is bigger than the footpath left by 766 million people
of fifty (50) less developed nations.
world climate at various different conse- Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) involving appoximately 2,500
quences from sea level increase that will experts and 800 scientific authors confirm the reduction of snow and ice cap of the
submerge land areas, islands and even world. In the northern hemisphere ice cap in spring is reduced by 2 percent by the
decade of 1966. In the Arctic region, since 1978 the ice cap has been less 2.7 per-
countries in the Pacific and the Atlantic; cent per decade.
threat to food resilience due climatic
Percik
October 2007 15

18. INSIGHT
inconsistencies; increase of prevalences of water related diseases
(Further please see box on Impact of Global Warming). The Impact of Global Warming
a. Climate change
Increase of world temperature
Causal factor Heavier rainfall. Rainfall increases by 2-3 percent per
Global warming takes place as a result of accumulation of annum and a shorter rainy season in Indonesia, increasing
pollutant gases called green house gasses working as natural gas flood risks.
Sahara and other deserts become drier. Hot waves happen
cover that at a certain concentration protects the earth and keep more frequently.
it warm and comfortable to live in. The greenhouse gases are Winter becomes colder
carbondioxide (CO2), dinitroxide (N2O), methane (CH4), sul-
b. Agriculture and forestry
furhexaflouride (SF6) and perflourocarbons (PFCs). However, Change in the pattern of precipitation, evaporation, spill
with the increase of CO2 gas as a result of burning of fossil fuel water, and soil moisture. Increase temperature, short rainy
by industries, transport, forest fire and conversion of land use season, because rainfall intensity increases.
Risk of explosion of plant pests and diseases
pattern, global warming takes place. This condition is aggravat- Threat to food resilience. Decrease in productivity and pro-
ed by thinning of ozone layer from excessive use of aerosols. The duction level due to disruption of water cycle brought by
changes in precipitation pattern and increase in the anom-
thinner ozone layer is the more the short wave solar radiation
aly of extreme weather. Bappenas data (2004) estimate
enters the earth. This produces green house effect. Earth that Indonesian agriculture productivity will decrease at a
becomes warmer, sea level increases and changes of climatic rate equivalent to 6 billion US dollars per annum
Forest fire. The air is dry, intense sunshine and wind blow
pattern. causing forest fire.
A long fought struggle c. Marine life
o Increase of world average sea level estimated at 0.77 mm
It was Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish scientist, who first per annum during the period 1991-2004 The impact of sea
expressed concern of global warming phenomenon in 1894. In level increase for Indonesia is the shrinking of fertile agri-
essence he mentioned that CO2 is an important element in con- cultural lands along the coastal peneplain
o Warmer sea water adversely affects marine biodiversity.
trolling the earth temperature. Increase in CO2 content will
increase earth emperature. Excessive use of fossil fuel will cause d. Disease
o Increase prevalence of water related vector disseminated
increase in CO2 and increase of earth temperature.
diseases
This concern did not get sufficient response until UN o Global warming will disrupts the pattern of climate, one of
General Assembly initiated establishment of Intergovernmental the impacts is flooding. During flood several diseases such
as diarrhoea, leptospirosis will spread more extensively
Negotiating Committee (INC) with task to negotiate a draft o Climate change causes dengue fever and malarial mosqui-
material for Convention on Climate Change. The result was toes more dangerous. Their life cycle will be shortened.
brought to UN Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and was Their population may easily explode.
agreed to become UN Framework Covention on Climate Change. e. Animal life
Beginning from 1995 it was for the first time Conference of the o Change of habitat. The extinction of coastal regions may
Parties (COP) was held in Berlin. From then on the conference adversely affect biodiversity and population migration.
o Reduction of amphibial population globally
is held every year until it is Indonesia to hold the 13th UN
Stakeholders Conference on Climate Change (or United Nations f. Fresh water crisis
Framework Convention on Climate Change/UNFCCC) and at o Polar and high mountain ice caps thaw, seasonal cycle will
drastically change, and the world will suffer from fresh
the same time the third Stakeholders Meeting on Kyoto Protocol water shortage.
(Meeting of Parties/MOP on Kyoto Protocol) at Nusa Dua, Bali
13-14 December 2007.
house emission called carbon trading. Developed nations that
Kyoto Protocol are unable to fulfill their responsibility can buy carbon from
Of the series of conferences the Kyoto Conference in 1997 another country. Carbon credit is cash money from the amount
produced the most important document called Kyoto Protocol. of carbon reduced. Indonesia signed the protocol in 1998 and
The document mentions clearly the direction for the implemen- ratified it in 2004.
tation of Conference on Climate Change. And in addition, it also There are three (3) important steps within Kyoto Protocol
introduced new business practices through transaction of green- relate to reduction of greenhouse gas emission (i) emissions
Percik
16 October 2007

19. INSIGHT
trading, this is a transaction between the The Intergovernmental Panel for If one ton is equivalent to USD10 then the
party capable of reducing carbon emis- Climate Change (IPCC) offers a more exchange value for Bandung CO2 emis-
sion with one that is unable to carry out effective recommendation reducing emis- sion equals Rp27 billion a year.
the responsibility. This mechanism ope- sion. In energy sector, reducing fossil Reduction of methane gas emission
rates among developed nations. A devel- fuel subsidy, carbon tax for fossil fuel use, through burning the gas can also be con-
oped nation unable to carry out the obligation to use renewable fuel and sub- verted into money through CDM scheme.
responsibility can be exempted from the sidy incentive. In transport sector reduc- The way to do it is through natural fer-
responsibility if it pays another developed tion of fossil fuel and replacing it with mentation i.e compaction of the waste.
nation if the latter can cut an equal biofuel and non motorized transport sys- The methane gas so produced is then
amount of carbon emission, (ii) joint tem, using more mass transport system. burned out. Burning of methane gas is
implementation. A developed nations The Kyoto Protocol introduces three also producing carbondioxide, but
that is unable to meet the target of reduc- (3) mitigation schemes, i.e emissions methane is 23 times more dangerous
ing emission may initiate a cooperation trading, joint implementation, and clean than is carbondioxide. So that 1 cu.m
with other party in implementing indus- development mechanism. More recently methane is equivalent to 23 cu.m carbon-
try at a reduced carbon emission, (iii) there is a new scheme emission mitiga- dioxide, or burning 1 cu. m methane will
clean development mechanism (CDM). tion and land degradation. This scheme reduce 22 cu. m carbon gas emission.
The opportunity for cooperation between offers reforestation and prevention of The reduction of carbon emission can be
a developing nation free from the respon- deforestation as means for prevention of exchanged with Certified Emission
sibility of reducing carbon emission with global warming. Reduction (CER) that may be sold to
a developed nation with obligation to car- developed nation. An industrialized
bon emission. Panning for funds from Waste nation buying this certificate means that
Management the respective nation is considered as
Handling Strategy As it happens we weren't quite aware having reduced her emission equivalent
In general there are two strategies for that a waste hill is producing greenhouse to the value of the CER certificate.
handling global warming problem as gases particularly CO2 and methane. As a Of course there is up to now a contro-
agreed in the UN Framework Covention reflection the waste hill of Bandung pro- versy behind the use of waste for power
on Climate Change (UNFCCC), they are duces 300 thousand tons of CO2 per year generating plant. In the process, it pro-
(i) mitigation consisting of finding ways (LPPM ITB). While the existing waste duces dioxin and acid gases from the
to curb greenhouse emission rate; (ii) can be incinerated to produce electricity incineration. Both are dangerous to envi-
adaptation consisting of ways to over- so that gas emission is zero. This is what ronment and to human health. However,
come the consequences from climate later becomes an opportunity to obtain research indicates that dioxin is only pro-
change through appropriate adaptation funding from CDM scheme. The amount duced at an incineration below 800
measures to mitigate the adverse effects of CO2 emission reduction can be degrees Celcius. While acid gases can be
or making use its beneficial effects. exchanged with a certain amount of cash. prevented by operating reactor circulat-
ing fluidized bed (RCB).
Indonesian condition
Tips for Reducing Gas Emission
According to Global Fluid Dynamics
o Do not burn your waste in the yard around the house. The smoke contains CO2 and and Goddart International Space Study, it
dioxin. is estimated that the temperature in
o Put 3R (reduce, reuse, recycle) principle into practice so that waste produced is
Indonesia will increase by 2 to 4.2
minimized.
o Do not use plastic bag. In the world, from 500 billion plastic bags produced only degrees Celcius in 2050-2070. However,
3% is recycled. Use bags made from paper or recycleable material. there are presently several phenomena
o Do no throw away tissue and used paper. This measure may reduce forest clearing indicating that Indonesia has been affect-
for tissue and pulp industries. Each ton of recycled paper you save 19 tree stands.
ed by the global warming. Among others
(Source: Gatra)
(i) thinning of snow cap covering
Jayawijaya mountain in Papua, (ii) air
Percik
October 2007 17

20. INSIGHT
temperature in some big cities like
Jakarta, Medan, Denpasar is increasing
around 0.2 to 3 degrees Celcius, (iii) high-
er rainfall intensity combined with a
longer dry season, (iv) there are approxi-
mately 20 islands sunk below the surface
from sea level increase at a rate of 0.5 cm
per annum, (v) water scarcity is begin-
ning to take place. Surface runoff in
Citarum river basin in West Java is the
consequence of warmer temperature and
changes in land use pattern.
In the long run Indonesia will be faced
with critical condition such as increase of
sea level at the long stretches of
Indonesian coastline. It is feared that
hundreds of islands may be buried under-
water. Chaotic climatic pattern may
Lapisan es di kutub mencair sebagai akibat meningkatnya perubahan iklim dunia.
cause changes that lead to harvest failure Source: www_rcom_marum_de
and hungry people. In urban areas, waste material pro- Indonesian government, both in terms of
Dependency upon fossil fuel is duction is increasing the sources of car- central-region and central-central. As an
increasing in Indonesia. According to bondioxide and methane gas emission illustration, climate change should be
prediction by International Energy due to lack of proper final disposal dealt with for instance through adoption
Agency (2007) Indonesian dependency ground. All TPAs are practicing open of cropping patern, diversification of
upon fossil fuel increases from 69% dumping technique. The 3R principle, crops and minimize dependency upon
(2002) to 82% (2006). The effort to the potential method in bringing down water consuming lowland rice which at
develop environmentally friendly sources waste production has not been given the the same time also a major contributor of
of energy is contraind by many factors attention from the regional governments. methane emission. On the other hand,
and is given very minimum incentive. Inconsistent measures taken by the the government is allocating fund for rice
field expansion including forest clearing.
Climate change must not only be seen
Carbon Emission in Indonesia in terms of environmental issue. This
o Carbon emission in US 20.01 tonnes per capita per annum, Australia 19.36, Canada makes the adaptation is focused solely on
18.4, Japan 9.37, China 3.6, Brazil 1.83, Indonesia 1.4 (of which forest fire is the the environmental aspect. While in fact
major contributor), India 1.02 and Bangladesh 0.27 global warming has a significant linkage
o Research findings from Wetlands International and Defl Hydraulics (2007)
with economic issue. The effort to main-
Netherlands, places Indonesia as the third biggest contributor in carbon emission
after US (6,300 MtCO2e) and China (5,000 MtCO2e). Indonesia contributes around streaming global warming into national
3,000 MtCO2e development has not been successful.
o Indonesia contributes approximately one third of global emission from deforesta- Indonesian funding capacity is inade-
tion.
quate but the effort to getting fund from
o Sources of yearly greenhouse emission in Indonesia.
Deforestation and land conversion contribute 85%. Forest clearing, degradation clean development mechanism (CDM)
of peaty lands and forest fire being the biggest contributors scheme has not been tried. Indonesian
Energy sector (industry, power plant, transport) contributes approximately 10%. CDM potential ranges from USD81,5 mil-
Although the value is relatively small but its growth rate is quite significant.
Agriculture, especially rice growing contributes 4% lion to USD126 million, yet up to now
Waste material, though only 1% but it is the sixth world biggest emission contri- only 9 Indonesia CDM projects are listed
butor from waste origin. in CDM Executive Office. OM from vari-
ous sources
Percik
18 October 2007

21. INSIGHT
PERSPECTIVES IN WSS
NETWORK MANAGEMENT
By Abdul Gani *
ater supply and environmental sanitation is a basic
W and vital demand for human life. Water is said to be
the source of life, no life exists without water.
Therefore a sustainable water supply is a strategic and relevant
issue in the context of meeting the community demand of today
and in the future.
MDGs 2015 target achievement, i.e reducing by half the
number population currently without access to acceptable water
supply and sanitation facility by 2015 has been discussed in
many fora, seminars, workshops, etc. But, is there any innova-
tive way out capable of eliminating the stumbling block hinder-
ing synergy for WSS sector development performance? This fact
demands our mutual attention and to assume responsibility. As
an effort to find the solution it is important that the role and
concept of Network Management to help in improvement of
WSS sector development performance.
WSS sector is part of national development agenda towards
Healthy Indonesia 2010. Several programs -physical and non
physical- have been launched for implementation. Various pro-
motional activities, political campaigns have been done by vari-
ous interest parties, including Non Government Organization
(NGO).
Under the coordination of Bappenas in collaboration with
WASPOLA the policy for community based WSS development
has been put into effective implementation since the last few
years. Through the involvement of the user community in deci- Activities in TPA. Source: Bowo Leksono.
sion making process the implementation is substantively based
on the real demand of the community, the so-called demand
point of departure the effort to find an alternative and innova-
driven approach.
tive solution will become the important topic of discussion
Several basic issues related to WSS development in
between the government and the stakeholders.
Indonesia, are among others ineffective investment, community
The involvement of stakeholders is a certainty if we wish to
generally believes that water is social good, limited implementa-
have an operational mandate through provision of the biggest
tion capacity in the part of the government, lack of government
room for access to WSS data and information as basic source of
atttention to WSS development, and other aspects that con-
knowledge upon which to contribute and participate with the
tribute to this sector's poor performance. Taking these issues as
Percik
October 2007 19