2. Content
Information Media for Water Supply and Environmental Sanitation
From Editor 1
Advisor:
Director General for Urban and
Your Voice 2
Rural Development, Ministry of Settlement Main Feature
and Regional Infrastructure Water Supply and Sanitation Achievement in the Millennium
Board of Head: Development Goals: New Target Classical Issue 3
Director of Human Settlement and Housing, Important Questions in Relation to Millennium
National Development Planning Agency Development Goals 8
Republic of Indonesia
Director of Water and Sanitation, Erna Witoelar: No Excuse 2015 11
Ministry of Health Interview
Director of Urban and Rural Eastern Region,
Dr. R. Hening Darpito: Water has an initiating power 12
Ministry of Settlement and Regional
Infrastructure Ir. Basah Hernowo, MA: Empowerment is the key 13
Director of Natural Resources and Appropriate DR. Agus Prabowo: Insufficient Socialization 15
Technology, Director General on Village and
Community Empowerment,
Article
Ministry of Home Affairs Bantar Gebang: Potrait of a poor solid waste
Director for Facilitation of Special Planning management in Jakarta 17
Environment Management,
Ministry of Home Affairs Children Manifesto 19
Feature
Chief Editor: When public toilet is desire 20
Oswar Mungkasa
Reportage
Board of Editor: The Community of Kureksari, Sidoarjo
Hartoyo, Johan Susmono, Indar Parawansa,
is waiting for water supply 22
Poedjastanto
Field Visit
Editor: Fund request procedure is not yet simplified 23
Maraita Listyasari, Rewang Budiyana, Rheidda
Pramudhy, Joko Wartono, Essy Asiah, Mujiyanto
Technology choice cannot be made uniform 24
Counterpart fund is a problem 24
Design: WASPOLA
Rudi Kosasih
Workshop for development of national policy for
Production: community based water supply and environmental
Machrudin sanitation implementation strategy 25
Distribution: Water supply and sanitation facility ownership
Anggie Rifki within the community 26
Workshop for vision formulation for water supply
Address:
Jl. Cianjur No. 4, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat and environmental sanitation sector development
Phone: (021) 31904113 in Indonesia 28
e-mail: redaksipercik@yahoo.com
redaksi@ampl.or.id
Water supply and sanitation policy formulation and
oswar@bappenas.go.id action planning (WASPOLA) phase 2 29
Workshop on achievement of Millennium
Development Goals 32
Unsolicited article or opinion items are welcome. Book Info 33
Please send to our address or e-mail.
Website Info 35
Don't forget to be brief and accompanied
by identity. Agenda 36

3. F ROM THE EDITOR
U
nconsciously, time goes by Asia and the Pacific) in a MDGs WSES Working Group Work Plan for
and it is now that we visit you Workshop conducted by WASPOLA in 2004 and several activities during
again. The present edition collaboration with WSES Working 2003 and beginning of 2004 are also
comes to you late. Many things have Group. Other matters such as MDGs in the focus. We plan to present the
been taken as the cause, among others targets, linkage between WSES and activities made by projects such as
the hectic schedule at the beginning of other MDGs targets are also included WSLIC-2, ProAir, CWSH in each edi-
the year. But in the future we will try in order to broaden our vision. It is tion.
the best we can to have Percik come our hope that Percik might become a To make it easier for the reader,
regularly. The present edition brings means for MDGs socialization.
the entire Percik edition can be acces-
to you the theme of Millennium In this edition we also include arti-
sed from WSES Working Group web-
Development Goals (MDGs). This op- cles related to environmental sanitati-
site (www.ampl.or.id) and we can also
tion is in response to the strong wish- on, such as the widely-discussed Ban-
send electronic file to your address.
es from the WSES Working Group to tar Gebang. In special report we are
Article, comments and suggestion can
disseminate MDGs to all WSES stake- presenting you public toilets in big ci-
holders. ties, and the experience of Yayasan also be sent through the above ad-
In the main feature, the discussion SEHAT in assisting the community to dress. The variety of articles contain-
is focused on the MDGs related as- solve drinking water and sanitation ed in Percik is also because of the va-
pects especially target 10 water supply problem. riety of contribution of articles we re-
and sanitation. In relation to this, we Beginning from this edition we ceive. For all of those we wish to
also present to you the summary of a will regularly present the activities do- thank all of you. We are still waiting
paper presented by Ms. Erna Witoelar ne by WSES Working Group and for more articles, comments and sug-
(UN Special Ambassador for MDGs in WASPOLA. The WASPOLA and gestion from you.
100 hose
People in the village of Garut distric share
water from reservoir directly with hose to the
house.
From technical side this kind is wrong but peo-
ple choose it.
Source: WASPOLA
1 Percik
Vol. 3 /February 2004

4. Y OUR VOICE
Reference Material dan Demokrasi gerial board of Partai Amanat Nasional
Jl. Sultan Salahuddin No. 17 herewith expresses its appreciation and
Mataram, Lombok thankfulness for your kind attention.
Firstly we wish to congratulate you
Telp./Fax: 0370-624232
for the publication of WSES related in- We hope that Percik could be valuable
Email: mitra@mataram.
formation media. The information con- and serve as an input to PAN in the ful-
wasantara.net.id
tained in Percik is very valuable as refe- fillment of reform mandate.
rence material to Mitra Samya.
Mitra Samya has received August
Thank you for the enthusiastic res- Machnun Husein
2003 edition. We are waiting for the
ponse from our partners in the regions, Executive Secretary
following editions because Mitra Samya especially Mitra Samya. We hope
is quite concerned about issues related Partai Amanat Nasional
Percik can always be used as a refer- DPP Secretariate
to WSES development, especially those ence material and at the same time
implemented in MPA/PHAST appro- also as means to sharing information
ach. among various WSES related stake-
Mitra samya has a lot of experience holders We are very pleased if our We are quite thankful if Percik co-
in conducting participatory studies partners and friends could share the uld serve as a reference material for
since WSLIC-1, WSLIC-2 and presently information contained in this media. every component of the community, es-
we are supporting ProAir in the applica- We are waiting your article. (Editor) pecially the political party. In this way
tion of MPA/PHAST Methodology. As
we could expect the WSES program
time goes by, we are preparing article
will get a bigger public attention both
for your publication. Thank you. As Input to PAN by the decision makers and the com-
I Nyoman Oka We would acknowledge receipt of munity. The participation of political
Director, Mitra Samya your letter No. 5956/Dt.6.3/12/2003 parties will enhance the acceleration of
Lembaga Studi Partisipasi attached to a copy of Percik. The mana- MDGs targets achievement. (Editor)
Photos Gallery
Source: Ministry of Health
2 Percik
Vol. 3 /February 2004

5. MAIN FEATURE
Water Supply and Sanitation Achievement
Millennium
in the Millennium Development Goals:
Development Goals
New Target Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty
and hunger
Target 1: Reduction by half, between
Classical Issue 1990-2015, the proportion of population
with an income less than $1 per day.
Target 2: Reduction by half, between
A glimpse of Millennium Deve-
lopment Goals (MDGs)
MDGs represent an agreement of de-
inequity, infant mortality rate, health
care for mother and child, environmental
degradation. The abovementioned pro-
1990-2015, the proportion of population
suffering from hunger.
velopment goals summarized from vari- blems cannot be solved alone by the deve-
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary
ous world level conferences and meetings loping nations which most of their re-
during the decade of 1990, all of which venues are spent for loan repayment. It is education
converge into the resolution of Millen- necessary to build some kind of mutually
nium Declaration in September 2000. beneficial cooperation between develo- Target 3: Assurance that by 2015 all
Taking the declaration as point of de- ping and developed nations. This un- male and female children can finish pri-
parture the UNDP (United Nations Deve- derstanding that forms the base underly- mary education.
lopment Programme) in collaboration ing MDGs declaration, and it is expected
with other UN departments, the World to become a tool for the unification of
Goal 3: Promote gender equity and
Bank, IMF (International Monetary world nations in fighting the basic pro-
Fund), and OECD (Organization for Eco- blems of humanity. Human problems of empower women
nomic Cooperation and Development) the world must be solved together with-
took the initiative in developing the goals, out discrimination between developing Target 4: Elimination of gender inequity
targets and measurable indicators to me- and developed nations. This is the basic at primary and middle education levels
asure the progress. All of which is later idea. by 2005 and at all levels of education by
known as Millennium Development Go- 2015.
als consisting of 8 goals, 18 targets, and Water Supply and Environmental
over 40 indicators. Then in Johannes- Sanitation Related Targets and
burg Summit in 2002 the world leaders Goals Goal 4: Reduce child mortality
expressed their agreement to the goals From 8 goals and 18 targets WSES is
and main targets of MDGs. The goals to directly related to Goal 7 Ensure Environ- Target 5: Reduction by two thirds,
be achieved within the 1990-2015 time mental Sustainability and Target 10 halve between 1990-2015, mortality rate of
span are: by 2015 the proportion of people without children below the age of 5.
sustainable access to safe drinking water
Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger and basic sanitation. The achievement of Goal 5: Improve maternal health
Achieve universal primary education drinking water and sanitation target is
Promote gender equity and empower grossly influential to welfare improve- Target 6: Reduction by three fourths,
women ment of world population. This is eviden-
between 1990-2015, mortality rate of
Reduce child mortality ced from the fact that there are currently
Improve maternal health mothers at delivery.
1,1 billion or 1/6 of total world population
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other are without access to drinking water sys-
diseases tem and 2,4 billion or 2/5 of total world Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria
Ensure environment sustainability population without access to acceptable and other diseases
Develop a global partnership for deve- sanitation system.
lopment. Reduction half of these figures will, of Target 7: Reduce growth rate by 2015,
course, increase health condition, pro- and begin reducing the spread of
Why MDGs are Important? ductivity, poverty level, and eventually HIV/AIDS.
It is understood that many of the even world economic growth. It is clearly
problems faced by the world developing seen that the role of water and sanitation Target 8: Reduce growth rate by 2015,
nations are still geared in the area of basic is significantly influential to the achieve-
and begin reducing the spread of malaria
human needs. For an example, poverty, ment of other targets.
illiteracy, lack of education, gender and other diseases.
3 Percik
Vol. 3 /February 2004

6. MA I N F E A T U R E
The Preparedness of Other Coun- data from National Action Plan for
Goal 7: Ensure environmental sus- tries Drinking Water sector published by
tainability As time goes by, it is understood that Ministry of Settlement and Regional In-
not every nation will be able to achieve frastructure drinking water service cove-
Target 9: Integrate the principle of sus- the target as set forth without any strate- rage in year 2000 can be categorized as
tainable development into country policies gic step being prepared. It is estimated (i) piped system, in urban areas 39% and
that approximately half of the nations in the rural areas only 8%; (ii) protected
and programs and reverse the losses of
will not be able achieve the target by non piped system, in urban areas 51%
environmental resources. 2015. Based on the currently foreseeable and in rural areas 57%. Total coverage of
trend there will be only 20% are certain piped system for urban and rural 20% in
Target 10: Halve by 2015 the proportion of to achieve. Global achievement may hap- piped system, and 53% in protected non
people without sustainable access to safe pen only because the developed nations piped system.
drinking water and basic sanitation. are included in the calculation. Based on the calculation from the
Based on a rough estimate, if the tar- above action plan, in year 2015 the
get for drinking water is to be achieved coverage target of piped urban drinking
Target 11: Have achieved by 2020 a signi-
there must be an additional access to at water service is 70%, while protected non
ficant improvement in the lives of at least least 250 thousand people per day from piped system is 25%. The coverage for
100 million slum dwellers. now on through year 2015. The achieve- rural areas is 54% in piped system and
ment of basic sanitation is even more dif- that for protected non piped system 29%.
Goal 8: Develop a global partnership ficult considering the increasing urbani- Based on National Action Plan for Sa-
for development zation rate, which means there will be an nitation the condition in Indonesia in
increased land scarcity in towns and 2000 can be classified as the following:
cities. It is estimated that additional ac- a. Access of population to wastewater
Target 12: Establishment of open financial
cess to sanitation must reach at least 300 treatment system is approximately
and trade system, based on regulation and thousand people per day. 50,35%, consisting of: (i) access to treat-
non-discriminative. Up to now (2003) there are 29 nati- ment system for wastewater originating
ons recorded to have produced MDGs from toilet (pit latrine, pit type with sep-
Target 13: Priority attention be given to country report. South East Asia is repre- tic tank and infiltration, communal was-
the need of developing nations. sented by Cambodia, Vietnam, and the tewater installation and small bored se-
Philippines. Indonesia is still preparing wer) is estimated at 30,67%, (ii) access to
the report. wastewater treatment using server, night
Target 14: Priority attention be given to
Based on the official report and re- soil processing, oxydation pond. is esti-
nations without sea and small island sults of monitoring, the UN Secretary mated at 2,21%, (iii) access to treatment
nations. General prepares his annual report. In of waste water originating from non toilet
2003 annual report there are several facility is estimated at 17,47%.
Target 15: Comprehensive efforts for sol- important findings, (i) attention to achie- b. Access to wastewater recycling sys-
ving the loans of developing nations vement of MDGs has made a meaningful tem such as biogas, irrigation system,
through national and international discus- progress, both politically and financially, water culture, manure is not known for
(ii) several trends indicate that several certain but it is estimated that the
sions towards provision of sustainable long
parts of the world will have difficulty in amount is small.
term loan program. achieving the MDGs, (iii) it is necessary c. Considering the availability of pub-
to renew commitment from the world le- lic toilets, the access of population to ba-
Target 16: Cooperation with developing aders to provide opportunity for an in- sic sanitation system is estimated at
nations to develop a strategy to create an creased assistance and abolition of fore- 74,03%.
appropriate and productive employment ign loans in order to give more opportu- Following the calculation made in the
opportunity for child laborer. nity for the developing nations to reduce action plan the target in year 2015 for sa-
poverty. nitation will reach 75% of the total popu-
lation covering 80% of the urban and
Target 17: Cooperation with pharmaceuti- How About Indonesia? 70% of the rural. It should be noted, ho-
cal industries to provide access to accept- Although not as poor as it is in some wever, that the figures presented herein
able basic medicines for the developing African countries the status of WSES cannot be considered as official because
nations. condition in Indonesia cannot be classi- there are still a number of disagreements
fied as satisfactory. Based on the avail- concerning the baseline data being used,
Target 18: Cooperation with private sector able data (see table) that show a wide including using year 2000 instead of
variation both in terms of structure and 1990.
in creating new and effective technologies
definition, the status of WSES in Indone- According to a study made by
especially in information and communica- sia varies widely. UNSFIR (2003) Indonesia can only re-
tion As an illustration, if we are using the ach the target of reduction half of the po-
4 Percik
Vol. 3 /February 2004

7. MAIN FEATURE
drinking water and basic sanitation as
Global Facts mentioned in the MDGs. Based on agree-
ment with MDGs Working Group, drink-
There are 1,2 billion people with a capital income less than $1 per day, and 153 million
undernourished children.
ing water is (i) water that can readily be
Even in the Sub Saharan Africa half of the population are living in poor condition. consumed; and (ii) water that is taken
There are 114 million children are without schooling, this means 1 out of 5 children does from a protected source.
not go to school. Besides, the weakness of the available
Nearly 11 million children below the age of 5 die each year. data lies with the disregard of the quality
There are 500 thousand mothers die at childbirth each year. of the facility, therefore the data basically
HIV/AIDS is the first cause of death toll in Sub Saharan Africa.
Approximately 2,4 billion population are without access to basic sanitation and around
do not reflect the service coverage. Espe-
1,2 billion are without access to drinking water system. cially the consideration of sustainability
Developing nations do not have sufficient access to market and information as well as of facility in Indonesia, particularly in
technology while their loan repayment burden consumes most of their revenue. connection with sanitation in rural areas,
the validity of service coverage becomes
questionable.
pulation without To t a l Po p u l a t i o n W i t h o u t A c c e s s Along with regional autonomy, the
access to water responsibility for water supply and sani-
supply in year t o Wo r l d D r i n k i n g Wa t e r Ye a r 2 0 0 0
tation development is relinquished to the
2040. Whereas it regional government. A study conducted
is estimated that by JICA reveals that fund allocated for
in 2015 there are Arabian Countries human settlement and housing sector is
24 provinces will only 3-5% of the whole budget. Whereas
fail to reach their Latin America water supply and sanitation is only one
targets. component of the sector. From the amo-
South Asia unt of budget one could assume that there
Important is a lack of attention from the regional go-
issues vernment. PDAM as a potential instituti-
Sub Saharan Africa
Water supply on for provision of drinking water supply
and sanitation is now being interlaced with problems in-
condition in Indo- Pasific & East Asia
cluding repayment of loans. From a total
nesia has not been of 293 PDAMs, 201 are indebted to loans
properly recorded at a total of USD 300 millions. This bur-
yet. There are a number (millions)
den represents a hindrance to improve-
number of reasons ment including extension of service cove-
(ii) water supply and sanitation develop-
underlying it, among others (i) no agree- rage.
ment is undertaken by several instituti-
ment in data structure, definition of ope- Involvement of public sector in water
ons, therefore the data produced are not
rational, and detailed components of da- supply development has not shown a
well coordinated; (iii) no effort has been
ta. As an illustration, there is a variation good prospect both in terms of number of
made to regularly update the data, by the
in what service coverage means, thus the interested private company as well as the
respective institutions. To improve the
related data also vary widely (see table), performance of the company itself. Take
condition, this year the as an example, the performance of a
Proportion of Population Without Access WSES Working Group private company in Jakarta is below the
will organize a work- expectation of the majority of the com-
to World Drinking WaterYear 2000 shop seminar to for- munity.
mulate WSES data Degradation of environmental condi-
Arabian Countries 3% structure for use by the tion affects the water source. The availa-
stakeholders. Then in bility of raw water in Java is nearing a
Latin America 7% cooperation with WAS- critical condition. The availability of raw
POLA the Working water source poses difficulty to regions
Pacific & Group will try to fol-
South Asia 21% East Asia without such a source.
low-up the result of the Whereas river as the potential source
43% seminar. indicates a pollution rate almost reaching
In relation to the the upper limit of tolerance. Consequen-
availability of data as tly, management cost is considerably in-
Sub Saharan Africa mentioned above, it is creased.
26% necessary to first agree
on what is meant by
5 Percik
Vol. 3 /February 2004

8. M AIN FEATURE
Ta r g e t Number of Provinces Year when Indonesia will reach
that will fail to reach MDGs target MDGs target
Reduction half of
poverty rate
All children finish
elementary school
Free from illiteracy
Abolition of gender inequity in primary
and secondary schools
Reduction 2/3 of children
mortality rate
Reduction ¾ of mortality rate of
mothers at childbirth
Reduction half of the proportion of
population without access to safe
drinking water supply
Source: UNSFIR
More
Achievement Effect The better
quality of human
prosperous
nation
of Water Supply and resource
Reduce
Sanitation to the poverty
The better
other Target education Economizing of
nation budget
Economizing of
Daughter must
The girl healthy cost
continue the study
to higher school
Children
have time for Free from diarrhea
school Access to and water diseases
Access to sanitation
water supply based
Reduce load
of women Reduce of The better
Deceive the environment
children
women
mortality
Care of baby,
The better
Reduce birth of the better
nutrition
baby under nutrition
normally weight
Source: MDG’s Achievement workshop
Jakarta, February, 17, 2004
6 Percik
Vol. 3 /February 2004

9. MAIN FEATURE
Access to Water Supply In Indonesia (%)
in criteria then our status is not that bad.
Source Urban Rural Total Similarly with basic sanitation, if what we
1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 mean is a simple latrine and not a mo-
UNICEFand WHO
UNICEF and WHO 90 91 60 65 69 76 dern wastewater disposal system, then
National Social Economy Survey
SUSENAS (2002) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 89
PERPAMSIof Indonesia Drinking Water Companies
Association (2001) N/A 39 N/A N/A N/A N/A
again we do not have to worry too much.
National Action Plan, Water Supply Sector
National Action Plan, Water Supply Sector N/A 90 N/A 65 N/A 71 Of course MDGs target can only be
KIMPRASWIL (2003) and Regional Infrastucture
Ministry of Settlement achieved through hard work and straigh-
WASPOLA
WASPOLA N/A 15 N/A N/A N/A N/A tening up problems intertwining water
N/A = not available
supply and environmental sanitation sec-
Access to Basic Sanitation Service (%) tor. Several preliminary steps must be ta-
Source Urban
Urban Rural Total
Total ken such as the ones brought forward by
1990 2000 1990 2000 1990 2000 Agus Prabowo (Chairman of MDGs
UNICEF and WHO (2000)
UNICEF and WHO (2000) 76 67 44 52 54 66 Working Group V) that socialization
SUSENAS (2002) and ProsperityProsperity Statistic (2003)
National Social Economy Survey (2002) and Statistic (2003) N/A 88,5 N/A 64,1 N/A 68
activity has not been fully undertaken to
National Action Waste Sector, Sector, KIMPRASWIL
National Action Plan, Plan, Waste N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 50
(2003) of Settlement and Regional Infrastructure (2003)
Ministry make all the stakeholders sufficiently in-
formed. Besides, we haven't fully explo-
red the potentials within the community.
ACCES TO WATER SUPPLY IN THE WORLD It is the duty of the government to provi-
Pessimistic or Optimistic? de facilitation in order to have the po-
Oceania To answer the above question one tentials exploited effectively and efficien-
should first look back to the statement tly, says Basah Hernowo, Director of Hu-
South East man Settlement and Housing, Bappenas.
Asia made by Erna Witoelar during the MDGs
R E G I O N S
We should be able to take the benefit
Workshop in Jakarta on 17 February
East Asia of MDGs momentum as a starting point
2004 with her motto saying "No Excuse
to iron out problems in water supply and
Latin America 2015" all the targets must be reached. Er- environmental sanitation sector. MDGs
na added that we do not have to worry be- is actually the commitment of industriali-
Sub Saharan
Africa cause the targets initially came from us. zed nations to help the developing coun-
North Africa
This is also reflected in the MDGs Indo- tries solve the basic human needs. We
nesia Country Report which is being pre- should have captured the momentum. If
pared by the MDGs Working Group we only treat MDGs as a routine, MDGs
Proportion with acces to water supply which states that drinking water does not will only become a means to decide a new
Urban 1990 Urban 2000
only include water that is readily drink- target without any instigation. If so, then
Rural 1990 Rural 2000 able but also water that is taken from a MDGs is just like a new target in a clas-
protected source. If we see it from this sical issue.
ACCES TO WATER SUPPLY
IN SOUTH-EAST ASIA (1990, 2000, 2015)
INTERESTING FACTS RELATED TO WSES
1 Lack of access to drinking water, sanitation and improper hygiene condition have caused
Singapore the death of 3 million children of developing nations.
2. 200 million of world population is suffering from schistosomiasis. Scientific studies sug-
gest that reduction of rate of incidence by 77% can be reached through improvement in
C O U N T R Y
Philippine
quality of and access to water supply and sanitation
3. During the last 10 years diarrhea disease killed more children than the total death toll of
Thailand
World War II
4. In China, India and Indonesia the number of people die from diarrhea is double that from
Vietnam HIV/AIDS
5. In 1998 there were 308 thousand people died as war victims in Africa, but more than 2
Indonesia million died from diarrhea disease
6. A study in Karachi indicates that population living in an area without sufficient sanitation
and they lack the knowledge in hygienic life has to spend 6 times more money for medicare
than those living in areas with sufficient sanitation facility
Proportion with acces to water supply 7. Women of Africa and Asia walk 6 km to take water from a source. They carry 20 kg of
water on their heads
8. Per liter water tariff charged to population living in slum area of Kibeira, Kenya is 5 times
higher than an average American citizen has to pay
7 Percik
Vol. 3 /February 2004

10. MA I N F E A T U R E
Important Questions in
Relation to Millennium
Development Goals
1. What is Millennium Development on poverty trend during the decade 1990 achieved yet there is a likeliness the target
Goals (MDGs)? indicates that we would be able to reduce will not be reached, except when there is
MDGs represent an agreement of poverty rate by 2015 in compliance with a fourfold acceleration.
development goals summarized from the target. But in reality in each indivi- In 1990 the progress in reducing the
various world level conferences and dual nation, many are still in the stage of rate of infant mortality, mothers' death at
meetings during the decade of 1990, all of increasing poverty rate. The total poor childbirth, malnutrition, and access to
which converge into the resolution of population in Sub Sahara, South Asia and water supply and sanitation is relatively
Millennium Declaration in September Latin America has increased by 10 million lower than it was in the earlier decade.
2000. since 1990. Many countries experience a The emergence of epidemic AIDS, mala-
Taking the declaration as point of de- twofold decrease in community welfare ria and failure of government to provide
parture the UNDP (United Nations De- during the last two decades. the necessary health services have been
velopment Programme) in collaboration There are currently 1,2 billion people attributable to the unfavorable condition
with other UN departments, the World live with less than $1 income per day. No in the decade 1990.
Bank, IMF, and OECD (Organization for meaningful improvement from the last
Economic Cooperation and Develop- decade. The progress in other targets 3. Whether the goals in MDGs can
ment) took an initiative to develope goals, varies widely. In 1990, a target in educa- be achieved?
targets and measurable indicators to tion for all was set forth to be reached by Yes, in terms of financial as well as
measure the progress. All of which is la- 2000. Favorable result is obtained from technical. However, some nations may
ter known as Millennium Development reduction by half gender inequity in edu- need assistance in technical, policy
Goals consisting of 8 goals, 18 targets, cation, but unfortunately the overall tar- adjustment, and institutional empower-
and over 40 indicators. Then in Johan- get achievement is merely one tenth. As a ment. It is a miracle if a poor nation can
nesburg Summit in 2002 the world lead- consequence, the target is moved back to achieve the targets without international
ers expressed their agreement to the goals 2015. Although some progress may be assistance.
and main targets of MDGs. The goals to
be achieved within the 1990-2015 time 4. Are the goals of MDGs based on
span are: economic consideration?
Eradicate extreme poverty and The rate of return of human resources
hunger
Human resources investment in the developing nations is
Achieve universal primary investment can speed very high. Many of the nations are en-
education tangled in poverty mesh because of poor
Promote gender equity and up MDGs achievement health condition, insufficient nutrition,
empower women and also improve eco- low education, limited access to water
Reduce child mortality supply and sanitation, and even high po-
Improve maternal health nomic growth, creation pulation growth. In addition, geogra-
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, phical condition also influences poverty,
and other diseases of employment such as remoteness of region, changes in
Ensure environment opportunity, improved climatic condition, environmental degra-
sustainability dation, tropical diseases. This condition
Develop a global partnership productivity, and represent the logical explanation for
for development. being less favorable to investment.
increased revenue that Human resources investment can
2. What is our (world) status in eventually lead to speed up MDGs achievement and also
terms of the condition for achieving improve economic growth, creation of
MDGs in 2015? macro economic employment opportunity, improved pro-
In general the target can only be stability. ductivity, and increased revenue that
achieved through serious commitment eventually lead to macro economic sta-
and hard work. Simple calculation based bility.
8 Percik
Vol. 3 /February 2004

11. M AIN FEATURE
Participants of Workshop on MDG Achievement through Action Plans for WSES sector in Jakarta 17-19 February 2004.
5. Can the financing gap be over- 7. Why a global campaign is need-
come? ed?
Based on estimate made by UNICEF, For developing Global campaign is needed to bridge
World Bank and WHO to achieve the up the targets to be achieved with the
MDGs targets it will need a budget of countries, the complication of problems at the real
approximately $50 billion a year. This re- campaign is focused on world level. The campaign is expected to
presents additional fund on top of the improve and then maintain world atten-
currently being set aside. This means do- domestic resources tion and action focused to MDGs targets.
uble the present requirement. For developed nations, the campaign
Though in terms of amount this looks mobilization, streng- is focused on assistance and reduction of
big but only represent one fifth per cent of thening human rights, loan repayment based on the actual reve-
the income of the developing nations. nue, assurance that assistance is allocated
democracy and good to respective sector in MDGs, and cre-
6. What is meant by MDGs report? ation of market for the products from
UNDP is supporting the preparation
governance in accor- developing nations, especially the poor
of progress report in MDGs achievement dance with the countries.
of each country. The assumption is that For developing countries, the cam-
each country report will help in speeding Millennium paign is focused on domestic resources
up target achievement, as well as dissemi- Declaration. mobilization, strengthening human
nation of MDGs from international to rights, democracy and good governance
national level. in accordance with the Millennium
The purpose of MDGs report is to help Declaration. Each of these objectives are
increase public attention, stimulate dis- adjusted with objective condition in each
cussion related to challenges in develop- the existing reports such as Common nation and target group. The format of
ment, renewal of political commitment, Country Assessments, Poverty Reduction campaign is also adjusted with the local
and help the developing nations and Strategy Papers, or National Human condition.
donor countries create a detailed and bet- Development Reports, in order to mini- A sustained campaign program can
ter budget framework based on the prin- mize burden to each of the nations. help to make MDGs as a priority, and cre-
ciple of mutual confidence. Up to now (2003) there are 29 coun- ation of a realistic planning. A campaign
The report is targeted to mass media ties already completed MDGs report.Five that involves political debate, public poli-
and the general public. MDGs report others, including Indonesia are still cy debate, academic debate, using facts
should be concise, easily understandable preparing it. It was planned that in 2004 and detailed figures about MDGs will
so that the message could easily be all countries have completed each of their speed up attention toward MDGs.
absorbed. It should follow the format of reports
9 Percik
Vol. 3 /February 2004

12. M AIN FEATURE
Result of Studies and Empirical Observations related to MDGs targets for
WSES development
Research initiated by the World Bank in 43 countries reveals that (i) access to piped water supply
service is main key to the reduction infant mortality rate. This explains why there is approximately
25% infant mortality, and 37% children mortality rate difference between the rich and the poor
nations; (ii) lack of acceptable sanitation system and improper pit well condition: contribute 10%
and 20% difference in malnutrition between the rich and the poor nations
Goal 1 → Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
Infrastructure and housing influence poverty through (i) economic growth; (ii) reduce weakness
due to health condition; (iii) increase family income
Goal 2 → Guarantee education for all
Water and sanitation influence school attendance and mark in examination
Lack of water reduces attendance to class by 2-17% in Africa
Improvement in ownership of pit wells and public taps increase number of schoolchildren
school children
by 20% in rural areas of India
Water and sanitation increases attendance by 15% in Bangladesh
Better water supply and sanitation is related to reduction in rate of absence in Tanzania
and Nigeria.
Indonesia represents a country in SE Asia with the lowest number of children enrolled to school
(UNESCO Education Statistics, 2003)
Goal 3 Promote gender equity
Infrastructure like water supply, sanitation, housing, electricity based on MDGs strategy
represents one of three intervention tools in improving gender equity and empowerment of
women
Access to water supply and basic sanitation will strengthen the role of women through a better
Access on waterown life and basic energy, privacy and pride, the role of women through a better
control to their supply (time and sanitation will strengthen employment opportunity)
control on waterown life system and environmental sanitation in schools improves girl attendance
Access to their supply (time and energy, privacy and pride, employment opportunity)
during puberty reduces gender inequity in secondary schools
Access to water supply system and environmental sanitation in schools improves girl attendance
during puberty → reduces gender inequity in secondary schools
Goals 4 and 5 → Improve maternal and children health
Water and sanitation reduces infant and children mortality rate
Access to clean water reduces children mortality rate by 55% (42 studies)
Women in the rural Africa and Asia walk 6 km a day carrying 20 kg of water on their heads.
Pregnant women doing this may give birth to baby with less than normal weight, and risk
complication during delivery
10 Percik
Vol. 3 /February 2004

13. M AIN FEATURE
Erna Witoelar
(UN Special Ambassador for MDGs in Asia and the Pacific)
N o E x c u s e 2 0 1 5
I
n the opening of MDGs achieve-
ment workshop on through
WSES Action Plans in Indonesia
held on 17 February 2004 Erna
Witoelar takes the opportunity to
explain about Millennium Development
Goals focusing on Drinking Water and
Sanitation in Indonesia.
Economic crisis in Indonesia has
caused a slowdown in the achievement of
community access to water supply and
sanitation service. However, it is esti-
mated that Indonesia will achieve most of
the MDGs in year 2015, though poverty
enclosures will still be found in some
provinces. Quoting the data from
Susenas (National census) 2002, the in achieving MDGs targets. First, it access to benefit. Drinking water is the
households with acceptable water supply might be necessary to link water and right for everyone, it is not a commodity
system with an access level reaching 80% sanitation target with other issues of the for trading. Fourth, it is necessary to
are only in Jakarta, Bali, Yogyakarta, East Millennium Declaration, e.g. human increase funding for water supply and
Java, Banten, North Sulawesi, Central rights, good governance, and peace and sanitation system from various sources.
Java, West Java. Other regions like security. Second, National policy and Fifth, women are highly affected with
Central Kalimantan, North Maluku and regulatory framework for an integrated water insufficiency. Therefore, they
Papua are standing below 50%. Access to water resources management is deemed should be the ones to play the leading
sanitation indicates an even worse situa- required in order to enhance drinking role. Sixth, sustainable water and sanita-
tion. Only Jakarta, Yogyakarta and water service mechanism through parti- tion for urban poor should be integrated
Lampung reach 80% access. cipatory approaches in all phases of the with improvement program for city
Water supply and sanitation is closely development, enhance the level of ser- slums, including guarantee for ownership
linked to other MDGs goals, namely vice, and focuses be placed on the com- to slum inhabitants. The local govern-
poverty (goal 1), education (goal 2), gen- munity based facility. Third, attention ment should wage a war to "local mafia."
der (goal 3) children mortality (goal 4), should be focused at improvement of Seventh, implementation of water supply
mothers mortality (goal 5) and eradica- Proportion of Households having access to Water Supply and sanitation project is conducted at the
tion of diseases. The following facts may Service, per province, 2002 kabupaten/kota level, while the monitor-
suffice to explain the linkage. Sufficient Papua (2001) ing and technical assistance by the
water may become one way in poverty West Kalimantan provincial level government.
Jambi
reduction, through reducing the time Erna Witoelar wrapped up her pres-
Gorontalo
needed to take water, and reducing fami- East Kalimantan
entation by saying that we must achieve
ly expenditure for buying water. Water South-east Sulawesi the MDGs goals. We have no excuse. We
insufficiency and lack of sanitation ser- INDONESIA proposed the targets ourselves after con-
vice discourage qualified teachers to Central Java sidering to what we have in hands. Our
work in villages. A long queue mostly of East Java nation has the resources, technology, and
Jakarta
women and children to get water dismiss knowledge that are needed to provide
the opportunity for girls to attend their
Percentage (%)
water supply and sanitation service for
Proportion of Households having access to Basic Sanitation, everyone. The problems lies with how
class. More than 3 million mostly infant per province, 2002
and children below the age of 5 die each water can be used wisely, improve water
Maluku
year because of water borne disease like Central Sulawesi
supply and sanitation service and in-
diarrhea. West Kalimantan volvement of the stakeholders.
Water and sanitation become the ini- South-East Sulawesi
tial point to gain acceleration for achiev- Central Java Source: Presentation made by Erna
INDONESIA Witoelar in the Opening Ceremony of
ing the other MDGs goals. Global part- East Nusa Tenggara
nership may enhance this achievement Workshop on Millennium Development Goals
East Kalimantan
process through the principle of good Riau
Achievement Through Action Plans for
governance in water and sanitation sys- Jakarta Drinking Water and Sanitation Sector
tem development. Erna Witoelar ex- Jakarta February 17, 2004
Percentage (%)
pressed a number of policy implications Table: BPS 2002.
11 Percik
Vol. 3 /February 2004

14. I NTERVIEW
Dr. R. Hening Darpito
Director of Hygienic Water and Sanitation, Department of Health
“Water has an initiating power”
W hat is health sector doing to sup-
port achievement of target 10?
It seems that MDGs have been
What is the linkage between MDGs
program with the existing projects?
We have been appointed as the exe-
What would be done to make MDGs
targets achieved?
The most important is establishment
absorbed by Indonesian government. cuting agency for community-based pro- of good governance. Government, pri-
Now are being translated into action jects. We implement the projects in col- vate sector, community must work to-
plans. In water supply and sanitation laboration with the regional govern- gether toward that direction. For this
sector we actually have started it in 1980- ments. This represents the application of purpose it is necessary to organize large
90 in response to the water and sanita- the policy formulated by WASPOLA scale public campaign. The key is in two
tion decade. At that time the government (Water Supply & Sanitation Policy For- factors, professionalism and transparen-
prepared an extensive plan through mulation & Action Planning). It seems cy.
Inpres Samijaga (drinking water and that the policy is in agreement with the
household toilet). During the 10-year pe- targets contained in MDGs.
riod the facilities constructed are stan-
dardized. But because community invol- How would the lack of community
vement was quite minimum the facilities interest be dealt with?
are not maintained. After 1997, the target Awareness is not an indepen-
changed. After 2000 as a consequence to dent factor by itself. It is inhe-
decentralization the leading role is given rent within program implemen-
to the regional governments. But the le- tation. That is why we have to
vel of interest vary from region to region. start with the reasons behind it.
Some are highly interested while others
are almost entirely ignorant. After the How can water supply and
signing of MDGs, particularly for drink- sanitation projects be made
ing water and sanitation, we rely more to as the spearhead in achiev-
Bappenas to coordinate the planning ing MDGs?
aspect. Water has a initiating power
so that other problems can also be
What action plans are proposed? solved. Toilet, for instance. If water
This is how it looks. Water and sani- is available and one will begin to
tation is not solely a health related issue. think of having a toilet. I think
It is very difficult to work out an indepen- what is contained in MDGs are
dent action plan because this is the res- in line with the target of our
ponsibility of the government as a whole. Indonesia Healthy Program in
All the related agencies must sit together 2010.
and prepare the plan. What is most im-
portant is executive and legislative com-
mitment. If there is a political will from
the executive from the central to the
regional level, and the legislative from the
central to the regional level, the private
sector and the community can be per-
suaded to move. Political will cannot be
upheld by one agency alone but as a com-
bined action by all sectors. The most im-
portant is that the action plan must
belong to and respected by everyone. The
next would be, how the action plan could be
disseminated to the regions and then to the
private sector in order to create a favor-
able atmosphere for investment.
12 Percik
Vol. 3 /February 2004

15. I NTERVIEW
Ir. Basah Hernowo, MA
Director of Human Settlement and Housing, National Development Planning Agency
“Empowerment is the key”
W hat is the linkage between
MDGs with the national policy
for water supply and environmen-
Whether the MDGs momentum
give tints to the formulation of
national policy for institutionally
PDAMs with big coverage are heavily
indebted. This is a case that happens now
and might happen again in the future.
tal sanitation? based WSES development? We have made a rule to prevent PDAM
MDGs consist of many targets, drink- More than just that. This is related to indebted again. Then we improve the
ing water and sanitation being one of the service provided for by a kabupaten management performance and finally
them. The community based develop- and kota level corporate body (PDAM). introduction of new technology in water
ment policy represents our effort to over- Considering the inefficient service we will supply and sanitation system. Such as
come the low government budget. It is make the PDAM improve its efficiency, solid waste, if we maintain sanitary land-
very difficult if we were to rely only on then we stimulate them to serve the con- fill technology which need hundreds
government budget. If in 2015 the popu- sumers. If a PDAM serve less than hectares of land, how can this idea be
lation reach 240 million level, there will 10.000 homes why not dissolve it and maintained in a big city like Jakarta?
be at least 48 million households each turn it into a local government service so Therefore we have to look to a more envi-
requires $40-60 for drinking water only, that it can be subsidized by the go- ronmentally friendly technology.
the amount of budget is 40 times 48 mil- vernment. It would be bet-
lion in US dollars. Considering govern- ter than an expensive Could you elaborate on the termi-
ment and legislative attention in water investment in a poor nology drinking water and sanita-
supply and sanitation sector is very low repayment rate. tion in MDGs?
we have no choice but community But if a plant has MDGs do not include solid waste.
empowerment. We provide them with a promising po- Environmental sanitation should
stimulant. Provide facilitation to the tential we will also cover the problems of liquid
human resources. Thus MDGs are close- help it to grow. waste, solid waste and drainage.
ly related to the National Policy for At this moment MDGs is focused at wastewater.
Community-Based Water Supply and most of big I think all those are closely related.
Environmental Sanitation Development
13 Percik 2004
Vol. 3 /February

16. I NTERVIEW
It is impossible for us to deal only with
wastewater while the garbage and
drainage are left unattended. I think with
regard MDGs we should not set our atten- It is impossible to being a single sector
tion to terminology per se but rather we
also pay attention to other problems and achieve its own goals.
related to it. It might happen that one
town is free from wastewater problem but All sectors must work in synergy with others
its garbage disposal system is a mess.
This becomes a challenge, whether we in order to be efficient.
will deal with wastewater only or to
include also its related components.
How was target 10 determined and
what year is taken as the baseline? loan? only a public servant, not a bureaucrat
Actually we used baseline data of There is always possibility. The ques- nor an authority.
1990. But the question is, whether the tion is, whether we are ready? The do-
assets of 14 years ago are still in record? nors are always ready because they will What is your opinion regarding
It is difficult to find it. The global data make benefit if we borrow. We are trying pessimistic attitude in achieving
may be OK, but what about the details. to create a condition where foreign loan is MDGs targets?
Data inaccuracy may lead to inefficient not the main source of financing. I think It is quite natural. They are pes-
service. If we used 1990 data the level our community is capable if we can simistic because they know the budget
may be lower. What we could do was to mobilize it. allocation for water supply and sanitation
make our calculation based on the exist- is extremely low. Less than one per cent
ing data. If population in 2003 is 210 Is there problem in inter-sector of gross domestic revenue. The point is
million and the service coverage of piped coordination? now how to motivate those who are pes-
system is 39-40%, this means that the Up to this time inter-sector coordina- simistic to learn that the community has
target for 2015 which half of the present- tion has made some improvement. It is an unexploited potential. It is our job
ly without access is approximately 30%. impossible to being a single sector and now to unearth the potential. The duty of
Therefore the total service coverage in achieve its own goals. All sectors must the government is to facilitate it. That is
that year is 70%. For sanitation, in 2003 work in synergy with others in order to be why, do not be pessimistic now. Let us be
the figure reads 8%. Those without efficient. We have to realize that we are together to work things out.
access are 92%. In 2015 the total house-
holds who have access to sanitation sys-
tem is 8% plus 46% equals 54%.
Does it mean there must be a strate-
gic step to achieve the target?
We have to strengthen the communi-
ty. Without strengthening (empower-
ment) it will be difficult to reach the tar-
gets because government budget is very
low. An annual budget of Rp1,2 trillion
for human settlement and housing sector
is far from sufficient because we actually
need three to four times that amount.
Such an amount of money, where can we
get it from? It is here that community
empowerment is inevitable.
The phases for achieving the target,
have they been developed?
Not yet. It should be ideal if the avail-
able fund were sufficient.
Is there possibility for a foreign
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Vol. 3 /February 2004

17. I NTERVIEW
DR. AGUS PRABOWO
Director of Natural Resources and Environment Control,
National Development Planning Agency
Insufficient Socialization
Could you elaborate how Pokja known yet. Because not much has been No campaign being conducted yet?
MDGs Working Group was initially done for its socialization yet. The know- Not yet. But at national level we have
organized? ledge is still limited within the circle of an ambassador, Ibu Erna Witoelar. I
This began when Mr. Syahrial Luthan, those directly involved. The others are think it is the job of Ibu Erna to organize
Director of Multilateral Foreign Finan- alien to it. the campaign.
cing, National Development Planning
Agency attended the MDGs meeting. He How is Indonesia's preparedness for
was given a mandate to organize a pokja achieving targets by 2015?
(kelompok kerja, working group). A I can explain this through my own
meeting in Bappenas was held in 2003 to working group in dealing with target 9.
form the pokja. Later there are 5 working There are three components, first is inte-
groups organized, though without a for- gration of sustainable development prin-
mal Letter of decision. This is based on ciples into the national policy, and
partnership, not top down relationship. replenishment of the missing environ-
The members represent the need of each mental resources. I am optimistic this
pokja. target can be reached. As this is a sus-
tainable development, everything has
Why is it that MDGs echo is been included in the Propenas (National
not as loud as it is with Development Program). Second, halve
other programs? by 2015 the proportion of people with-
I guess you're right. out access to safe drinking water and
MDGs aren't well basic sanitation. I have some doubt
in this. This is drinking water,
whereas what we have in
Indonesia right now is only
clean water. Is it possi-
ble that by 2015 we
can make it
into half?
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Vol. 3 /February 2004

18. I NTERVIEW
The third, to arrive at a meaningful
improvement to welfare condition of 100
million population in 2020. The possibi-
lity is fifty-fifty.
It seems difficult to reach it. Then
why are those being decided as indi-
cators?
This is an international level common
agreement which is not based on scienti-
fic calculation, or analysis of facts. This is
based merely on common determination.
As we see it, this program is a
cooperation of the rich and the
poor nations. How does it look like
in reality?
It is a long story. MDGs represent a
global agreement which started since
1978 in Commission on Environment
Development in Stockholm. In that time
there arose a common awareness bet-
ween the developed and the developing
nations. The common awareness rolls on
into a meeting in Rio in 1992. Then in
Johannesburg in 2002. This all comes
from common awareness. The developed
nations admit they have done degrada-
tion to environment. On the other side usually flatterers. The more so is Ame- What is the recent status of report
the south nations are poor but they have rica, the most flattering nation of all. preparation?
natural resources reserve. The common All working groups have completed.
awareness is one alone cannot be rich Does the program pose any a new Draft has been translated into English.
while others around him are still poor. burden to Indonesian government? Indonesian version is already in final .
The following idea is that each developed No. With or without MDGs Indonesia
nation set aside 0,1% of their gross must do as what is contained in MDGs. What does the report contain?
national income to help the developing Thus MDGs is a reminder that we are All targets.
countries. But the developed nations will being monitored by international com-
not help just for the sake of helping. They munity. Of all the targets what percentage is
want to know the targets to be achieved. within the optimistic rate?
One way of doing this is through compila- This means, before there were It is difficult to estimate.
tion into the MDGs. In other words, MDGs targets we already have steps
MDGs is an agreement among the poor toward this direction? In water supply and sanitation, for
nations. Yes, of course. The Repelita (Annual example?
Plan) documents contain just those. With drinking water it is more difficult,
What are the formats of the assis- but with sanitation relatively easier. For
tance? The targets are internationally example, per capita emission. The Americans
Assistance can come in various diffe- agreed. How if there were a drastic are 200 times higher than we Indonesians.
rent forms. The assistance is called ODA change in a specific country?
(Official Development Assistance), some This is a very good question? If there What consequence will a poor
are loan funded, others in grant fund. For were a drastic change the result will be country suffer if she fails to reach
environment it is specially grant fund. If influenced. Take for instance, poverty. the target?
it is a loan the interest rate is very low. In 1997 our poverty figure is 11%. But The consequence is the ODA
The essence is the developed nations shortly after monetary crisis it rose to
helping the developing countries. The to- 22%. After 5 years we start to recover, What are the barriers in achieving
tal amount of fund is 0,1% of gross now it is 18%. This means we suffer from the MDGs targets?
incomes of those countries. But the fact is setback. The goals in MDGs are set forth I think it is the mental attitude, social
smaller than that. The rich nations are based on normal condition. and collective responsibility.
16 Percik
Vol. 3 /February 2004