3. Introduction
Why leucocytes called white cells??
Gabriel Andral,a French professor of medicine and
William Addison, an English country
practitioner,reported simultaneously the first
description of leucocytes (1843)
Play important role in immunity of the body
4. Leucopoiesis
Definition
The process of development and maturation of
white blood cells(leucocytes), is called
leucopoiesis.
5. HEAMOCYTOBLAST
MYELOID SERIES
MYELOID STEM
CELL
MYELOBLAST
PROMYELOCYTE
GRANULOPOIESIS
MYELOCYTE
METAMYELOCYTE
BAND FORM
GRANULOCYTE
6. HEAMOCYTOBLAST
MYELOID STEM CELL
MYELOMONOBLAST
FORMATION OF
MONOCYTES
PROMONOCYTE
MONOCYTE
(BLOOD)
MACROPHAGE
(TISSUES)
MONOCYTE-MACROPHAGE
SERIES
8. Regulation of leucopoiesis
Granulopenia or dead granulocytes & monocytes
Releases
G-CSF
M-CSF
GM-CSF
Interleukins
Stimulate
Bone Marrow
Increased formation
Granulocytes
Monocytes/macrophages
Normal
counts inhibit
9. Normal range of WBC
At birth,in full term infant: 10,000-25,000/μl
of blood
Infants upto 1 yr of age:6000-16,000/μl of
blood
Adults:4000-11,000/μl of blood
13. Neutrophils
1. Cell size- 10-14μm
2. Nucleus- central or eccentric; 2-6
lobes;deep purplish blue
3. Cytoplasm- faint pink
4. Granules- fine(pin-point); violet-
Normal values pink in color
•Differential:40
-75%
•Absolute:2000
-7500/μl of
blood
14. Eosinophils
1. Cell size- 10-14μm
2. Nucleus- central or eccentric; 2-3
lobes; purplish blue; “spectacle
shaped”
3. Cytoplasm- acidophilic;bright
pink in color
4. Granules- large; coarse; crimson
red
Normal values
•Differential: 1-
6%
•Absolute:40-
440/μl of blood
15. Basophils
1. Cell size- 10-14μm
2. Nucleus- central; 2-3 lobes;
purplish blue; overlaid with
granules
3. Cytoplasm- basophilic; full of
granules
4. Granules- very coarse,deep
purple or blue
Normal values
•Differential: 0-
1%
•Absolute: 0-
100/μl of blood
16. Monocyte
1. Cell size- 12-20μm
2. Nucleus- eccentric or central;
round or oval; pale bluish
violet
3. Cytoplasm- abundant; pale
blue; clear
Normal values
•Differential:
2-10%
•Absolute:500
-800/μl of
blood
17. Lymphocyte
1. Cell size- LL:12-16μm; SL:7-
10μm
2. Nucleus- eccentric; large
round nucleus; deep purplish
blue
3. Cytoplasm- scanty; light blue
color
Normal values
•Differential:2
0-40%
•Absolute:
1500-4000/μl
of blood
18. Variation in counts
Neutrophilia
Absolute count >
10,000/μl of blood
•Physiological &
•Pathlogical causes
Neutropenia
Absolute count<
2500/μl of blood
•Causes??
19. Life Span Of WBC
Not constant.
Neutrophils -> 2-5 days
Eosinophils -> 7-12 days
Basophils -> 12-15 days
Monocytes -> 2-5 days
Lymphocytes -> ½-1 day
20. Properties Of WBC’s
Diapedesis
Ameboid movement
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis
23. Neutrophils
1st line of defense
Granules contain enzymes like
Nucleotidases
Catalases
Antibody like substances -> Defensins
24. Eosinophils
Defense (specially against parasites )
Role in allergic reactions
Substances present in granules
1. Major basic protein
2. Eosinophilic cationic proteins
3. Eosinophil peroxidase
4. Aryl sulphatase B
25. Basophils
Role in allergic responses
Substances present in granules
1. Histamine
2. Heparin
3. Hyaluronic acid
4. Proteases & Myeloperoxidase
26. Monocytes
1st line of defense
Motile & phagocytic
Precursors of tissue macrophages
secrete:
1. Interleukin 1
2. Colony stimulating factor
3. Platelet activating factor
35. CYCLIC NEUTROPENIA
Episodes of severe neutropenia usually
lasting for 3-6 days
Can be familial & inherited with maturation
arrest
36. Hypereosinophilic syndrome
Criteria of diagnosis
Peripheral blood eosinophil >1.5 x 109/L
Persistence of counts more than 6 months
Organs involved
Heart
Lung
Skin
Neurological
38. Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Autosomal recessive disorder
Giant granules in granulocytes, monocytes and
lymphocytes
Recurrent pyogenic infections
Lymphoproliferative syndrome may develop
Treatment is BMT
39. Leukemia
WBC upto 1,000,00/cu.mm
It can be –
1. Acute – Lmphoblastic
Myeloblastic
2. Chronic – Lymphatic
Myeloid
41. 1.Bone marrow transplantation
2.Apheresis & leucocyteapheresis
3.Use of special filters & leucocyte depleted
blood
4.Flow cytometry
5.Alpha interferon
42. Bibliography
Essentials of medical physiology by
K.Sembulingam & Prema Sembulingam
Medical physiology by Guyton & Hall
Medical physiology by Indu Khurana
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