1. IPV6-THE NEXT GENERATION
PROTOCOL
Session Number
Presentation_ID © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1

2. Introduction
• What is IP?
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol
by which data is sent from one computer to
another on the Internet.
• History
In 1978, the Office of the Secretary of Defense
(OSD) mandated the use of IPv4 for all “host-to-
host” data exchange enabling IPv4 to become the
mechanism for the military to create integrated
versus stovepiped communications.
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 2

3. Do We Really Need a Larger Address
Space?
• Internet Users or PC
~530 million users in Q2 CY2002, ~945 million by 2004
(Source: Computer Industry Almanac)
Emerging population/geopolitical and Address space
• PDA, Pen-Tablet, Notepad,…
~20 million in 2004
• Mobile phones
Already 1 billion mobile phones delivered by the industry
• Transportation
1 billion automobiles forecast for 2008
Internet access in Planes
• Consumer devices
Billions of Home and Industrial Appliances
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 3

4. Explosion of New Internet Appliances
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 4

5. Techniques to reduce address shortage
in IPv4
• Subnetting
• Network Address Translation (NAT)
• Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR)
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 5

6. Subnetting
• Three-level hierarchy: network, subnet,
and host.
• The extended-network-prefix is composed
of the classful network-prefix and the
subnet-number
• The extended-network-prefix has
traditionally been identified by the subnet
mask
Network-Prefix Subnet-Number Host-Number
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 6

7. Subnetting Example
128.10.1.1 H1 128.10.1.2 H2
Sub-network 128.10.1.0
Internet
G
All traffic
to 128.10.0.0
128.10.2.1 H3 128.10.2.2 H4
Net mask 255.255.0.0
Sub-network 128.10.2.0
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.
Subnet mask 255.255.255.0 7

8. Network Address Translation
• Each organization-
single IP address 3 Reserved ranges
10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 (16,777,216 hosts)
• Within organization
– each host with IP 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255/12 (1,048,576
hosts)
unique to the orgn.,
192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255/16 (65,536
from reserved set of hosts)
IP addresses
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 8

9. NAT Example
10.0.0.4
C
B
10.0.0.1
Source Source NAT Router's
Source NAT Router's
Computer's Computer's Assigned
Computer IP Address
IP Address Port Port Number
A 10.0.0.1 400 24.2.249.4 1
B 10.0.0.2 50 24.2.249.4 2
C 10.0.0.3 3750 24.2.249.4 3
D 10.0.0.4 206 24.2.249.4 4
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 9

10. Classless Inter-Domain Routing
• Eliminates traditional classful IP routing.
• Supports the deployment of arbitrarily
sized networks
• Routing information is advertised with a
bit mask/prefix length specifies the number
of leftmost contiguous bits in the network portion
of each routing table entry
• Example: 192.168.0.0/21
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 10

11. Features of IPv6
• Larger Address Space
• Aggregation-based address hierarchy
– Efficient backbone routing
• Efficient and Extensible IP datagram
• Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
• Security (IPsec mandatory)
• Mobility
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 11

12. 128-bit IPv6 Address
3FFE:085B:1F1F:0000:0000:0000:00A9:1234
8 groups of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers separated by “:”
Leading zeros can be
removed
3FFE:85B:1F1F::A9:1234
:: = all zeros in one or more group of 16-bit hexadecimal numbers
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 12

13. Basic Address Types
unicast:
for one-to-one U
communication
M
multicast: M
for one-to-many
M
communication
A
anycast:
A
for one-to-nearest
communication A
13
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 13

14. IPv6 Stateless Auto-configuration
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 14

15. Major Improvements of
IPv6 Header
• No option field: Replaced by extension
header. Result in a fixed length, 40-byte
IP header.
• No header checksum: Result in fast
processing.
• No fragmentation at intermediate nodes:
Result in fast IP forwarding.
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 15

16. IPv6: Security Issues
• Provision for
Authentication header
Guarantees authenticity and integrity of data
Encryption header
Ensures confidentiality and privacy
• Encryption modes:
Transport mode
Tunnel mode
• Independent of key management
algorithm.
• Security implementation is mandatory
requirement in IPv6.
IIT 2005
AprKanpur 16
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 16

17. Mobility Support in IPv6
• Mobile computers are becoming commonplace.
• Mobile IPv6 allows a node to move from one link to
another without changing the address.
• Movement can be heterogeneous, i.e., node can move
from an Ethernet link to a cellular packet network.
• Mobility support in IPv6 is more efficient than
mobility support in IPv4.
• There are also proposals for supporting micro-
mobility.
IIT 2005
AprKanpur 17
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 17

18. Much Still To Do
though IPv6 today has all the functional capability of IPv4,
• implementations are not as advanced
(e.g., with respect to performance, multicast support, compactness,
instrumentation, etc.)
• deployment has only just begun
• much work to be done moving application, middleware, and
management software to IPv6
• much training work to be done
(application developers, network administrators, sales staff,…)
• many of the advanced features of IPv6 still need specification,
implementation, and deployment work
18
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 18

19. Conclusion
 IPv6 is NEW …
– built on the experiences learned from IPv4
– new features
– large address space
– new efficient header
– autoconfiguration
 … and OLD
– still IP
– build on a solid base
– started in 1995, a lot of implementations and
tests done
© 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 19

20. Session Number
Presentation_ID © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 20