1. Linkers of contrast
•In spite of / despite
•Although / even though /
though

2. in spite of / despite
We use them to express
contrast. They mean the
same thing.

3. FORM 1
• In spite of/ despite + v-ing,
clause (subject +verb)
• Example: In spite of/despite
revising for hours, I didn’t do
well in the test.

4. Form 2
•In spite of/ despite + noun
phrase, clause (subject
+verb)
•Example: Despite my
revision, I didn’t do well in
the test.

5. • We can also put in spite of /
despite in the middle of a
sentence.
• I didn’t do well in the test,
despite revising for hours.

6. Although/ even though / though
• We use them to express contrast.
They mean the same thing.
• Even though is stronger than
although/though.
• I enjoyed the party, even though/
although/though I didn’t like the
music.

7. • FORM
• ALTHOUGH + CLAUSE (subject +
verb), CLAUSE (subject + verb)
• Although it was cloudy, we went
to the beach.

8. Use the appropriate linker:
•……. my warnings, he went
to North Korea.
•Despite/ in spite of my
warnings, he went to North
Korea.

9. • … she didn’t feel like going to the cinema, she
enjoyed the film in the end.
• Even though/although she didn’t feel like
going to the cinema, she enjoyed the film in
the end.

10. • They visited Paris, ………. they didn’t
have time to visit the Eiffel Tower.
• They visited Paris, even
though/although they didn’t have
time to visit the Eiffel Tower.

11. • She decided to go abroad for a
year, ……… not speaking the
language very well.
• She decided to go abroad for a
year, despite/in spite of not
speaking the language very well.