2. Present State of Health Care
Crossing the Quality Chasm (Institute of Medicine, 2001)
- Notes present health care system frequently
harms patients and routinely fails to deliver
potential benefits
- In chapter Preparing the Workforce, outlines
new or enhanced skills required for professional
to function in changing health [health & mental
health] environment --- 5 skills
3. Preparing the Workforce
Five Skills
1. Informatics – Communicate, manage
knowledge, and support decision making using
information technology
2. Interdisciplinary Teams – standardize care to
make services patient-centered, continuous, and
reliable
3. Evidence-Based Practice – Integrate best
research with clinical expertise and patient
values
4. 4. Patient-Centered Care – Inform and involve
patients and their families in medical/treatment
decision making and self management;
coordinate and integrate care, apply principles
of disease prevention and behavioral change
appropriate for diverse populations
5. Quality Improvement – Continually
understand and measure quality of care in
terms of structure, processes, and outcomes,
design and test interventions to change
processes and systems of care
Preparing the Workforce
Five Skills
5. Pressure for Enhanced Teamwork
Healthcare system
Organizational changes
– mergers, acquisitions,
closings
Financial changes
incentives,
reimbursement models
Priorities – shorter in-
patient days, out-patient
services, home based
services
6. Pressure for Enhanced Teamwork
Cost-effective care models
Hospice
ACT Teams
Visiting Nurse
Day Treatment Programs
Senior Community Centers
Gero-psychiatric Centers
Others……….
Emphasis on health
promotion
Emphasis on disease
prevention
Community based services
7. Teamwork: Health & Mental Health
Outcomes
Teams fall short of
expectations of members,
leaders and managers
(Pearson, 2001)
Suboptimization – lack of
care continuity, redundant
and wasteful processes,
excess costs,
miscommunication
(Larson, 1999; Institute
Medicine, 2001)
8. History of Interdisciplinary
Education
Professionals trained and socialized in isolation
Organizations are hierarchical in structure
Professionals have their own “speak”
In 1995 less than 25% nursing and medical schools
had any interdisciplinary programs
Accreditation speak to ability to practice in
interdisciplinary settings but silent in terms of training
environment
Limited research on the impact interdisciplinary
training, practice and patient care
(Greiner, 2007)
9. Evolution Team Approach
From historical perspective teams have evolved
Consultative approach
Multidisciplinary
Interdisciplinary
Trans-disciplinary
10. Evolution Team Approach
Consultative approach – one practitioner retains
central responsibility and consults with others as
needed
Multidisciplinary – each team member
implements a specialized part of a care plan
Interdisciplinary – each team members put forth
their knowledge individually and collectively to
the care plan
Trans-disciplinary – members are jointly
responsible for implementing an integrated plan
11. Evolution in Terminology
Multidisciplinary – as disciplines
working in parallel, with diverse goals
Interdisciplinary – is most common in
literature today, each team members put
forth their knowledge individually and
collectively to the care/treatment plan
Interprofessional is gaining presence
(Institute of Medicine, 2001)
12. Of the Four Team Approaches
Trans-disciplinary “Cadillac” Model
Trans-disciplinary – training and legal parameters
may shape practice - tasks among team members
based in individual patient problems and needs than
on traditional role definitions
13. Team Evolution
What event(s) propelled the move to develop and
initiate multidisciplinary teams in health and mental
health settings?
14. Team Approach
Courts and mental health care
Accreditation regulations
De-institutionalization within mental health
Mandatory insurance regulations
15. Mental Health Teamwork
Do you know which NC Hospital is pictured?
Community Mental Health Programs 1970s
Referrals from state hospitals
Case review and assignment
Case consultations and reviews
Consultation & Education Initiatives
16. Health Care Team Work
Mandatory regulations and accreditation
End-Stage Renal Disease Program 1972
Social Security Act Amendment P.L. 92-603
Medicare coverage for renal transplants and home dialysis
Referrals from state hospitals
17. Geriatric Team Development
On Lok Senior Health Services
Community leaders wanted to build
nursing home in Chinatown-North
Beach area
Marie Louise Ansak, social worker
and others advocated home based
services to allow elderly to remain in
their own homes/family
Used the British concept of “home
and community services”
Focus transporting frail elderly
people to center for health and
support services
On Lok Senior Health Services
1971 (Cambodian - Peaceful, happy
abode)
1983 obtained Medicare & Medicaid
waivers
18. All Inclusive Care
On Lok Model is pooled capitated
financed scheme for integrated
acute and long-term care
Program becomes her primary
physician
Interdisciplinary team coordinates
provision of services – specialists
outside program, home service,
contracted services, hospitalization
800 participants – term used
Manage risk by preventive care
19. Retired August 1993, October stocked 39-foot
sailboat, on-board black Labrador, and tacked
out into the Pacific from San Francisco.
20. Expansion of On Lok Model
1986 Robert Wood Johnson
Foundation & HCFA funding for
Program of All Inclusive Care
the Elderly (PACE)
Established as demonstration
project
@ 24 sites today
Carrying full-risk for health
care of their participants
1997 PACE established
Medicare provider
Interdisciplinary team core of
health care management
21. Veterans Administration
Application across health
and mental health facilities
Acute Care Hospitals –
treatment and
rehabilitation, out-patient
clinics, specialty clinics,
patient and family
education, support groups
22. Veterans Administration
Mental Health In-
patient and Out-patient
Drug/Alcohol programs
Homeless programs
Vocational – work
readiness
Residential community
homes
23. Mental Health
Assertive Community Team (ACT)
Principles
In vivo services
Primary responsibility for service delivery
Team approach – shared caseload
Flexible service provision
Time unlimited
24. ACT Team
“The primary
responsibility for care”
means that the team
provides the majority of
the services the consumer
needs
It is not a brokering
model of case
management
One person on the team
can substitute for another
Philosophy is not to use
facilities – not to use
structured programs
The team itself provides
the needed services
Flexibility if there is a
needed service that would
augment the person’s
service array – the team
might access that service
25. Juvenile Offenders
Multisystemic Therapeutic Model
Multisystemic Therapy
(MST) is a family-focused,
home-based program
focuses on chronically
violent, substance-abusing
juvenile offenders [age 12-
17] at high risk for out-of-
home placement. Family-
therapist collaboration
allows family to take the
lead setting treatment
goals, therapist helps them
to accomplish their goals.
Intensive family and
community-based
treatment addresses
multiple determinants of
serious antisocial
behavior. Therapist teams
provide services in home
and school and are
available around the clock.
costs approximately
$5,800 (in 2007 dollars)
per youth treated.
26. Hospice & Palliative Care Teams
Hospice care is provided
through an interdisciplinary,
medically directed team.
This team approach to care
for dying persons typically
includes a physician, a
nurse, a home health aide,
a social worker, a chaplain
and a volunteer.
Hospice care program
tries to provide the best
quality of life for dying
patients by providing a
holistic approach. That
means giving spiritual,
mental, emotional and
physical comfort to the
patients, their families
and their other
caregivers.
27. Team Advantages
For educators and students
Offers multiple health
care approaches to study
Appreciation and
understanding of other
disciplines
Models strategies for
future practice
Promotes student
participation
Challenges norms and
values of each discipline
28. Team Advantages
For delivery systems [health & mental health]
Potential for more efficient delivery of care
Maximizes resources and facilities
Increased preventive care to reduce burden of acute
care [health & mental]
Facilitates continuous quality improvement efforts
29. Teamwork Advantages
For patients
Improves care by
increasing coordination of
services, especially
complex problems
Integrates care for wide
range of problems and
needs
Empowers patients to be
active partner in care
decisions
Support cultural diversity
Uses time more efficiently
30. Teamwork Advantages
Mental health needs --
Better management
depression
Decreased depression
scores
More adherent medications
Fewer symptomatic days
Increased work days
Less panic and anxiety
attacks
31. Team Advantages
For professionals
Increases professional
satisfaction
Facilities shift in emphasis
from acute, crisis care to
long-term preventive care
Enables professional to learn
new skill and approaches
Encourages innovation
Allow providers to focus on
individual specialize expertise
32. 12 C’s of Team Process
1. Communication
2. Cooperation (empowerment of team)
3. Cohesiveness (team sticks together)
4. Commitment (investing in team process)
5. Collaboration (equality in team)
6. Confronts problems directly
7. Coordination of efforts (actions support common plan)
8. Conflict management
9. Consensus decision making
10. Caring (patient, client, consumer centered)
11. Consistency (with one another an environment)
12. Contribution (feeling this is being made)
33. Experiences
What has been your experience?
What type of teams have you been member?
1. Communication
2. Cooperation (empowerment of team)
3. Cohesiveness (team sticks together)
4. Commitment (investing in team process)
5. Collaboration (equality in team)
6. Confronts problems directly
7. Coordination of efforts (actions support common plan)
8. Conflict management
9. Consensus decision making
10. Caring (patient, client, consumer centered)
11. Consistency (with one another an environment)
34. Experiences
Were these present?
1. Communication
2. Cooperation (empowerment of team)
3. Cohesiveness (team sticks together)
4. Commitment (investing in team process)
5. Collaboration (equality in team)
6. Confronts problems directly
7. Coordination of efforts (actions support common plan)
8. Conflict management
9. Consensus decision making
10. Caring (patient, client, consumer centered)
11. Consistency (with one another an environment)
12. Contribution (feeling this is being made)
35. Where is future with interdisciplinary
teamwork?
Informatics – increased technology
Computer based services
Contact
Inquiry
Service
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